本期重点推介

将特定的金属元素结合到蛋白质上,在生物学研究中有助于蛋白质定位等,而在技术应用中有助于开发功能性生物-无机纳米复合器件。北京化工大学生命科学与技术学院宋磊和陈劲春基于已报道的杆状病毒表面展示技术,利用Bac-to-Bac表达系统,将金特异性结合短肽基因Au-bp同家蚕核型多角体病毒BmNPV的gp64基因进行连接,重组到AcMNPV中,构建成多角体启动子控制下表达融合     

表达GP64的重组HaSNPV的构建研究

杆状病毒的出芽病毒具有两类不同的膜融合蛋白, 组 I类型的杆状病毒利用的是膜融合蛋白GP64, 而组 II类型的杆状病毒利用的是膜融合蛋白F。本文以组II类型的HaSNPV为研究对象, 研究组I类病毒的GP64能否在组 II类病毒中正确表达和包装。利用 Bac to Bac系统, 构建了带有 AcMNPV膜融合蛋白 GP64 和增强型绿色荧光蛋白的重组病毒HaSNPVgp64 egfp , 同时构建了仅带有增强型绿色荧光蛋白的对照重组病毒 HaSNPVegfp , 通过对HaSNPVgp64 egfp 感染的HzAM1细胞及所产生的子代BV的Western blot检测, 证明GP64可在HzAM1中表达, 并被包装入子代BV。     

表达GP64的重组HaSNPV的构建研究

杆状病毒的出芽病毒具有两类不同的膜融合蛋白,组Ⅰ类型的杆状病毒利用的是膜融合蛋白GP64,而组Ⅱ类型的杆状病毒利用的是膜融合蛋白F.本文以组Ⅱ类型的HaSNPV为研究对象,研究组Ⅰ类病毒的GP64能否在组Ⅱ类病毒中正确表达和包装.利用Bac-to-Bac系统,构建了带有AcMNPV膜融合蛋白GP64和增强型绿色荧光蛋白的重组病毒HaSNPVgp64+egfp+,同时构建了仅带有增强型绿色荧光蛋白的对照重组病毒HaSNPVegfp+,通过对HaSNPVgp64+egfp+感染的HzAM1细胞及所产生的子代BV的Western blot检测,证明GP64可在HzAM1中表达,并被包装入子代BV.     

狂犬病病毒糖蛋白的杆状病毒表达及其免疫原性研究

构建表达狂犬病病毒SRV9株糖蛋白(GP)的重组杆状病毒,评价其表达出的SRV9株糖蛋白对小鼠免疫效果。将狂犬病病毒SRV9株GP基因的完整开放阅读框克隆入穿梭质粒Bacmid中,构建重组穿梭质粒Bacmid-G,以此转染Sf9细胞。对病变细胞培养物进行电镜观察,获得正确重组杆状病毒后,通过Western-blot、IFA及小鼠免疫实验鉴定表达产物的免疫反应性及免疫原性。正确构建重组穿梭质粒Bacmid-G;获得表达SRV9株糖蛋白的重组杆状病毒,其表达产物具有良好免疫原性;表达产物接种小鼠可诱导其产生抗狂犬病病毒中和抗体,中和抗体达到保护水平的比例为100%。本实验所获得的重组杆状病毒表达出的SRV9株糖蛋白具有较好的免疫原性,可诱导小鼠产生保护性中和抗体,该实验为进一步开发狂犬病亚单位疫苗奠定了基础。     

Bac-to-Bac系统在杆状病毒功能基因研究上的应用

利用Bac-to-Bac系统,在大肠细菌中复制增殖杆状病毒质粒bacmid,并通过RecA介导法、ET-recombination法在bacmid DNA上缺失或插入功能基因,构建功能基因缺陷型或补回型的杆状病毒质粒.该质粒转染到昆虫细胞中产生重组病毒,进而在细胞甚至虫体水平上研究基因的功能,极大改善了传统上用空斑实验筛选重组病毒的不足.     

