广州越秀公园植被景观格局分析

运用景观生态学原理,在对越秀公园植被景观要素进行分类的基础上,运用Autocad 软件提取了景观要素斑块信息,选取了斑块数目、斑块数目比、斑块面积、斑块面积比、斑块密度指数、斑块形状指数、优势度、分维度、均匀度等9 个指标对越秀公园植被景观的多样性、异质性、均匀性及破碎化程度等景观格局进行了分析.结果表明:越秀公园植被景观整体布局基本合理,景观结构较为稳定,密林作为全园的基质,保持了较好的生态完整性和连续性,为越秀公园的整体景观与环境提供了良好的基础生态条件,但需对部分景区植被景观布局作相应调整.同时对越秀公园植被景观整体格局优化和生态完善建设提出了建议.     

深圳近海公园植物群落结构特征及其与景观格局的相关性

城市公园植物群落为城市生态系统提供重要的生态服务。对深圳最具代表性的6个近海城市公园进行实地调查,同时结合高分辨率的遥感图像,分析其植物群落结构特征及其与公园内部景观格局的相关关系。结果表明：（1）共调查到近海公园植物108科310属471种,其中乡土植物82科169属231种。草本植物中乡土植物比例较高,而木本中乡土植物占比较低。（2）TS-4和H-1分别是近海公园最常见的乔灌群落类型和草本群落类型,其样地量分别占总量的39%和26%。常见群落的指示种多数具有热带性质并占据主体地位。（3）公园中灌木植物种数低于乔木和草本植物,但群落稳定性较高。（4）半自然型和人工型近海公园各类植物的相似性,以灌木层植物最低。（5）公园整体景观格局中,斑块密度与林地面积比、林地最大斑块面积比呈显著负相关（P<0.05）。（6）各层植物多样性也受到景观格局显著影响：草本层植物多样性与草地、林地的斑块形状复杂程度分别呈显著负相关（P<0.05）;灌木层植物多样性与林地、水体的景观破碎度呈显著负相关（P<0.05）;乔木层植物多样性与草地最大斑块指数呈显著负相关（P<0.05）。公园景观破碎度的增大可能会导致植被景观面积减少。建议在公园植物造景初期就要重视对灌木的运用,尤其是一些生态本底比较脆弱的公园,以提高植物群落的稳定性和低维护性。同时应尽可能保留大面积的核心植被生态斑块,更好地发挥其生态功能。研究结果可为城市公园的规划设计、植物群落的优化配置与城市生物多样性保护提供依据。     

甘肃金水湖国家湿地公园景观自然性的时空异质性

景观自然性体现了各景观要素的时空分布格局,对提高生态系统的整体性和稳定性有重要意义.通过解译2003年、2009年和2015年3个时相的遥感影像,利用GIS和层次分析法,研究了甘肃金川金水湖国家湿地公园景观自然性变化规律.结果表明:随着时间的变化,景观结构中景观多样性指数、均匀度指数、斑块丰富度呈增加趋势,景观优势度、景观分离度呈减小趋势;提供栖息地、植物群落维持功能、面积加权平均斑块分维数、植被覆盖度等生态功能指标呈增大趋势;人工干扰指数、人工景观平均面积等生态学干扰指标呈减小趋势,湿地公园的景观自然性指数由2003年的0.4761增加至2015年的0.7485.湿地公园保育和恢复工程的实施改变了土地覆被结构,增强了生态系统的稳定性、生态弹性和服务价值,较大程度上提高了金水湖国家湿地公园的景观自然性.     

