灌溉方法对日光温室土壤呼吸的影响

于日光温室内用小区栽培番茄的试验方法研究了沟灌、滴灌和渗灌3种灌溉方法对土壤呼吸的影响。土壤呼吸采用静态箱-碱液吸收法测定。结果表明,番茄生育期内沟灌、滴灌和渗灌3种灌溉处理土壤呼吸速率均呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,其最大值分别出现在水分处理后的第28、30和36天;3种灌溉处理的土壤呼吸速率不同,CO2累积释放量差异明显:分别为604.46、529.52和448.70 g·m~(-2)。统计分析表明,3种灌溉处理土壤日均呼吸速率与其各自对应的5、15和25 cm深处土壤日均温度呈显著指数相关,与15 cm深度处土壤日均含水量呈显著线性相关。选择合理的灌溉方法,不仅能够为作物生长创造良好的土壤水分条件,而且也能有效地调控设施内空气的CO2浓度,对于蔬菜生产高产优质、土壤固碳减排具有重要意义。     

不同灌溉方式下3种土壤微生物活性测定方法比较

探究不同灌溉方式下土壤微生物活性,对维持土壤稳定和提高水资源利用效率具有重要意义。以沈阳农业大学长期定位灌溉试验基地为平台,采用土壤酶活性、土壤呼吸和微量热法,研究节水灌溉组覆膜滴灌、渗灌及对照组沟灌下的土壤微生物活性并比较3种微生物活性测定方法。结果表明:不同灌溉方式下土壤脲酶、转化酶、脱氢酶活性无显著差异,土壤呼吸在3个主要生长季也没有明显变化规律;而微量热法得到的热功率时间曲线呈现了典型的微生物生长特征趋势,覆膜滴灌的生长速率较大,且与沟灌的总热量、最大热功率相差不大。因此,从可持续农业观点出发,覆膜滴灌是保证土壤微生物活性较高的一种节水灌溉方式;微量热法也为传统方法下不易检测的微生物活性提供了新思路。     

不同灌溉方式下秸秆还田对设施土壤碳、氮及蔬菜产量的影响

针对设施土壤C/N 比失调, 蔬菜产量下降的问题, 采用裂区设计大田试验, 研究了秸秆还田(S1)在水肥一体化 (FG)和膜下沟灌(FP)两种灌溉方式对设施土壤碳、氮及蔬菜产量的影响。结果表明, 在水肥一体化 (FG)灌溉方式下的秸秆腐解率相比膜下沟灌(FP)高出10.7 个百分点。在两种灌溉方式下, 秸秆还田均增加了0-20 cm、20-40 cm土壤有机质含量, FG 灌溉方式下分别增加了14.8%和12.4%; FP 灌溉方式下分别增加了12.4%和2.9%。秸秆还田与FP灌溉方式结合, 增加了0-200 cm 土壤剖面硝态氮淋洗的风险。秸秆还田均降低了0-20 cm 和20-40 cm 层次土壤的pH, FG 灌溉方式下分别降低了0.17 和0.10 个单位; FP 灌溉方式下均降低了0.02 个单位。无论是灌溉方式、秸秆还田还是两者的交互作用, 均极显著提高了黄瓜产量, 其中水肥一体化灌溉方式结合秸秆还田的效果最好。     

咸水沟灌对棉田土壤水稳性团聚体稳定性的影响

探明咸水沟灌对土壤水稳性团聚体的影响对实现咸水资源安全高效利用具有重要意义。本研究在棉花长期定位咸水沟灌试验(始于2006年)的基础上,分析了不同矿化度(1、2、4、6、8、10 g·L^-1)咸水连续灌溉第10年和第15年棉田土壤盐分和水稳性团聚体稳定性的变化特征。结果表明: 沟底0~30 cm土层土壤盐分随灌溉水矿化度的升高而增加,其中6、8、10 g·L^-1灌水处理与1 g·L^-1处理间差异达显著水平;随着土层深度的增加,各处理土壤盐分逐渐增大。咸水沟灌有降低沟底土壤水稳性团聚体稳定性的趋势,当灌溉水矿化度≥6 g·L^-1时,水稳性大团聚体(>0.25 mm)质量分数、团聚体平均重量直径和几何平均直径显著降低,分形维数和平均重量比表面积显著增大;随着土层深度的增加,各处理土壤水稳性团聚体稳定性下降。连续多年咸水沟灌条件下,各处理棉田沟底0~30 cm土层土壤盐分和水稳性团聚体稳定性未随灌水年限的增加而逐年积累与恶化。在本研究灌溉制度下,采用≤4 g·L^-1咸水沟灌对试验区棉田土壤盐分和水稳性团聚体稳定性指标无显著影响。     

