中国南方内生拟盘多毛孢

采集并鉴定了我国南方8科17种植物的内生拟盘多毛孢23种,其中4个过去归在盘多毛孢属的种重组到拟盘多毛孢属中,它们是布氏拟盘多毛孢Pestalotiopsis briosiana,、芍药生拟盘多毛孢P.paeoniicola、亚角质拟盘多毛孢P.subcuticularis和窒息拟盘多毛孢P.suffocata,并对这4个新组合进行了重新描述和图解,其它19种列出名录。     

四川主要松树内生拟盘多毛孢

从5种松树健康的枝、叶、干中共分离了2,400个组织块,得到199株内生拟盘多毛孢Pestalotiopsis,形态学和分子生物学鉴定分属于11个种,平均分离率为8.29%。所得11种内生拟盘多毛孢都是首次在四川的松属植物中分离得到,其中葡萄生拟盘多毛孢P.uvicola和山桃草拟盘多毛孢P.gaurae为首次在松树上分离得到。基于ITS序列的分子系统发育分析显示松树内生拟盘多毛孢种类之间存在一定的遗传差异,部分内生拟盘多毛孢与病原拟盘多毛孢的ITS序列具有很高的同源性。     

拟盘多毛孢属真菌的新种*

报导拟盘多毛孢属真菌的8个新种。这8个新种是:近似状拟盘多毛孢Pestalotiopsis affinis、山姜拟盘多毛孢P. alpiniae、见血封喉拟盘多毛孢P. antiaris、五桠果拟盘多毛孢P. dilleniae、广西拟盘多毛孢P. kuwangsiensis、莲拟盘多毛孢P. nelumbinis、木荷拟盘多毛孢P. schimae、和神秘果拟盘多毛孢P. synsepali。新种的模式标本保存在广西大学植保系标本室。     

植物内生拟盘多毛孢的生物多样性

内生拟盘多毛孢是植物 (尤其是木本植物 )内生真菌的重要类群。分离自红豆杉的内生小孢拟盘多毛孢(Pestalotiopsismicrospora)能产生抗癌的代谢产物紫杉醇 ,因而引起了人们对内生拟盘多毛孢研究的兴趣。拟盘多毛孢内生于植物的根、茎、叶及繁殖体中 ,已鉴定的内生拟盘多毛孢有 2 3种。在已调查的植物中 ,内生拟盘多毛孢的定殖率有很大差异 ,在红树 (Rhizophoraapiculata)、椰子 (Cocosnucifer)、西藏红豆杉 (Taxuswallichiana)、茶梅 (Camelliasasanqua)、Fragraeabodenii和Cordemoyaintegrifolia等木本植物中 ,拟盘多毛孢是内生真菌的优势类群。一种拟盘多毛孢可内生于多种植物体内 ,一种植物也可有多种拟盘多毛孢内生 ,其分布与植物所处的生态环境和地域有关。在一定的宿主植物生理条件或外界环境条件下 ,某些内生拟盘多毛孢可转变为寄生或腐生。对植物内生拟盘多毛孢代谢产物的研究表明 ,拟盘多毛孢可产生多种次生代谢产物 ,包括抗癌物质 (紫杉醇和粗榧酸 )和抗菌物质 (环己烷类物质、粗榧酸和 pestaloside)。植物内生拟盘多毛孢的资源调查和开发应用具有广阔的前景。     

2种杓兰属植物内生狭截盘多毛孢菌的分离与鉴定

该文报道了西藏杓兰(Cypripedium tibeticum)和无苞杓兰(C. bardolphianum)根中内生真菌新记录种——狭截盘多毛孢(Truncatella angustata)。该研究从四川黄龙沟不同海拔区分别采集到西藏杓兰和无苞杓兰,并在其根中分离获得148个狭截盘多毛孢菌株。形态学观察显示,狭截盘多毛孢菌株在PDA培养基上菌落白色,背面黄褐色;分生孢子器黑色脓包状;分生孢子梭型,4个细胞,3个隔膜;顶端附属丝1~5根。ITS rDNA分析发现3种新基因型菌株(HLIO15_15a_22、HLIO15_20a_42和HLIO15_17a_46);在海拔最高(3 330~3 400 m)的居群中狭截盘多毛孢的分离率最高,且包含全部3种基因型菌株。构建截盘多毛孢属(Truncatella)真菌ITS序列系统发育树,发现狭截盘多毛孢不同生态功能的菌株没有形成明显分支。     

