深圳梧桐山毛棉杜鹃风景林林分密度分析

通过标准地调查,对深圳市梧桐山毛棉杜鹃Rhododendron moulmainense风景林林分密度进行研究。结果显示,当上层乔木密度为250～350株·hm-2时,毛棉杜鹃拥有充足的生长空间,个体生长达到最优。在标准地内,毛棉杜鹃密度越低,长势越好。为保证毛棉杜鹃具有充足的生长空间,又兼顾生态景观林的景观连续性,避免出现较大的林窗,通过树冠系数法得到万花屏地区毛棉杜鹃最低密度437株·hm-2;小梧桐地区最低密度733株·hm-2。     

杭州午潮山天然次生林木本幼苗组成及其时空分布格局

木本植物幼苗是森林生态系统的重要的组成部分,其定居、存活、生长的生态学过程对于森林植被的更新具有潜在指示和筛选作用。为探究浙江杭州午潮山亚热带常绿阔叶次生林群落更新和演替机制,基于样方法对150 m²样地内天然更新幼苗的物种组成、数量特征和基径结构进行统计,在此基础上采用最近邻分析和Ripley''s K函数的点格局方法,分析其中主要优势树种的更新动态及其时空分布格局。结果表明:(1)样地内乔木幼苗树种组成丰富,共调查到幼苗811株,隶属12科20属27种,其中樟科Lauraceae、壳斗科Fagaceae、山茶科Theaceae和山矾科Symplocaceae为主要优势科。(2)红楠Machilus thunbergii、薄叶润楠M. leptophylla、毛柄连蕊茶Camellia fraterna和刨花润楠M. spauhoi在所有调查物种重要值排序前4,因而被确定为优势林下植物,绘制的基径结构小提琴图(violin plot)进一步显示它们的种群分属快速增长型、稳定增长型、缓慢增长型和稳定型。(3)红楠、薄叶润楠和刨花润楠在小径级和小尺度上多呈聚集分布,随生长发育和空间尺度的增加,聚集强度呈现先增高后降低趋势,最终向离散分布或随机分布转变,可视为群落演替的早期树种;同时,三者在聚集强度上有所差异,排序为红楠＞薄叶润楠＞刨花润楠。毛柄连蕊茶Camellia fraterna种群密度较低,在小径级和小尺度上呈随机分布,随生长发育和空间尺度的增加,聚集强度呈波动趋势,最终向离散分布转变,可视为演替的中期树种。本研究在小尺度上初步揭了午潮山木本幼苗种群的演替过程中的种群结构和分布格局,可以为亚热带森林管理与植被恢复提供理论依据。     

林冠环境对润楠幼苗构型和生物量分配的影响

植物幼苗早期适应对策对种群的更新具有决定性的作用。润楠(Machilus nanmu)是国家Ⅱ级保护植物,是重庆缙云山常绿阔叶林优势乔木树种之一。研究润楠幼苗的适应对策对于维持种群更新和保护常绿阔叶林生物多样性具有重要意义。本研究采集了重庆缙云山常绿阔叶林中不同林冠环境(林窗/林下)下不同年龄阶段(阶段1: 1～3年;阶段2: 4～6年;阶段3: 7～9年)的润楠幼苗,从构型和生物量分配角度研究其早期适应对策的时间动态及其对异质生境的响应。结果表明: 林窗中润楠幼苗的茎构型各指标(除枝倾角)和叶倾角在阶段2和阶段3显著大于林下,根构型各指标(除根直径)和叶面积在阶段1和阶段2显著大于林下;而林窗中润楠幼苗的比叶面积在3个阶段均显著小于林下。不同林冠环境和年龄阶段的生物量分配均以叶为主,但林窗中润楠幼苗从阶段2开始增加了茎的生物量分配,减少了根的生物量分配,林下润楠幼苗根的生物量分配则无显著变化。润楠幼苗各器官的协调性随生境条件不同产生适应性进化,即林窗中润楠幼苗的根与叶之间显著相关,且此相关关系随年龄增大由正到负;林下润楠幼苗的根和茎呈显著正相关,根和叶之间无显著相关。不同林冠环境下润楠幼苗枝干重与枝长的标准化主轴回归(SMA)方程斜率仅在阶段3差异显著,而叶、根生物量与构型间的SMA方程斜率的差异均不显著;大部分生物量与构型间的SMA方程截距在阶段2差异显著。     