厦门城市公园景观格局与植物群落结构的相关性

选取平均斑块面积、斑块密度、景观多样性等景观格局指数和林地面积比例、树种多样性、乡土树种比例等植物群落结构指数分别对厦门城市公园景观格局与植物群落结构进行量化分析,并统计群落结构指数与景观格局指数之间的Pearson相关性系数,以探讨厦门城市公园景观格局与其植物群落结构之间的关系及相互适宜性。结果表明:建设年代较早的人工公园(中山公园和南湖公园)树种丰富,搭配均匀,注重乡土种和外来种的合理配置;建设年代较晚的人工公园(白鹭洲和湖里公园)树种结构简单,乡土树种比例低。半自然公园中自然林地保持较好,树种多样,乡土树种比例高。与人工公园相比,半自然公园(忠仑、狐尾山和仙岳公园)平均斑块面积大,斑块类型较少,景观破碎化程度和景观多样性都较低。相关性分析表明,平均斑块面积与林地面积比、乡土树种比呈正相关,景观多样性指数与林地面积比呈负相关,说明厦门城市公园景观格局与植物群落结构之间具有一定的空间相关性。     

基于GIS的南昌市公园绿地景观格局分析与优化设计

以南昌市主城区的公园绿地现状图为基本信息源,借助GIS技术,建立公园绿地空间数据库;利用FRAGSTATS景观格局软件计算相应的景观指数.在对现有的南昌市公园绿地景观格局进行定量分析的基础上,提出优化策略与方案,并对优化后的景观格局进行评价. 结果表明: 现有公园绿地的斑块空间分布不均衡,且面积差异较大,尤其在人口密集区,公园绿地斑块数量偏少,有效避灾面积明显偏低;通过大幅度增加斑块数、斑块面积,提高斑块间的连通性,并适当提高景观破碎化指数,可以优化南昌市公园绿地系统的“点-线-面”格局,使空间分布更趋合理,有效增强其生物多样性保护与防灾避险功能;优化后的公园绿地的斑块多样性指数、均匀度指数均有大幅度提高,聚集度指数也明显升高,且相应降低了优势度指数,景观多样性更为丰富.     

广州公园植物群落物种组成及多样性研究

通过对广州城区10 个公园中92 块样地进行调查, 旨在探讨不同公园中植物群落物种构成及其多样性。调查显示: 样地植物种类较为丰富, 共出现维管植物275 种, 以被子植物为主; 样地中乔木共计143 种; 在乔木层中, 有6个树种出现频度超过50%, 8 种灌木频度超过50%, 12 种草本植物频度超过50%; 而不同公园间草本层植物多样性差异较小, 但是, 越秀公园、雕塑公园和天河公园等面积较大的公园乔木多样性较低; 与乔木层相比, 灌木层植物多样性普遍偏低在乔木层。因此需要进一步加强景观植被中灌木植物的配置, 进而提升城市公园森林美景。     

基于结构方程模型分析森林草原带草本物种丰富度对景观因子的响应

受损景观是由不同比例的植被斑块组成的镶嵌体,阐明植被斑块的景观结构特征对物种多样性的影响,有助于提高受损景观物种多样性保护。在塞罕坝自然保护区选取38个天然植被斑块,其中包括12个草地、11个灌木林和15个天然次生林。根据光合作用的不同途径将草本物种划分为C_3和C_4功能群。选取斑块面积、形状指数、隔离度指数及每个斑块500 m缓冲区内的森林和草地比例作为景观因子。通过结构方程模型探讨C_3、C_4草本物种丰富度与景观因子的相互关系。斑块面积(2.18—74.06 hm~2)与C_3、C_4草本及总物种丰富度分布格局均具有显著的正相关关系(P0.05),且对C_3草本的影响最大;形状指数(1.06—3.11)、隔离度指数(33.51—327.65)对C_3、C_4草本及总物种丰富度影响不显著(P0.05);C_3、C_4草本及总物种丰富度与毗邻斑块草地比例(4.20%—64.95%)呈正相关,而与森林比例(35.05%—95.80%)呈负相关。研究区斑块面积和毗邻斑块植被构成是影响C_3、C_4草本植物的主要因素。在破碎化景观中保存面积大的天然植被斑块及提高毗邻斑块草地比例是保护关键C_3、C_4草本植物物种的有效途径。     