南方红豆杉内生真菌的多样性与群落结构

从南方红豆杉480个针叶与枝条组织块中分离到628株内生真菌,根据形态特征和ITS序列鉴定为28属43个分类单元.其中,包括10种丝孢菌、20种腔孢菌、12种子囊菌和1种未知真菌,茎生拟茎点霉为优势种;根据相对频率,链格孢、出芽短梗霉、博宁刺盘孢、盘长孢状刺盘孢、黑附球菌、Fungal sp.、砖红镰孢、围小丛壳、Magnaporthales sp.、稻黑孢、斑点拟盘多毛孢、小孢拟盘多毛孢、Peyronellaea glomerata和Xylaria sp.1等在南方红豆杉中比较常见.南方红豆杉受到内生真菌侵染的程度较高,81%的组织有内生真菌存在,其资源丰富并具有较高的物种多样性;内生真菌分布受组织性质影响,南方红豆杉针叶中内生真菌的定植率、丰富度、多样性明显低于枝条,枝条间内生真菌组成比针叶与枝条间更加相似,表现出组织偏好性或专一性;组织年龄影响内生真菌的群落结构,随着南方红豆杉枝条组织年龄的增长,内生真菌的定植率、丰富度、多样性均表现出逐渐增加的趋势.系统研究南方红豆杉内生真菌的多样性与群落结构,阐明内生真菌在植物组织中的分布规律,可以为南方红豆杉内生真菌的开发利用提供基础资料和科学依据;探讨病原真菌在健康植物组织中的存在情况,对于南方红豆杉的植物资源保护具有积极意义.     

广西柳树桑寄生内生真菌的分离鉴定与抗肿瘤活性菌株筛选

该研究从广西钦州市采集健康的柳树桑寄生的根、茎和叶中分离并纯化内生真菌,对真菌进行形态学鉴定,提取内生真菌的DNA,采用真菌ITS序列对内生真菌进行分子鉴定。利用A549和H460细胞作为抗肿瘤活性指示细胞,采用MTT法测定真菌乙酸乙酯提取物的抗肿瘤活性。经过初步分离分析,从柳树桑寄生中纯化出27株内生真菌,经鉴定它们分别属于7个目9个属15个种。拟盘多毛孢属和间座壳属为优势属,其中拟盘多毛孢属全部定植于寄生根;其次为新壳梭孢属、拟茎点霉属和球座菌属,各分离到3株;其他包括青霉属、镰刀菌属、炭疽菌属和派伦霉属,各分离到1株。抗肿瘤活性研究表明,有一株与Pestalotiopsis protearum的ITS序列相似性达100%的拟盘多毛孢属菌株Gen24表现有抑制肿瘤细胞A549和H460生长的特性,在真菌乙酸乙酯浸提物浓度为800μg·mL~(-1)时,对A549细胞的抑制率达到了56.92%,对H460细胞的抑制率达到了70.11%。该研究结果表明广西柳树桑寄生内生真菌较丰富,在寄主中的分布表现了一定的组织特异性,而且还存在一些具有抗肿瘤活性的菌株及其活性物质可供进一步深入研究。     

青蒿内生真菌的抗肿瘤抗氧化活性

采用MTT法和DPPH法,分别测定已分离得到的68株贵州青蒿内生真菌乙酸乙酯粗提物的肿瘤细胞生长抑制率和DPPH自由基清除率。试验共筛选获得12株活性内生真菌,根据其形态特征进行鉴定,分别隶属于子囊菌亚门(Ascomycotina)的链格孢属(Alternaria)、刺盘孢属(Colletotrichum)、拟盘多毛孢属(Pestalotiopsis)和拟茎点霉属(Phomopsis);其中,有8株内生真菌至少对1种指示瘤株具有细胞毒活性,占总菌株数的11.8%;5株内生真菌具有不同程度的清除DPPH自由基活性,占总菌株数的7.4%;1株内生真菌同时具有细胞毒活性和抗氧化活性。     