干旱胁迫下广东石漠化地区造林树种光合和耗水特性

石漠化地区土层稀薄、干旱贫瘠、植被破坏、生态恶化等问题较为突出,人工恢复森林植被是一项快速有效的生态恢复途径。采用盆栽苗木称重法和Li-6400光合系统测定方法分别测定3个常见石漠化造林树种浙江润楠(Machilus leptophylla),枫香(Liquidambar formosana)和亮叶含笑(Michelia fulgens Dandy)苗木在不同土壤水分条件下耗水特性和光合特性,为进一步筛选和评价石漠化地区造林树种抗旱特性提供理论依据。研究结果表明:(1)整个干旱胁迫期间,3种幼苗叶片的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)持续下降。重度干旱时,浙江润楠光合和水分利用效率分别是枫香的2.5倍、89.6倍和亮叶含笑的1.9倍、26.3倍。(2)干旱胁迫中期和后期,枫香和亮叶含笑净光合速率(Pn)和气孔导度(Gs)下降而胞间CO2浓度(Ci)升高,说明Pn下降的主要原因已经由气孔因素转变为非气孔因素的限制。(3)3个石漠化树种在不同干旱胁迫下日耗水总量和日平均耗水速率均存在显著性差异(P0.05),白天耗水量占总耗水量74%—92%之间。浙江润楠在重度干旱时期还对水分要求还比较大,维持一个相对较高的耗水速率,是枫香和亮叶含笑的3.7倍和2.2倍。(4)不同干旱胁迫下,3个石漠化树种耗水速率日变化均表现出单峰曲线,不同干旱胁迫下峰值点会发生变化。(5)综合来看,浙江润楠和枫香是相对高光合和高水分利用效率树种。隶属函数结果表明,在正常、轻度和重度干旱下抗旱能力均为枫香浙江润楠亮叶含笑,重度干旱下为浙江润楠枫香亮叶含笑。     

基于DNA条形码技术的楠属和润楠属5种木材的识别

楠属与润楠属的许多树种的木材都属于珍贵木材,这些木材的解剖构造特征非常相似,仅仅依据传统的识别方法难以将这些木材准确识别出来。通过采用分子生物学中的DNA条形码技术对5种来自于楠属和润楠属的木材进行分子鉴定,试图从分子水平识别5种木材。以楠属的闽楠(Phoebe bournei)、桢楠(Phoebe zhennan)、紫楠(Phoebe sheareri)和润楠属的建润楠(Machilus oreophila)、刨花润楠(Machilus pauhoi)为研究对象,采用Qiagen试剂盒法提取木材总DNA,并分别对5个树种的ycf3、psb C-trn S、rpo C1和ITS这4段DNA序列进行PCR扩增,并对PCR产物进行测序和序列的比对分析。测序分析所得5个树种的ycf3序列中,共有6个多态性位点,根据其差异可将桢楠、建润楠、刨花润楠从中区分出来,但是闽楠和紫楠之间不能区分。psb C-trn S序列的比对结果显示共有7个多态性位点,可以将紫楠、建润楠和刨花润楠区分出来,但其余两个树种难以区分。5个树种的ITS序列仅有1个多态性位点,可以对两个属间进行区分,不能进行种间的区分。5个树种的rpo C1序列完全一致,不能用于区分这几个树种。综合来看,将ycf3和psb C-trn S这两段DNA条形码结合起来对比分析,可以将5种木材在分子水平区分开来。从5个树种的ycf3序列构建的系统发育树来看,几个树种基本可以正确聚类,作为区分几个树种的参考。     