四川小相岭山系植被景观的斑块特征分析

利用3S技术与景观生态学相结合的方法,分别从斑块的基本特征、形状特征、聚集与散布特征以及多样性特征4个方面对四川小相岭山系的植被景观空间格局进行了详细分析。研究结果表明：1）该山系存在9种植被类型,斑块数为1849,斑块面积约186951hm^2。其中,针阔叶混交林分布面积与密度最大,是山系的基质植被类型;而次生落叶阔叶林面积最少,景观地位最弱。2）常绿落叶阔叶混交林形状最为简单,但聚集度高;而针阔叶混交林形状最不规则,边界最为复杂;另外,次生落叶阔叶林连接性最弱,高山草甸斑块聚集程度最高。3）该山系斑块的多样性、优势度、均匀度指数值分别为1．54、0．66和0．67,植被类型丰富多样、植被错综复杂、各植被斑块间镶嵌度较好。     

庞泉沟保护区核心区植被景观类型特征研究

利用植被景观类型图,获得面积、周长、景观斑块的长、宽等信息,对庞泉沟保护区核心区的植被景观特征进行分析。结果表明,核心区景观及斑块分布具有明显的地带性;核心区景观多样性较小,均匀度较低。另外,本文尝试用长宽比、伸张度、圆环度和周长与长轴的比这四种指数对景观斑块的特征进行了分析。结果表明,这四种指数在景观特征分析中具有一定的生态学意义。     

植被覆盖度和归一化湿度指数对热力景观格局的影响——以广州为例

利用LANDSAT-5 TM影像提取地表温度、植被覆盖度和归一化湿度指数(NDMI)等信息,结合景观生态学方法探讨广州市不同区域城市植被和NDMI对地表温度的调节作用.结果表明:植被覆盖度、NDMI和地表温度两两之间有较强的线性相关性,但不同区域植被覆盖度、NDMI与地表温度的相关程度存在明显差异;提高相同植被覆盖度时,中心城区的降温效果最好,其次是处于中心城区北缘的近郊区;不同区域森林公园对周围热环境的影响程度不同,960～1080 m缓冲区内平均温度与公园内部平均温度之差分别为4.69℃(白云山)、1.27℃(马仔山)和0.41℃(流溪河);高植被覆盖度可增加热力景观多样性和不同景观之间的结合度,促进低温斑块内部与其他斑块如高温斑块间的能量交换,起到控制热岛效应的效果;增加环境湿度与提高植被覆盖度对热力景观格局所形成的作用相当.     

生态系统游憩服务功能维度及其形成——以三江源国家公园为例

已有研究主要从规模角度分析生态系统游憩服务,较少分析其结构。结合生态系统服务理论与旅游体验理论,基于旅游者的生态体验提出生态系统游憩服务功能维度的理论模型,并以三江源国家公园为案例区,采用问卷调查搜集数据,运用因子分析与结构方程模型分析数据、验证假设。研究表明,生态系统游憩服务包括美感体验、游憩机会与适宜环境3个功能维度,其形成受到地形、地表覆被、独特景观、景观格局、植被、保护地空间类型、天气与海拔等要素的影响。在不同区域,由于生态要素条件、旅游者对生态要素与各功能维度的感知和态度存在区别,生态系统游憩服务结构呈现出功能和结构差异性。研究解析了生态系统游憩服务的功能维度,深化了生态系统游憩服务研究,有助于完善生态系统游憩服务理论,优化生态要素管理方式。     

沈阳城区绿地生态系统景观结构与异质性分析

对沈阳城区绿地生态系统景观结构和异质性进行了分析。结果表明,沈阳城区绿地景观斑块以街头绿地斑块最多,占城区绿地块数的50％以上,但绿地面积只占4．45％,斑块大小以防护绿地和公园绿地斑块平均值最大,分别为66．97hm^2和59．21hm^2。而街头绿地和游园绿地斑块平均值最小,为0．71hm^2和0．38hm^2。景观多样性指数以街头绿地最高,而公园绿地最低,在沈阳城区的7个区中不同绿地类型中的优势度和均匀度都比较小,但斑块绿地优势度高于廊道绿地的10倍多,绿地分布不均衡,应增加绿地斑块数量,均匀配置公共绿地(公园绿地、道路绿地),增加绿色廊道,建立城区与城郊自然生态系统绿色通道和充分发挥沈阳城区3条人工运河带状绿地美化环境、泄洪排涝和调节气候功能作用。     