基于猪细小病毒病毒样颗粒的结肠癌靶向纳米载体的构建

【目的】获得具有结肠靶向的纳米载体。【方法】采用SOE-PCR方法将具有结肠靶向的TK肽序列插入到猪细小病毒(PPV)结构蛋白VP2的环2和环4区域得到TK-vp2(?vp2)基因,在Bac-to-Bac?杆状病毒表达系统中构建、表达和自组装。【结果】通过SOE-PCR方法扩增获得?vp2基因,在Bac-to-Bac?杆状病毒表达系统中构建得到Bacmid-?vp2,经脂质体转染至Sf9昆虫细胞得到重组杆状病毒。直接免疫荧光试验、SDS-PAGE和Western blot检测结果表明?VP2蛋白在Bac-to-Bac?杆状病毒表达系统中获得融合表达,目的蛋白约70 k D;透射电子显微镜结果显示?VP2能自组装形成病毒样颗粒(TK-VLPs),直径范围在22 nm-30 nm。【结论】获得纳米载体TK-VLPs,为进一步研究其作为结肠靶向的纳米载体奠定物质基础。     

口蹄疫病毒NSP 3ABC基因在昆虫细胞中的分泌表达及其活性检测

用设计的特异引物,扩增得到了N-端带有6×His编码序列的口蹄疫病毒完整3ABC基因序列,并将其亚克隆入带有蜂毒溶血肽序列的穿梭质粒pMelBac-B中,构建了重组质粒pMel-3ABC。将该重组质粒与杆状病毒骨架DNA Bac-N-Blue^TM共转染Sf9昆虫细胞,通过噬斑筛选和PCR鉴定,获得了含有目的基因的重组杆状病毒。重组病毒感染Sf9昆虫细胞,采用通过SDS-PAGE和Western blot检测,证明目的基因在昆虫细胞中得到了正确的表达,表达产物分泌至细胞培养上清中,并具有良好的生物活性。表达的目的蛋白经过镍柱亲和层析法纯化后,用间接ELISA方法检测与口蹄疫病毒感染动物血清的反应性,证明表达目的蛋白与感染动物血清有很好的反应性而与正常动物以及免疫动物血清不发生反应。该研究为建立一种更加敏感和特异的口蹄疫病毒感染动物与疫苗免疫动物的鉴别诊断方法奠定了基础。     

口蹄疫病毒NSP 3ABC基因在昆虫细胞中的分泌表达及其活性检测

用设计的特异引物,扩增得到了N-端带有6×His编码序列的口蹄疫病毒完整3ABC基因序列,并将其亚克隆入带有蜂毒溶血肽序列的穿梭质粒pMelBac-B中,构建了重组质粒pMel-3ABC。将该重组质粒与杆状病毒骨架DNA Bac-N-Blue^TM共转染Sf9昆虫细胞,通过噬斑筛选和PCR鉴定,获得了含有目的基因的重组杆状病毒。重组病毒感染Sf9昆虫细胞,采用通过SDS-PAGE和Western blot检测,证明目的基因在昆虫细胞中得到了正确的表达,表达产物分泌至细胞培养上清中,并具有良好的生物活性。表达的目的蛋白经过镍柱亲和层析法纯化后,用间接ELISA方法检测与口蹄疫病毒感染动物血清的反应性,证明表达目的蛋白与感染动物血清有很好的反应性而与正常动物以及免疫动物血清不发生反应。该研究为建立一种更加敏感和特异的口蹄疫病毒感染动物与疫苗免疫动物的鉴别诊断方法奠定了基础。     

苜蓿丫纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒fp25k基因的改造及用于稳定转化Sf9昆虫细胞系

【目的】苜蓿丫纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒(Autographa californica multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus, AcMNPV)在昆虫细胞中连续传代以后,会出现从多多角体表型到少多角体表型的转变,这种转变与一个编码25 kDa蛋白的基因（few polyhedra, fp25k）突变失活有关。杆状病毒的fp25k基因突变后产生的包涵体（多角体）衍生病毒粒子变少而出芽型病毒粒子增加,会降低外源基因在杆状病毒表达系统中的表达。本研究拟改造fp25k并构建能持续表达FP25K蛋白的转基因昆虫细胞,以克服杆状病毒, fp25k基因易突变导致的表达系统缺陷。【方法】本实验通过改造杆状病毒, fp25k基因在细胞传代过程中容易产生突变的位点,得到 mfp25k,并将mfp25k构建到pIZT/V5-His载体上,重组载体转染Sf9细胞,通过Zeocin抗性筛选逐步淘汰未成功转化的Sf9细胞。【结果】成功改造AcMNPV的, fp25k基因的TTAA位点,得到pIZT-mfp25k重组载体。重组载体成功转染Sf9细胞,通过Zeocin抗性筛选后获得基因组中带有mfp25k的Sf9-mfp25k稳定的转基因细胞系。用AcMNPV的fp25k突变型病毒AcP2感染转基因Sf9-mfp25k昆虫细胞系与正常Sf9细胞,发现转基因Sf9-mfp25k昆虫细胞系表达的FP25K蛋白可弥补病毒, fp25k基因突变的缺陷。【结论】建立的Sf9-mfp25k转基因昆虫细胞系通过细胞表达FP25K蛋白,可以弥补因杆状病毒fp25k基因突变产生的缺陷。研究结果为构建稳定的杆状病毒 昆虫细胞表达系统提供了新途径。     