黄土丘陵区坡耕地水土流失与土地生产力的关系

在黄土丘陵区坡耕地水土流失特征分析的基础上．对坡耕地水土流失与土地生产力的关系进行了研究。采用不同的试验方法．以单位面积坡耕地生产某种生物产品的数量为土地生产力指标．以生产周期短的农作物为指示植物．具体探讨了地表径流损失和土壤流失分别所造成的土地生产力下降幅度。表土人工堆积处理的径流小区试验结果表明．坡耕地每损失1mm径流．供试作物产量平均下降5．0％～9．7％;小区铲土覆土模拟土壤流失的小区试验结果显示,每减少1cm表土,作物产量下降1．0％～3．1％．每增加1cm表层熟化土．产量增加0．8％～1．7％。在干旱年份．半干旱黄土丘陵区坡耕地由于水土流失导致的作物减产每年平均为21．9％～80．0％．其中径流损失的比重占95．8％～98．2％,而土壤流失仅占1．8％～4．2％。作物品种不同．水土流失对作物产量的影响各异。     

日光温室番茄-西瓜轮作系统不同水氮处理氨挥发特征

为探究黄土高原地区日光温室果蔬栽培中氨挥发特征,在陕西省杨凌区选择当地典型的日光温室,设置4个不同的水氮处理,采用密闭式间歇抽气法监测番茄-西瓜轮作季的氨挥发特征.结果表明: 日光温室栽培土壤氮素转化快,施氮处理施肥后第1～2天氨挥发出现峰值,氨挥发峰值为0.26～2.02 kg N·hm^-2·d^-1,7 d左右各处理氨挥发通量相近;施氮处理间氨累积排放量无显著差异;相同施氮量条件下,降低灌溉量氨累积排放量两季平均增加了46.7%;不同种植季氨平均排放通量和累积排放量均表现为西瓜季高于番茄季,西瓜季高温促进了氨排放;土壤铵态氮含量、土壤孔隙含水量、0～5 cm地温和温室气温均对氨排放通量有极显著影响,而土壤pH值与氨挥发通量呈显著负相关关系.不同种植季氨挥发通量和累积排放量存在差异,降低施氮量可减少氨排放,相同施氮量条件下降低灌溉量增加了氨排放.     

施用硫肥对几种作物与牧草产量和硫素含量的影响

为了研究不同作物的需S状况。对我国北方3种主要农作物(小麦、玉米、油菜)和牧草(苜蓿)进行了5个施硫水平(0、5、10、20和40mg·kg^-1)的盆栽试验．结果表明。增施一定量的硫肥可以提高作物生物量和产量．4种作物生物量增加5％～32％．小麦和油菜籽粒产量增加3％～20％．同时。增施硫肥可以使作物体内S素增加,但不同作物含硫量明显不同,油菜含硫量最高(0．479％～1．228％)。玉米含硫量最低(0．043％～0．091％)．同一作物不同部位含硫量不同。但同一作物不同部位含硫量呈显著的线性正相关．如油菜I、油菜Ⅱ和小麦植株与其种子含硫量的相关性都达极显著水平,R2值分别为0．399、0．654和0．547(n=15)．作物生物量、产量与施硫量相关性除苜蓿外．都达显著或极显著水平;作物生物量、产量与作物体内硫素含量除苜蓿外也显著或极显著相关;作物从土壤中吸收的S开始时随土壤的有效硫增加而增加,但达到一定程度时。随着有效硫的增加吸收的S略有下降．     

黄土旱塬不同覆盖对春玉米产量及土壤环境影响

对黄土旱塬用不同覆盖对春玉米产量及土壤环境影响的研究表明,春玉米采用不同覆盖技术,均有显著的增产效果,能显著增加土壤贮水量,使土壤上层长期保持湿润状态,提高土壤温度(除秸秆覆盖外),降低昼夜温差,避免降雨直接冲击地面。保持良好的土壤结构,渗水地膜覆盖与秸秆覆盖、常规地膜覆盖和不覆盖相比,其产量分别增长6．4％、23．6％和29．1％,水分利用效率分别为21．5、20．2、17．4和16．7kg·mm^-1·hm^-2,秸秆覆盖还能提高土壤有机质,增加土壤肥力渗水地膜和常规地膜具有相同的增温效果,当气温达到35℃以上时,渗水地膜还具有降低极端温度的调节功能,但是,覆盖易造成有机质大量矿化和NO3^--N的淋失。     