广西润楠属一新种－狭基润楠

报道了润楠属一新种,狭基润楠Machilus attenuataF.N.Wei&S.C.Tang。本种与形态上相似的定安润楠M.dinganensis S.Lee&F.N.Wei的区别在于叶先端尾状渐尖或长渐尖,基部渐狭并略下延,幼叶上面无毛,下面疏被短柔毛;与西畴润楠M.sichourensisH.W.Li的区别在于叶较小,薄革质,倒披针形或椭圆形,长8~13 cm,宽2.2~4 cm,基部渐狭,侧脉在上面明显或略明显,下面明显。     

广西润楠属-新种-狭基润楠

报道了润楠属一新种,狭基润楠Machilus attenuata F．N．Wei＆S．C．Tang。本种与形态上相似的定安润楠M．dinganensis S．Lee＆F．N．Wei的区别在于叶先端尾状渐尖或长渐尖,基部渐狭并略下延,幼叶上面无毛,下面疏被短柔毛;与西畴润楠M．sichourensis H．W．Li的区别在于叶较小,薄革质,倒披针形或椭圆形,长8～13cm,宽2．2～4cm,基部渐狭,侧脉在上面明显或略明显,下面明显。     

樟科柔毛润楠正确名称的考订

在确认润楠属（Machilus Nees）应作为一独立属后,根据《国际植物命名法规》,恢复柔毛润楠的正确名称应为Machilus villosa（Roxb．）Hook．f．     

模拟酸雨对刨花楠幼苗生长和光合生理的影响

研究了模拟酸雨对亚热带典型用材树种和经济树种刨花楠(Machilus pauhoi)幼苗生长和光合生理的影响,以期为浙江省引种刨花楠提供科学依据.结果表明,pH4.0的模拟酸雨对刨花楠株高、地径和叶绿素含量无明显影响,而pH2.5的模拟酸雨使株高显著降低;pH为4.0的模拟酸雨对刨花楠的光合参数无显著影响,而pH为2.5的酸雨处理则能明显提高刨花楠的胞间CO2浓度、暗呼吸速率以及光补偿点、增加气孔导度和蒸腾速率,显著降低最大净光合速率;相关分析和回归分析表明,酸雨增加了刨花楠对环境的敏感性.     

国产润楠属植物的叶表皮特征及其系统学意义

对45种国产润楠属(Machilus Nees)植物的叶表皮进行光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察,其中31种为首次报道.结果表明:润楠属植物叶表皮细胞形状为多边形或不规则形,气孔复合体均为平列型且仅分布在下表皮;上下表皮细胞的垂周壁式样有5种类型:平直、圆滑、浅波、波状、平直-弓形;下表皮毛被有(稀疏、密集或非常密集)或无;上表皮平周壁纹饰类型有:点状、平滑、条纹(或波浪条纹);下表皮内面平周壁纹饰类型有:不规则、平滑、粗糙网状、微毛状、颗粒状、鳞片状.这些特征在本属种间存在较显著的差异,可作为区分种类的辅助特征和种间亲缘关系,因而对润楠属植物的分类学研究和亲缘关系的确定有较大意义.     

闽江口琅岐岛朴树种群结构与空间分布格局

为了揭示琅岐岛朴树种群的维持机制,结合径级结构、聚集度指标,对朴树种群的结构与空间格局进行了研究。结果表明:(1)琅岐朴树种群结构稳定。幼苗充足,具有较强的自我更新能力,朴树萌枝更新突出,萌枝幼苗占总幼苗数的78%,萌枝作为对实生幼苗库的补偿,对于种群的维持和延续具有重要作用;从幼苗阶段到小树阶段存在较高的死亡率,有一定量的成年个体;不同样地朴树种群结构呈现稳定型和衰退型2种类型。(2)在调查的12个样地中,不同样地朴树个体空间格局有所不同,样地2、样地4朴树呈随机分布型,样地11为均匀分布,其他的则是聚集分布。(3)不同发育阶段的空间分布格局有所变化,表现出随着朴树幼苗的生长,其格局逐渐从聚集格局过渡到随机格局,呈扩散趋势。     