舞毒蛾几丁质酶基因的真核表达与重组病毒的获得

几丁质是昆虫外骨骼和围食膜的重要组成部分,鉴于几丁质酶在昆虫生长发育过程中发挥着举足轻重的作用,应用昆虫几丁质酶为探索新的生物防治害虫的方法提供了途径。本文分别根据苜蓿银纹夜蛾Autographa californica核型多角体病毒多角体蛋白基因序列和编码舞毒蛾Lymantria disparⅠ型几丁质酶基因的开放阅读框设计引物,使用聚合酶链反应扩增出以上两个基因,全长分别为783 bp和1 737 bp。构建重组质粒pFastBac-LdCht和pFastBac-AcPH-LdCht,转化大肠杆菌DH10Bac后获得重组穿梭载体,通过脂质体介导转染Sf9细胞产生重组杆状病毒AcMNPV-AcPH--LdCht和AcMNPV-LdCht,分别用于表达蛋白和获得重组病毒。细胞成功表达出有活性的舞毒蛾几丁质酶,并在棉铃虫体内扩增得到重组病毒。研究为深入了解昆虫几丁质酶性质提供依据,并为应用重组病毒奠定基础。     

Sequence-specific interactions of a maize factor with a GC-rich repeat in the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase gene

Summary A plant nuclear protein PEP-I, which binds specifically to the promoter region of the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) gene, was identified. Methylation interference analysis and DNA binding assays using synthetic oligonucleotides revealed that PEP-I binds to GC-rich elements. These elements are directly repeated sequences in the promoter region of the PEPC gene and we have suggested that they may be cis-regulatory element of this gene. The consensus sequence of the element is CCCTCTCCACATCC and the CTCC is essential for binding of PEP-I. PEP-I is present in the nuclear extracts of green leaves, where the PEPC gene is expressed. However, no binding was detected in tissues where the PEPC gene is not expressed in vivo, such as roots or etiolated leaves. Thus, PEP-1 is the first factor identified in plants which has different binding activity in light-grown compared with dark-grown tissue. PEP-I binding is also tissue-specific, suggesting that PEP-1 may function to coordinate PEPC gene expression with respect to light and tissue specificity. This report describes the identification and characterization of the sequences required for PEP-1 binding.     

鸡脂肪酸结合蛋白基因的克隆和测序分析

根据哺乳动物脂肪酸结合蛋白基因序列设计一对引物对鸡基因组进行PCR扩增,将163bp扩增片段进行克隆和测序,并与猪的脂肪酸结合蛋白（fatty acid binding protein,FABP）基因序列进行同源性比较。该基因因片段与猪的心脏脂肪酸结合蛋白（heart fatty acid binding protein,H-FABP）基因有68%的同源性,与猪的脂肪型脂肪酸结合蛋白（adipocyte fatty acid binding protein,A-FABP）基因有75%的同源性,演绎成氨基酸之后与猪的脂肪型脂肪酸结合蛋白相应的氨基酸有75%的同源性。Northern结果表明该基因只在脂肪组织中表达。     

A novel peptide, THALWHT, for the targeting of human airway epithelia

Targeting gene vectors to human airway epithelial cells may help to overcome the current inefficiency of gene transfer as the major problem confronting cystic fibrosis gene therapy. To elucidate novel ligands targeting abundant, apically located receptors on airway epithelial cells, a phage display library was screened for peptides binding with high affinity to such cells. This screening yielded a selectively enriched amino acid sequence, Thr-His-Ala-Leu-Trp-His-Thr (THALWHT). Subsequent binding studies confirmed that THALWHT-displaying phages bound much stronger than phages displaying control peptides to human airway epithelial cells. In contrast, no significant binding differences were observed on a variety of non-airway-derived human cell lines suggesting selective binding of the THALWHT motif to airway epithelia. Confocal microscopy of such cells after exposure to labelled synthetic THALWHT peptide indicated that its binding is followed by specific internalisation via endocytosis. A synthetic peptide comprising a cyclic CTHALWHTC domain and a DNA binding moiety enabled efficient targeted gene delivery into human airway epithelial cells. Competition assays with free THALWHT peptide confirmed the specificity of gene delivery. Thus, the THALWHT motif may prove a useful targeting moiety for both non-viral and viral gene therapy vectors.     