滴灌与沟灌栽培杨树人工林土壤水分动态与生产力

在北京大兴区永定河故道沙地上对9年生杨树人工林进行滴灌和沟灌栽培,于根系主要分布土层(20、40、60、80 cm)布设土壤水分传感器并利用智能采集器实时监测土壤含水率,分析不同灌溉措施下的土壤水分动态变化及杨树人工林生产力。结果表明: 单次有效的滴灌和沟灌后,沿树行形成的湿润体垂直深度分别为72和143 cm,湿润体横切面的面积分别为0.41和2.71 m²;灌溉量分别为79.20和776.47 m³·hm^-2,后者为前者的9.8倍,灌溉后杨树吸收根主要分布土层(0～40 cm)的土壤含水率下降到水分轻度亏缺临界值(土壤含水率为田间持水量的70%)的历时均为11 d左右。2019年4—10月,沟灌5、7、9月3次总灌溉量为2329.41 m³·hm^-2;滴灌18次,总灌溉量为1425.60 m³·hm^-2。沟灌下杨树人工林土壤水分中度亏缺(土壤含水率低于田间持水量的60%)累计天数达109 d,而滴灌下的杨树人工林土壤水分始终未发生中度亏缺。滴灌下杨树人工林蓄积年生长量为38.92 m³·hm^-2,是沟灌(25.43 m³·hm^-2)的1.5倍,表明不同灌溉措施下杨树人工林生产力差异显著。     

污水灌溉中砷对作物的影响

用低浓度(1毫克/升以下)含砷污水灌溉农田,作物生长发育正常,作物和土壤中含砷量与清水灌溉的相似。当砷的灌溉浓度为5、20毫克/升时,可使小麦、水稻产量下降。浓度5毫克/升的砷溶液,使水稻体内含砷量显著增高。该浓度可作为作物的危害浓度。土壤中加入一定量的 Feso_4,有降低水稻对砷的吸收作用。     

春小麦田喷灌的水量分布及小气候效应

春小麦喷灌的田间观测表明,在灌浆初期,春小麦冠层的截留水量可达25％－30％,冠层截留水量可使冠层下方的均匀系数比冠层上方提高10.1%-12.7%。喷灌的水分飘移蒸发损失可达总水量的20％－25％。春小麦喷灌可以降低空气和土壤温度,增加空气实际水汽压和相对湿度,这对抑制作物蒸腾将起一定作用。     

根区交替控制灌溉条件下玉米根系吸水规律

为了阐明根区交替控制灌溉(CRDAI)条件下玉米根系吸水规律,通过田间试验,在沟灌垄植模式下采用根区交替控制灌溉研究玉米根区不同点位(沟位、坡位和垄位)的根长密度(RLD)及根系吸水动态。研究表明,根区土壤水分的干湿交替引起玉米RLD的空间动态变化,在垄位两侧不对称分布,并存在层间差异;土壤水分和RLD是根区交替控制灌溉下根系吸水速率的主要限制因素。在同一土层,根系吸水贡献率以垄位最大,沟位最低;玉米营养生长阶段,10—30 cm土层的根系吸水速率最大;玉米生殖生长阶段,20—70 cm为根系吸水速率最大的土层,根系吸水贡献率为43.21%—55.48%。研究阐明了交替控制灌溉下根系吸水与土壤水分、RLD间相互作用的动态规律,对控制灌溉下水分调控机理研究具有理论意义。     

高水位区暗管埋设下土壤盐分适时立体调控的生态效应

高水位地区作物生长关键期采用微咸水或咸水灌溉被证明在一定条件下可以起到增产正效应,但同时却存在着土体盐分积累及其对下茬或次年种植影响的生态负效应.为探讨消除或抑制微咸水或咸水灌溉对土壤盐分积累的生态负效应,保证作物种植增产的正效应,本文在河北近滨海高水位盐碱区开展了为期2年的试验研究,探讨了旱季微咸水或咸水灌溉带来的盐分异位积累与离子分布变化特征,分析了雨季关键期暗管适时排盐对土壤盐分的立体调控生态效应.结果表明：旱季咸水灌溉后土壤经历“积盐-脱盐-二次积盐”3个阶段;灌溉初期,1 g·L^-1咸水灌溉处理下0～50 cm土体脱盐,土壤含盐量随土壤深度增加而增加,HCO₃^-含量增加,其他离子含量降低;6与13 g·L^-1咸水灌溉处理下0～50 cm土体积盐,土壤含盐量随土壤深度增加而降低,HCO₃^-含量降低,其他离子含量增加;雨季暗管适时立体调控脱盐效果显著,土壤脱盐率达16.0%～45.7%,同降雨量下,降水分布越集中,脱盐效果越好;周年时间尺度上,咸水灌溉小区土壤积盐量小于对照区;咸水灌溉处理小区冬小麦产量显著高于对照处理,1 g·L^-1 处理高于6与13 g·L^-1处理.     