红灵山亚热带常绿阔叶林维管植物组成与群落结构特征

为了弄清四川天全县红灵山亚热带常绿阔叶林的群落类型及结构特征,在红灵山中山地段（海拔1700~2000 m）设置6个20 m×30 m的代表性样地,采用典型群落调查法,对其物种组成、群落结构、生物量和自然更新能力等进行研究。结果显示：（1）样地内调查到182个物种,属72科117属,显示出典型亚热带常绿阔叶林的植物区系组成特征;（2）以扁刺栲群系为主,可分为3个群丛组、5个群丛;（3）乔木层密度为2583~5383株/hm²,生物量为2.42×10⁵~4.26×10⁵ kg/hm²,冠层藤本植物地上生物量为1.01×10³ kg/hm²,死木质残体生物量为1.65×10⁵ kg/hm²,次生性特征明显;（4）幼苗丰富,其种类组成与乔木层的相似度为88.89%,说明其自然更新良好,群落结构正渐趋稳定。综合分析表明,红灵山的常绿阔叶林以扁刺栲群系为主,虽次生性明显,但目前保存较为完好,值得进一步强化生态保育。     

大兴安岭新林林业局3种林分类型天然更新幼苗幼树的空间分布格局

基于大兴安岭新林林业局落叶松林、白桦林和混交林3种主要林分类型16块样地的调查数据,依照幼苗幼树的株高划分为3个等级: Ⅰ级, 株高≤60 cm; Ⅱ级, 60 cm＜株高≤200 cm; Ⅲ级, 株高＞200 cm且胸径＜5 cm.在4种取样尺度下,采用负二项指数等7种聚集度指数,判定幼苗幼树的分布格局及格局强度,分析格局变化和格局规模.结果表明: 除落叶松林的落叶松幼苗幼树Ⅱ级最多,且随等级升高幼苗幼树密度先升高后降低外,白桦林和混交林的落叶松以及3种林分的白桦幼苗幼树Ⅲ级最多,而Ⅰ级最少,随等级升高,幼苗幼树密度均升高.落叶松幼苗幼树在3种林分4种取样尺度下均呈聚集分布.白桦幼苗幼树在白桦林中除在10 m×20 m尺度为随机分布外,均呈聚集分布.除落叶松幼苗幼树在混交林中5 m×10 m尺度时聚集强度最大外,落叶松在其他林分以及白桦在3种林分均在5 m×5 m尺度下聚集强度最大.在落叶松林,落叶松和白桦幼苗幼树的聚集强度随等级增大而减小,其中白桦由聚集分布变为随机或均匀分布;在白桦林和混交林中,落叶松和白桦幼苗幼树的聚集强度随等级升高不断增大,由均匀分布变为聚集分布.在3种林分类型中,不同更新等级落叶松和白桦幼苗幼树种群的格局规模均为25 m².落叶松和白桦幼苗幼树种群格局强度在不同林分类型、不同更新等级中差异明显.     

福建三明不同更新方式的米槠林物种多样性研究

本文从α多样性尺度总结三种不同更新方式的米槠林群落的物种多样性状况。结果表明,不同更新方式的米槠林群落中,物种丰富度、多样性指数和均匀度表现为天然更新> 人促更新> 人工造林。天然更新和人促更新米槠林是在皆伐迹上未经炼山发育起来的群落,而人工造林米槠林是从火烧迹地上发育的。天然更新米槠林处于演替的中级阶段,未达到顶级群落;而人促更新和人工造林米槠林则处于衰退阶段。     

Regeneration dynamics of subalpine fir (Abies fargesii) forest across the altitudinal range in the Shennongjia Mountains,central China

