链霉菌和大肠杆菌穿梭质粒载体的构建

本文报道了链霉菌和大肠杆菌穿梭质粒载体pSE-3的构建;把具有双启动子的大肠杆菌的质粒pGEM-3与新霉素抗性基因启动子缺失的链霉菌的探针质粒pIJ486分别用BamHI和BglⅡ酶切,T4 DNA连接酶连接后转化到E.coli HB101(Amp(?),Neo(?)),所得重组质粒能强启动pIJ486质粒上的氨基糖苷磷酸转移酶基因(aph),并使新霉素抗性基因在大肠杆菌中得到强表达。此重组质粒被命名为pSE-3,当其转化到变青链霉菌TK54(Tsr(?),Neo(?))的原生质体前,新霉素抗性基因亦能得到强表达。酶切结果表明,构建的具有两个启动子的穿梭质粒载体pSE-3上有HindⅢ和EcoRI的单酶位点,拷贝数约为39。经再转化和传代50代等研究表明,穿梭质粒载体pSE-3在链霉菌和大肠杆菌中均是稳定的。为某些有应用价值的目的基因在大肠杆菌和链霉菌中的克隆与表达提供了一个有价值的穿梭质粒载体。     

麦迪霉素产生菌具有启动功能的DNA片段的克隆和分析

利用启动子探针质粒载体pIJ486从麦迪霉素产生菌总DNA中克隆得到了一段具有启动功能的DNA片段.通过限制性酶酶切分析,测定插入DNA片段大小为2.3kb.又利用载体pIJ486和pIJ487的新霉素抗性结构基因上游有多酶切点方向相反的性质,分析了插入片段在两个不同方向上的启动能力.结果表明,在两个方向上均有启动功能,但强弱相差六倍.其中在XbaI-HindIII方向上具有较强的启动能力,在变铅青链霉菌中新霉素抗性水平可达20mg/ml以上.进一步对插入片段的三个BamHI小片段进行分析的结果表明,较强启动子区域集中在BamHI-BamHI 0.79kb DNA片段上.     

链霉菌启动子的研究Ⅰ.灰色链霉菌启动子在大肠杆菌中的克隆和表达

灰色链霉菌(streptomyces griseus)No.45是链霉素产生菌,用于工业规模的链霉素生产,其启动子结构及基因表达的调控尚未揭示。本文报道了S.riseus启动子在大肠杆菌(Escherichia coil)中的克隆和表达,证实了S.griseus中也存在E.coli类型的启动子。我们已将S.griseus DNA的PstⅠ、BglⅡ酶切片段克隆到启动子探测质粒pGA46上,在大肠杆菌中表达四环素抗性基因启动子的功能。S.griseus DNA的Hin dⅢ酶切片段也已经克隆到另一个启动子探测质粒pPV33-H上,在E.coli中表达四环素抗性基因启动子的功能。为了进一步验证和分析,将重组质粒和载体以限制性内切酶酶切,从电泳图谱中可以重新找到共同的载体区带。以DNA分子杂交的方法进行DNA同源性分析,结果表明载体pGA46或pPV33-H和S.griseus DNA没有可察觉的杂交区带,而重组质粒和S.griseus DNA及载体均有明显的杂交区带。这说明重组质粒中的外源插入序列确是来自S.griseus,这些DNA片段携带了四环素抗性基因的启动子。为了进一步分析启动子功能区域的结构,已将重组质粒No.8中4.24kb的S.griseus插入序列缩短到1.89kb。插入序列的继续缩小正在进行中。     