祁连山南坡植被景观格局及其破碎化

以扎麻什营林区的林相图和调查资料为基础,运用GIS手段,选取合适的景观格局指数,分析了祁连山南坡植被景观格局基本特征,并进行了破碎化评价.结果表明:研究区植被以草地和灌丛为主,景观基质已退化为裸地,各植被类型斑块密度远大于裸地,平均分维数较低,景观整体破碎化水平较高;草地和灌丛边界密度和破碎化指数均高于其他植被类型,反映出该区自然植被景观主要受放牧活动的影响;森林多以小面积零散分布,其中青海云杉林景观结构破坏较为严重,异质性较低,斑块形状趋于单一,显示出较高水平的破碎化,其他林种多以小面积集中分布于某些小的生境,受人类活动干扰较少,破碎化程度较低.

Abstract：

Based on the forest form map and investigation data of Zhamashi forest area, and by using GIS, appropriate landscape pattern indices were chosen to study the basic characteristics of vegetation landscape pattern on the southern slope of Qilian Mountain, with the landscape frag-mentation evaluated. In the study area, grass and shrub were the main vegetation types, and the landscape matrix had degraded to bare land. The patch densities of all vegetation types were far larger than that of bare land, and their mean fractal dimension was lower than that of bear land. All of these characters emphasized the highly fragmented condition of the vegetation landscape in this area. The total edge densities and fragment indices of grassland and shrub land were higher than those of other vegetation types, reflecting that the natural vegetation was mainly affected by grazing. The forests were more dispersed in small areas, and the landscape structure of Picea crassifollia forest was heavily destroyed, being induced that the heterogeneity became lower and the patch shape tended to single, suggesting a high fragmentation degree. Other forest types were centralized in a certain habitat and less disturbed by human activities, suggesting a lower frag-mentation degree.     

Predictive modeling of the potential natural vegetation pattern in the Podyjí National Park, Czech Republic

The relationships between 10 types of potential natural vegetation and several environmental factors derived from a topographical map (altitude, slope inclination, curvature, potential direct solar irradiation, sky view factor), a geological map and a spring phenological map, were modeled for the Podyjí National Park (Czech Republic). Different vegetation pattern models were made using spatial predictive modeling together with the Bayes formula. Compared with the field-based vegetation map, the model which included geology as a factor and all the factors derived from the topographic map, yielded an overall correspondence (i.e. percentage of grid cells in which vegetation types in the field-based map and in the model matched) of 56.8%. This measure of correspondence, however, is not dependable in areas, such as the Podyjí National Park, where one vegetation type prevails. Therefore, correspondence within vegetation types, i.e. the average of correspondences calculated for each vegetation type separately, was used, thus yielding a value of 39.4%. The most important factors in this model were the sky view factor, representing the differences between the valleys and the gently undulating uplands, and altitude, as a surrogate for the macroclimatic gradient. By replacing altitude and irradiation variables related to the macroclimate and mesoclimate respectively, with the spring phenological map, overall correspondence with the original map was increased to 62.6% and correspondence within vegetation types to 50.5%. This result shows that phenological maps, which are relatively easy to create and provide a surrogate for unavailable local climatic maps, might be a powerful tool for predicting vegetation pattern on landscape scale.     

2015—2020年间海南热带雨林国家公园景观格局变化

海南热带雨林国家公园森林资源富集，探究该地区景观格局时空演变特征，对维护海南岛生态安全屏障具有重要意义。该研究依托2015年和2020年海南热带雨林国家公园地表覆盖数据，建立景观分布格局体系，采用景观格局指数、单一景观动态度和景观转移矩阵的方法，分析海南热带雨林国家公园10类土地覆盖类型的景观格局变化特征，探究其变化的影响因素。结果表明：(1)2015—2020年，海南热带雨林国家公园整体景观破碎度呈现降低趋势，空间集聚性增加，综合动态度较小，景观类型整体较稳定。(2)雨林优势种常绿阔叶林面积不断增加，破碎度减小，呈正向增长态势；针叶林与灌木林面积减少；部分水体转化为湿地等，面积减小；其余景观类型面积占比较小，按自然演替方向发展变化。(3)景观格局演变主要以雨林自然演替为主，其次受政策、气候等因素综合影响。综上所述，自开展海南热带雨林国家公园体制试点以来，其景观格局趋于稳定。政策引导发挥着重要的正向作用，有针对性地开展热带雨林景观保护及修复工作，有助于海南热带雨林国家公园可持续发展。     