Aims Age structure and regeneration dynamics have been used to infer population response to environmental events and reconstruct forest development history. The aim of this study was to characterize and examine the differences of the age structure and regeneration dynamics of subalpine fir (Abies fargesii) forest across the altitudinal range in the north and south aspects in the Shennongjia Mountains, central China.Methods Ten plots (20×20 m) at each altitudinal zone (i.e. the low elevation, the middle elevation and the high elevation) were established in both the north and south aspects of the Shennongjia Mountains, central China. Dendroecological techniques were applied to obtain information about ages of the trees in the plots. The population age structure was analyzed to investigate the regeneration dynamics across the altitudinal range.Important findings Fir regeneration dynamics and age structure were similar in both aspects, and a unimodal population age structure was found at different altitudinal sites of both aspects, indicating that environmental factors might play an important role in shaping the regeneration dynamics and age structure of A. fargesii across its altitudinal range. There was a sustained recruitment during the 19th century, but the regeneration was rarer in the last century at low and midelevations. A significant greater number of fir seedlings and saplings recruited at high elevations in the last century, and fir tree density at high elevations was significantly higher than that at low elevations. Thus, the fir population at the high elevations showed a significant increase in recruitment and stem density in the last century, and we propose that the gradual infilling of fir seedlings might result in changes in regeneration dynamics and stand structure of the subalpine fir forest at high elevations in the Shennongjia Mountains, central China.     

Predicting Species Response to Disturbance from Size Class Distributions of Adults and Saplings in a Jamaican Tropical Dry Forest

The diversity of tropical dry forests is poorly described and their regeneration ecology not well understood, however they are under severe threat of conversion and degradation. The Hellshire Hills constitute a dry limestone forest reserve on the south coast of Jamaica that is of high conservation value. In order to describe the structure and composition of this forest and assess the extent to which the population structures of its tree species do characterize their regeneration ecologies, pre-disturbance structure, floristics and seedling populations were compared with post-disturbance species responses in twelve 15 m × 15 m permanent sample plots which were laid out in a blocked design in April 1998, giving a total sample area of 0.27 ha. These plots were subjected to disturbance in April 1999 (cutting) with each of four blocks being assigned with two randomly allocated treatment plots (partially and clear cut) and one control plot (uncut). A total of 1278 trees (≥2 cm DBH) and 7863 seedlings and saplings (0–2 mm and 2–20 mm root collar diameter (RCD) respectively), comprising 60 and 52 species, respectively, were sampled in the plots prior to disturbance. The species-area curve for trees reached a maximum at 0.20 ha, and abundance was widely distributed amongst the species (26 had importance values greater than 1%); four species were notably codominant (with importance values between 7 and 8%). The forest stand structure had a reverse J-shaped curve for tree and for seedling/sapling size-class distributions, which indicated that the forest as a whole was probably regenerating adequately. From an analysis based on adult and sapling size-class distributions (SCDs), 21 species with 15 or more individuals were classified into 3 groups. Many of the species (15 of the 21), had flat adult SCDs that deviate from the whole-community reverse J-shaped SCD. However, sapling SCDs for 6 of the 15 species were strongly positive indicating the potential for their populations to be sustained by recruitment from the saplings present. No general association was found between these SCD species groupings and the actual ability of the species to recover from disturbance. Analysis of post-disturbance response revealed that for only 9 of the 21 species did adult SCDs provide adequate prediction, but for an additional 6 of the species information on sapling SCDs improved the accuracy of prediction if the ‘release’ of saplings or smaller individuals predominated recovery. However in this forest, recovery following disturbance which left stem and roots in place is predominantly by coppice regrowth, and there were no significant correlations found between adult SCDs and the species’ ability to coppice.     