大肠杆菌葡萄糖异构酶基因在变铅青链霉菌中的克隆与表达

本文用穿梭质粒载体pSE-3,进行了大肠杆菌葡萄糖异构酶基因在变铅青链霉菌中的克隆与表达。把含有1.6kb葡萄糖异构酶基因的pX1200(4.3kb)质粒与pGEM-3(2.9kb)质粒分别用EcoRI酶解,T4DNA连接酶连接,转化E.Coli HB101(Xy1~-,Neo(?)),得到的重组质粒被命名为pX1203(7.2kb);将pX1203与穿梭质粒载体pSE-3分别用HindⅢ酶解,T_4DNA连接酶连接,转化E.Coli HB101,在含有新霉素的木糖培养基上筛选到转化重组体,其重组质粒被命名为pSE×100(10.6kb);把pSE×100转化变铅青链霉菌TK54的原生质体,在硫链丝菌肽(50μg/ml)和新霉素(50μg/ml)的平皿上得到了重组体。经质粒提取,酶切分析,再转化和葡萄糖异构酶活性测定,结果表明,大肠杆菌的葡萄糖异构酶基因确实已在链霉菌中克隆和表达。     

一个枯草杆菌启动子(P_(28-1))对链霉菌分化的影响

亚克隆1.1kb的枯草杆菌启动子P_(28-1)到pUC19上,再亚克隆到以儿茶酚加氧酶为报告基因的链霉菌启动子探测质粒pIJ4083上,构建的重组质粒命名为pIJ4498.用pIJ4498转化天蓝色链霉菌J1501的原生质体,得到了相对于灰色野生型的白色转化子,而用载体pIJ4083转化J1501后得到的转化子是正常的深灰色菌落.经限制性内切酶验证了重组质粒的结构,测定了质粒的稳定性.当pIJ4498转化天蓝色链霉菌的WhiG突变株(C71)后,未观察到任何表型的变化.通过超声波破碎细胞得到的J1501/pIJ4498菌体的蛋白提取液,可使无色的儿茶酚氧化成黄色的2-羟粘糠酸半醛(HMS).而对照株J1501/pIJ4083及C71/pIJ4498菌株的蛋白提取液不能使儿茶酚氧化成黄色的HMS产物.结果表明枯草杆菌的启动子P_(28-1)被天蓝色链霉菌J1501的σ^(whiG) RNA聚合酶所识别,在启动儿茶酚加氧酶报告基因表达的同时,影响了天蓝色链霉菌J1501分化中的孢子形成.     

一个枯草杆菌启动子(P_(28-1))对链霉菌分化的影响

亚克隆1.1kb的枯草杆菌启动子P_(28-1)到pUC19上,再亚克隆到以儿茶酚加氧酶为报告基因的链霉菌启动子探测质粒pIJ4083上,构建的重组质粒命名为pIJ4498.用pIJ4498转化天蓝色链霉菌J1501的原生质体,得到了相对于灰色野生型的白色转化子,而用载体pIJ4083转化J1501后得到的转化子是正常的深灰色菌落.经限制性内切酶验证了重组质粒的结构,测定了质粒的稳定性.当pIJ4498转化天蓝色链霉菌的WhiG突变株(C71)后,未观察到任何表型的变化.通过超声波破碎细胞得到的J1501/pIJ4498菌体的蛋白提取液,可使无色的儿茶酚氧化成黄色的2-羟粘糠酸半醛(HMS).而对照株J1501/pIJ4083及C71/pIJ4498菌株的蛋白提取液不能使儿茶酚氧化成黄色的HMS产物.结果表明枯草杆菌的启动子P_(28-1)被天蓝色链霉菌J1501的σ~(whiG) RNA聚合酶所识别,在启动儿茶酚加氧酶报告基因表达的同时,影响了天蓝色链霉菌J1501分化中的孢子形成.     