Multiple sequence-specific DNA binding activities are eluted from chicken nuclei at low ionic strengths.

DNA sequence-specific binding proteins eluted from chicken erythrocyte and thymus nuclei, and fractionated as described by Emerson and Felsenfeld (19), have been investigated by filter binding and footprint analyses. The erythrocyte nuclear protein fraction specifically binds to at least two sites within the 5' flanking chromatin hypersensitive site of the chicken beta A-globin gene, and to a site 5' to the human beta-globin gene. The major chicken beta A globin gene binding site [G)18CGGGTGG) and the human beta-globin gene binding site [TA)6(T)8C(T)4) occur at or near sequences which are hypersensitive to S1 nuclease cleavage in supercoiled plasmids. Downstream, the second chicken beta A-globin gene binding site includes the beta-globin gene CACCC consensus sequence. Filter binding studies also show other sequence specific binding activities to human N-ras and human (but not chicken) c-myc gene sequences.     

Pbx raises the DNA binding specificity but not the selectivity of antennapedia Hox proteins.

We have used a binding site selection strategy to determine the optimal binding sites for Pbx proteins by themselves and as heterodimeric partners with various Hox gene products. Among the Pbx proteins by themselves, only Pbx3 binds with high affinity, as a monomer or as a homodimer, to an optimal binding site, TGATTGATTTGAT. An inhibitory domain located N terminal of the Pbx1 homeodomain prevents intrinsic Pbx1 binding to this sequence. When complexed with Hoxc-6, each of the Pbx gene products binds the same consensus sequence, TGATTTAT, which differs from the site bound by Pbx3 alone. Three members of the Antennapedia family, Hoxc-6, Hoxb-7, and Hoxb-8, select the same binding site in conjunction with Pbx1. The affinities of these proteins as heterodimeric partners with Pbx1 for the selected optimal binding site are similar. However, the binding specificity of Hox proteins for optimal binding sites is increased, compared to nonspecific DNA, in the presence of Pbx proteins. Thus, while cooperative DNA binding involving heterodimers of Pbx and Hox gene products derived from members within the Antennapedia family does not increase binding site selectivity, DNA binding specificity of the Hox gene products is significantly enhanced in the presence of Pbx.     

Bacteriophage T4 gene 59 helicase assembly protein binds replication fork DNA. The 1.45 A resolution crystal structure reveals a novel alpha-helical two-domain fold

The bacteriophage T4 gene 59 helicase assembly protein is required for recombination-dependent DNA replication, which is the predominant mode of DNA replication in the late stage of T4 infection. T4 gene 59 helicase assembly protein accelerates the loading of the T4 gene 41 helicase during DNA synthesis by the T4 replication system in vitro. T4 gene 59 helicase assembly protein binds to both T4 gene 41 helicase and T4 gene 32 single-stranded DNA binding protein, and to single and double-stranded DNA. We show here that T4 gene 59 helicase assembly protein binds most tightly to fork DNA substrates, with either single or almost entirely double-stranded arms. Our studies suggest that the helicase assembly protein is responsible for loading T4 gene 41 helicase specifically at replication forks, and that its binding sites for each arm must hold more than six, but not more than 12 nucleotides. The 1.45 A resolution crystal structure of the full-length 217-residue monomeric T4 gene 59 helicase assembly protein reveals a novel alpha-helical bundle fold with two domains of similar size. Surface residues are predominantly basic (pI 9.37) with clusters of acidic residues but exposed hydrophobic residues suggest sites for potential contact with DNA and with other protein molecules. The N-terminal domain has structural similarity to the double-stranded DNA binding domain of rat HMG1A. We propose a speculative model of how the T4 gene 59 helicase assembly protein might bind to fork DNA based on the similarity to HMG1, the location of the basic and hydrophobic regions, and the site size of the fork arms needed for tight fork DNA binding. The fork-binding model suggests putative binding sites for the T4 gene 32 single-stranded DNA binding protein and for the hexameric T4 gene 41 helicase assembly.