Composition and Dynamics of Functional Groups of Trees During Tropical Forest Succession in Northeastern Costa Rica

We compared the functional type composition of trees ≥10 cm dbh in eight secondary forest monitoring plots with logged and unlogged mature forest plots in lowland wet forests of Northeastern Costa Rica. Five plant functional types were delimited based on diameter growth rates and canopy height of 293 tree species. Mature forests had significantly higher relative abundance of understory trees and slow-growing canopy/emergent trees, but lower relative abundance of fast-growing canopy/emergent trees than secondary forests. Fast-growing subcanopy and canopy trees reached peak densities early in succession. Density of fast-growing canopy/emergent trees increased during the first 20 yr of succession, whereas basal area continued to increase beyond 40 yr. We also assigned canopy tree species to one of three colonization groups, based on the presence of seedlings, saplings, and trees in four secondary forest plots. Among 93 species evaluated, 68 percent were classified as regenerating pioneers (both trees and regeneration present), whereas only 6 percent were classified as nonregenerating pioneers (trees only) and 26 percent as forest colonizers (regeneration only). Slow-growing trees composed 72 percent of the seedling and sapling regeneration for forest colonizers, whereas fast-growing trees composed 63 percent of the seedlings and saplings of regenerating pioneers. Tree stature and growth rates capture much of the functional variation that appears to drive successional dynamics. Results further suggest strong linkages between functional types defined based on adult height and growth rates of large trees and abundance of seedling and sapling regeneration during secondary succession.
Abstract in Spanish is available at http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/loi/btp     

濒危植物闽楠幼苗更新及环境解释

为了更好地理解濒危植物闽楠幼苗天然更新与微环境的关系,以广西富川县蚌贝村闽楠天然林胸径5.0 cm以下的更新个体为研究对象。基于0.64 hm₂^{固定监测样地调查数据,采用Pearson相关系数、冗余分析等方法对幼苗更新密度与样地微环境因子关系进行分析。结果表明：(1)闽楠小幼苗更新个体数最多,随龄级增加更新密度呈下降趋势;幼苗向幼树转化率低,小幼苗向中幼苗转化率是闽楠更新成功的关键阶段;(2)闽楠幼苗更新密度与样地灌木层高度、最近母树距离、灌木层覆盖度极显著正相关,与样地光照、草本层覆盖度显著负相关; (3)灌木层高度、最近母树的距离、灌木层覆盖度、叶面积指数、光照、草本层覆盖度、凋落物厚度、土壤盐分是影响闽楠幼苗更新的主要微环境因子,光照和草本层覆盖度是闽楠幼苗更新的限制因子。因此,降低光照强度、减少草本层的覆盖度、增大灌木层的覆盖度等有利于闽楠种群更新发展。}     

夏蜡梅种群结构与分布格局研究

在夏蜡梅(Sinocalycanthus chinensis)主要分布地设置11个代表性样地,研究了种群结构与空间分布格局,并对种群密度与主要环境因子进行相关性分析。结果表明,大多数夏蜡梅种群幼年阶段的个体较丰富,种群自然更新良好;样地群落夏蜡梅以集群分布为主;在透光率低、林分郁闭的群落中夏蜡梅聚集强度高,但种群更新不良、幼苗缺乏。因此,夏蜡梅适合在相对开敞的遮阴环境下生长,过于郁闭林地应采取适度间伐上层乔木、疏除过密灌木的抚育保护措施。     

浙江百山祖常绿阔叶林三个优势树种开花结实动态

以百山祖常绿阔叶林中三个优势种麂角杜鹃、尖连蕊茶和木荷为研究对象,研究2009～2012年其花及果实凋落的年际变化与季节动态,结果表明：1）在花凋落数量上,麂角杜鹃和木荷有明显大小年现象,尖连蕊茶则无;2）在果实凋落数量上,麂角杜鹃有明显大小年现象,其他两树种则无;3）从凋落季节上看,麂角杜鹃和尖连蕊茶花凋落集中于春末,木荷则在秋初;4）果实的异常凋落与灾害性天气有密切关系。