Film mulch with irrigation and rainfed cultivations improves maize production and water use efficiency in Ethiopia

Improving productivity of maize (Zea mays L.) and water use efficiency is of great significance for agriculture in Ethiopia. In this study, the effects of ridge‐furrow with film mulch cultivation were tested on maize yields in Melkassa, Ethiopia. Three field experiments (drip irrigation, furrow irrigation and rainfed) were conducted each with randomised complete block design with three replicates. The drip irrigation experiment was conducted in the dry season and constituted three film mulch methods (non‐mulch, transparent film mulch and black film mulch) with three irrigation levels (357, 435 and 515 mm). The furrow irrigation experiment was also conducted in the dry season and constituted two film mulches (non‐mulch and transparent film mulch) with three irrigation levels (484, 674 and 865 mm). The rainfed experiment was conducted in the rainy season and constituted three mulches (non‐mulch, transparent film mulch and black film mulch) with two farming methods (ridge‐furrow farming and flat farming). In the drip irrigation experiment, the highest maize yields (5.9 ± 0.6 t ha^?1) and irrigation water use efficiency (9.6 ± 1 kg ha^?1 mm^?1) were recorded in the treatment using black film mulch with high irrigation, with increases of 68% and 68.4% compared to using non‐mulch treatment at that irrigation level. In the furrow irrigation experiment, maize yields and irrigation water use efficiency reached 7 (± 0.8) t ha^?1 and 9.1 (± 1.9) kg ha^?1 mm^?1 in the treatment using transparent film mulch with medium irrigation (674 mm), with increases of 46% and 46.8% compared to that with non‐mulch treatment. In the rainfed experiment, the film mulch rather than farming method had positive effects on the maize yields and rainwater use efficiency. The average maize yield reached 8.5 (± 0.7) t ha^?1 in the film mulch treatments, with an increase of 39% than using the non‐mulch treatment. Compared with that of non‐mulch treatment, the net income in the film mulch treatments increased by 94% in the furrow experiment and 31% in the rainfed experiment. Our results indicate that the ridge‐furrow with film mulch system can be recommended for water‐saving irrigation with low cost in dry seasons, and film mulch with flat farming can be recommended in rainy seasons for maize production in Ethiopia. This study provides strong evidence that maize productivity can be effectively improved in Ethiopia and other similar areas of the world using this simple and cost‐effective technology.     

石羊河流域干旱荒漠绿洲区不同滴灌模式下葡萄茎液流变化及其与环境因子的关系

研究了石羊河流域干旱荒漠绿洲区交替滴灌（ADI）、固定滴灌（FDI）和常规滴灌（CDI）模式下葡萄茎液流的变化规律及其与气象因子和土壤含水率的相关关系.结果表明：研究区葡萄茎液流表现出与太阳辐射同步的昼夜变化节律;新梢生长期和开花期CDI处理的茎液流量显著大于其它两个处理;影响瞬时茎液流的主要气象因子是太阳辐射和气温,日茎液流量与平均气温和风速具有线性相关关系;不同灌溉方式下葡萄茎液流与气象因素的相关程度依次为：CDI>ADI>FDI;葡萄日茎液流量与参考作物蒸发蒸腾量（ET₀）呈显著线性相关关系.与CDI相比,ADI节省50%水量,而茎液流总量仅降低6.56%,且其葡萄茎液流和水分传导具有明显的补偿效应.     

Aerated subsurface irrigation water gives growth and yield benefits to zucchini, vegetable soybean and cotton in heavy clay soils