Habitat patchiness and plant species richness

The pattern of woody species richness decline with a decrease in woody vegetation cover was studied within a tallgrass prairie. The decline in species richness is highly non-linear, with a well-defined threshold below which species richness collapses. This relationship can be understood after considering information on how landscape structure changes with woody vegetation cover, and how species richness is related to landscape structure.     

Towards a core set of landscape metrics for biodiversity assessments: A case study from Dadia National Park,Greece

Spatial heterogeneity has an important influence on a wide range of ecological patterns and processes, and many landscape metrics in GIS environment are used to facilitate the investigation of the relation between landscape structure and biodiversity. Data reduction analyses have been applied to tackle the problem of highly correlated indices, but valid landscape predictors for fine scale Mediterranean forest-mosaics are still missing. Therefore, we analyzed the landscape structure of Dadia National Park, Greece, a Mediterranean forest landscape of high biodiversity, characterized by pine, oak and mixed woodland. By distinguishing nine land cover classes, 119 variables were computed and factor analysis was applied to detect the statistical dimensions of landscape structure and to define a core set of representative metrics. At landscape level, diversity of habitats, fragmentation and patch shape and at class level dominance of mixed forest and the gradient from one pure forest type to another turned out to be the crucial factors across three different scales. Mapping the encountered dimensions and the representative metrics, we detected that the pattern of landscape structure in Dadia National Park was related to dominating habitat types, land use, and level of protection. The evaluated set of metrics will be useful in establishing a landscape monitoring program, to detect the local drivers of biodiversity, and to improve management decisions in Dadia NP and similar mosaic-landscapes.     

Local‐ and landscape‐level effects of land use change on bird diversity in Abiata‐Shalla Lakes National Park,Ethiopia

Understanding the effects of anthropogenic disturbances on biodiversity is important for conservation prioritization. This study examined the effects of vegetation degradation on bird diversity in Abiata‐Shalla Lakes National Park, Ethiopia. We surveyed birds and vegetation structure between January and March 2015 in disturbed (impacted by settlement and agriculture) and undisturbed (not impacted) transects of two vegetation types (savannah woodland and gallery forest). We compared between disturbed and undisturbed transects at local (within vegetation types) and landscape (across vegetation types) levels: (a) avian species richness of the entire assemblage and feeding guilds and (b) species assemblage composition. We found significantly greater mean and total bird species richness of the entire assemblage and insectivore and granivore feeding guilds in the undisturbed transects, while the nectarivore guild was totally absent in the disturbed transects. We also found significant differences in bird species assemblage composition between the disturbed and undisturbed transects both within and across the vegetation types, and bird species assemblage composition at the landscape level was positively correlated with tree abundance and understorey vegetation height. In conclusion, our results demonstrate and add to the increasing body of evidence concerning the adverse effects of human‐induced vegetation change on bird diversity.     

广州市植被覆盖度等级结构及其时空格局特征

城市化过程直接改变了城市景观,研究城市植被覆盖度及其景观特征动态变化,再现了人们对城市自然景观的干扰过程与强度,反映出城市生态环境质量。1990～2005年间,广州市经济发展迅速,同时也使城市植被系统经历了从严重破坏到逐步恢复的过程,用TM遥感影像解译区域植被覆盖度并进行其等级结构的时空特征研究。结果表明,1990～1995年间是区域植被破坏最严重的时期;以后的时段内,这种趋势在中心城区有所减缓,但没有根本改变,郊区从化市则从2000年起,植被系统未再受到破坏,表现为植被覆盖度增加,植被覆盖度等级结构也获得改善,而这一过程对全市的植被系统产生积极的影响作用。