PCR-寻靶体系构建棒状链霉菌lat基因插入突变的重组质粒pELA

本实验将PCR所得的1.8kb的lat基因片段插入到pUCm-T载体的多克隆位点,得到重组质粒pUCm-T-lat,经EcoRI-HindⅢ双酶切后得到lat基因片段,与经同样双酶切的穿梭质粒pGH112进行连接,得到重组质粒pGH112-lat。将其电转至大肠杆菌E.coli BW25113/pIJ790中得到E.coli BW25113/pIJ790/pGH112-lat。同时,根据棒状链霉菌lat基因的序列及质粒pIJ77(3 pIJ773为可提供阿泊拉抗性的模板质粒)中阿泊拉抗性基因(aac(3)iv)的序列设计一对长59nt及58nt的引物,两引物分别含有20nt及19nt的阿泊拉抗性基因的互补序列和39nt的lat基因两端的互补序列,以质粒pIJ773为模板,PCR扩增得到的产物为两端带有lat基因上下游同源序列的阿泊拉抗性基因,将此PCR产物称为阿泊拉抗性框,将此阿泊拉抗性框电转至E.coli BW25113/pIJ790/pGH112-lat转化子中。在质粒pIJ790的作用下,阿泊拉抗性框中两端的lat基因同源序列与pGH112-lat中的野生型lat基因发生同源双交换,使得阿泊拉抗性框插入lat基因中,得到lat基因中插入阿泊拉抗性基因(lat::apr)的重组质粒pELA。该质粒的构建为进一步构建棒状链霉菌lat基因插入阻断的突变株,从而实现克拉维酸产量的提高奠定了初步基础。     

嗜热硫杆菌启动子的克隆及定位

用DNA体外重组技术,将嗜热硫扦菌(Thiobacillus sp．)染色体DNA的Hind III片段插人启动子探测质粒pSDSI(Apr、Tc2)的Hind III位点,在四环素平板上获得一批转化子。四环素抗性能力测定表明,有12个转化子可以在含240／μg／ml四环素的平板上生长,有2个可以在360μg／ml的四环素平板上生长,对这二个抗性表达能力较高、分子量较小的质粒pSDH7和pSDH11作了限制性酶切图谱分析,并利用PstI位点,通过亚克隆将pSDH11插人片段上的启动子定位在0．25kb片段内。分子杂交实验证明克隆的启动子活性片段确实来源于嗜热硫杆菌染色体DNA。     

金霉素链霉菌启动基因在大肠杆菌中的克隆及表达

利用质粒pGA46作为载体,将金霉素链霉菌染色体DNA的Sau3A酶切片段插入pGA-46的BglII位点,获得氯霉素抗性、四环素抗性的重组质粒。DNA同源性分析表明,重组质粒中外源序列来自金霉素链霉菌DNA。重组质粒的限制性酶切产物电泳分析,可以重新找到载体DNA片段。将链霉菌的插入序列移入另一载体pBR322中,仍可表现启动基因的功能。用限制性内切酶酶切及核酸酶BAL-31酶切等方法,已将链霉菌的插入序列降至200bp以下,仍保留启动基因功能。     

链霉菌高拷贝质粒pIJ101的研究 V．两个拷贝数突变子及其与克隆片段的关系

在分离和定位链霉菌高拷贝质粒PlJ101上启动子活性区域的过程中,我们将Bc11-E片段经MboI进一步酶解后,克隆到由pIJ101基本复制功能区所衍生的载体pIJ425的BgIII位点上,从转化酶、铅青链霉菌TK64以原生质体所获得的硫链丝菌素抗性转化子中,发现了两个拷贝数极其异常的衍生质粒,命名为PI J2743和PIJ2744。与plJ425相比,pIJ2743的拷贝数增加约10倍,而pIJ2744的拷贝数则降低约10倍。拷贝数的剧增和剧减不是由于质粒宿主的突变,因为它们在重新转化的宿主中仍显示了突变型拷贝数特征。拷贝数的变化也不是由于载体的突变,因为切除插入片段后,载体区域再连接后的质粒仍与原始plJ425的拷贝数相同。将高拷贝突变子中0.63kb的插入片段以两种不同的取向克隆到另一个类似于pIJ425的载体p1J 486的BamHI位点,在一种取向插入时,新衍生的质拉仍显示出投高的拷贝数,而在另一种取向时,质粒的拷贝数不发生变化,说明拷贝数的剧增不仅只与插入片段有关,而且其功用具有明显的方向性,即为-顺式作用因子。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.