Inadequate oxygen concentration in the root zone is a constraint to plant performance particularly in heavy, compacted and/or saline soils. Sub-surface drip irrigation (SDI) offers a means of increasing oxygen to plant roots in such soils, provided irrigation water can be hyper-aerated or oxygenated. Hydrogen peroxide (HP) at the rate of 5 litre ha⁻¹ at the end of each irrigation cycle was injected through SDI tape to a field-grown zucchini (courgette) crop (Cucurbita pepo) on a saturated heavy clay soil in Queensland, Australia. Fruit yield, number and shoot weight increased by 25%, 29% and 24% respectively due to HP treatment compared to the control. Two pot experiments with vegetable soybean (Glycine max) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) compared the effectiveness of HP and air injection using a Mazzei air injector (a venturi), throughout the irrigation cycle in raising crop yield in a heavy clay soil kept at saturation or just under field capacity. Fresh pod yield of vegetable soybean increased by 82–96% in aeration treatments compared with the control. The yield increase was associated with more pods per plant and greater mean pod weight. Significantly higher above ground biomass and light interception were evident with aeration, irrespective of soil water treatment. Similarly cotton lint yield increased by 14–28% in aeration treatments compared with the control. The higher lint yield was associated with more squares and bolls per plant which accompanied greater above ground biomass and an increase in root mass, root length and soil respiration. Air injection and HP effected greater water use, but also brought about an enhancement of water use efficiency (WUE) for pod and lint yield, and increased leaf photosynthetic rate in both species but had no effect on transpiration rate and stomatal conductance per unit leaf area. Aeration-induced enhanced root function was arguably responsible for greater fruit set and yield in all three crops, while in vegetable soybean greater canopy cover, radiation interception and total vegetative biomass were responsible for additional yield benefit. Increased aeration of the root zone in heavy clay soils employing either air injection or HP proved beneficial to SDI irrigated crops, irrespective of the soil water conditions, and can add value to grower investments in SDI.     

Oxygation Enhances Growth, Gas Exchange and Salt Tolerance of Vegetable Soybean and Cotton in a Saline Vertisol

Impacts of salinity become severe when the soil is deficient in oxygen. Oxygation (using aerated water for subsurface drip irrigation of crop) could minimize the impact of salinity on plants under oxygen-limiting soil environments. Pot experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of oxygation (12% air volume/volume of water) on vegetable soybean (moderately salt tolerant) and cotton (salt tolerant) in a salinized vertisol at 2, 8, 14, 20 dS/m ECe. In vegetable soybean, oxygation increased above ground biomass yield and water use efficiency (WUE) by 13% and 22%, respectively, compared with the control. Higher yield with oxygation was accompanied by greater plant height and stem diameter and reduced specific leaf area and leaf Na+ and Cl-concentrations. In cotton, oxygation increased lint yield and WUE by 18% and 16%, respectively, compared with the control, and was accompanied by greater canopy light interception, plant height and stem diameter. Oxygation also led to a greater rate of photosynthesis, higher relative water content in the leaf, reduced crop water stress index and lower leaf water potential. It did not, however, affect leaf Na+ or Cl- concentration. Oxygation invariably increased, whereas salinity reduced the K+ : Na+ ratio in the leaves of both species. Oxygation improved yield and WUE performance of salt tolerant and moderately tolerant crops under saline soil environments, and this may have a significant impact for irrigated agriculture where saline soils pose constraints to crop production.     

沟灌水氮耦合对毛白杨林木生长及水氮吸收利用的影响

为探索沟灌水氮耦合对幼年生毛白杨林木生长及水氮吸收利用的影响,以4年生砂地三倍体毛白杨为对象,研究3个灌溉水平(W₂₀、W₃₃、W₄₅,即沟渠正下方40 cm土壤水势分别达到-20、-33和-45 kPa时灌溉),4个施N水平(N₁₂₀、N₁₉₀、N₂₆₀、N₀,即施肥量为120、190、260和0 kg·hm^-2·a^-1)和自然条件(对照,CK)下幼年生毛白杨林木生长和水氮吸收利用规律,并结合林木生长状况,分析4年生三倍体毛白杨的最佳沟灌水氮耦合策略。结果表明:W₂₀N₁₂₀(高水低肥;土壤水势-20 kPa,施N量120 kg·hm^-2·a^-1)处理对三倍体毛白杨的林地生产力提升最为显著,其林地生产力最高可达33.37 m³·hm^-2·a^-1,仅有树高和总株生物量受到水氮耦合交互作用的显著影响。增加灌溉量或施N量都会提高林木吸氮量,但吸氮量主要受施N量影响;W₂₀N₂₆₀处理总株吸氮量最高,达112.17 kg·hm^-2·a^-1,较CK增加74.0%。各处理中,W₂₀N₁₂₀氮吸收效率和氮肥偏生产力最高,且显著高于其他处理,其总株、地上部、地下部氮吸收效率可达36.8%、28.5%、6.4%,总株氮肥偏生产力可达221.4 kg·kg^-1。不同水氮耦合处理灌水量对灌溉水的利用效率影响显著,其中,W₄₅N₂₆₀灌溉水利用效率最高,达13.66 g·kg^-1;而W₂₀N₁₂₀吸水量和水吸收效率最高,分别为13268.28 t·hm^-2和129.4%。为达到较大的收益,在三倍体毛白杨的幼年生长期间,应保持充足的水分灌溉(-20 kPa)和相对偏低的施氮量(120 kg·hm^-2·a^-1)促进幼年生毛白杨的生长发育。