石楠锈孢锈菌重寄生拟盘多毛孢的分离鉴定及抑菌活性

重寄生拟盘多毛孢因其特殊生境,可产生区别于内生或病原拟盘多毛孢的次生代谢产物,是有待开发的真菌资源。为了获得活性较好的石楠锈孢锈菌重寄生菌,采用组织分离法,从患有锈病的球花石楠叶片上分离纯化出3株疑似拟盘多毛孢真菌,它们形态特征差异明显,通过回接实验证实其均为石楠锈孢锈菌的重寄生菌。对3菌株在不同培养基上的培养性状和显微特征作了描述,并对ITS序列进行了扩增和序列分析。形态学和分子鉴定结果证实这3株真菌均为拟盘多毛孢属真菌。抑菌实验结果表明,3株重寄生菌除了对石楠锈孢锈菌的锈孢子有破坏作用外,对其他10种常见植物病原真菌也有一定的抑制作用。     

几种具纤毛分生孢子的腔孢菌

本文报道了河北省具纤毛(setulae)分生孢子的腔孢菌(Coelomycetes)5种,它们隶属于多毛孢属(Polynema Lev.),星毛孢属(Stauronema H.Sydow,Sydow ＆Butler),刺杯毛孢属(Dinemasporium Lev.)和双毛壳孢属(Discosia Lib.)。其中多毛孢属和星毛孢属系国内新记录属。记载了一新种中国多毛孢(Polynema sinense w.-P.Wu)和一中国新记录种甘蔗星毛孢(Stauronema sacchari H.Sydow,Sydow ＆Butler)。在刺杯毛孢属和双毛壳孢属内共鉴定出3个种,它们是槭刺杯毛孢(Dinemasporium acerinum Peck),刚毛刺杯毛孢(Dinemasporium strigosum(Pets.:Ft.)Sate.)和双毛壳孢(Discosia artocreas(Tode:Fr。)Ff.)。文中对这些种进行了详细描述,新种有拉丁文描述。研究标本保藏于河北省科学院生物研究所。     

中国拟盘多毛孢属真菌的七个新组合

作者按照Steyaert(1949)和Sutton(1980)的分类观点,对1987—1988年从我国广西、江西、浙江等地采集的Pestalotiopsis属真菌进行了研究,确认了拟盘多毛孢属真菌的7个新组合种,即Pestalotiopsis carveri(Guba)comb nov.,Pestalotiopsis elasticae(Koord.)comb.nov.,Pestalotiopsis langloisii(Guba)comb.nov.,Pestalotiopsis oleandri(Guba)comb.nov.,Pestalotiopsis sinensis(shen)comb.nov.,Pestalotiopsis sydowiana(Bres.)comb.nov.和Pestalotiopsis zahlbruckneriana(Bres.)comb.nov.     

Bioprospecting highly diverse endophytic Pestalotiopsis spp. with antibacterial properties from Maytenus ilicifolia, a medicinal plant from Brazil

Thirteen endophytic fungal strains of the genus Pestalotiopsis were isolated from the medicinal plant Maytenus ilicifolia Mart. ex. Reiss (commonly known as "espinheira santa") and their antimicrobial properties were investigated. Two isolates were successful in inhibiting the growth of the tested microorganisms (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)) using the technique of bioautographic thin-layer chromatography (TLC) agar overlay assay. An analysis based on a polyphasic approach integrating taxonomic information, morphological traits, RAPD markers, and the sequencing of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 of the rDNA led to the assignment of the isolates as belonging to the species Pestalotiopsis microspora, Pestalotiopsis vismiae, and Pestalotiopsis leucothoes. Therefore, the present study presents a new approach to the study of endophytic fungi of the genus Pestalotiopsis.     

Phylogenetic significance of morphological characters in the taxonomy of Pestalotiopsis species

There has been considerable disagreement regarding the relationships among Pestalotiopsis species and their delimitations. A molecular phylogenetic analysis was conducted on 32 species of Pestalotiopsis in order to evaluate the utility of morphological characters currently used in their taxonomy. Phylogenetic relationships were inferred from nucleotide sequences in the ITS regions and 5.8S gene of the rDNA under four optimality criteria: maximum parsimony, weighted parsimony, maximum likelihood, and neighbor joining. Phylogenies estimated from all analyses yielded trees of essentially similar topology and revealed 3 major groups that correspond with morphology-based classification systems. Molecular data indicated that the genus contains two distinct lineages based on pigmentation of median cells and four distinct groupings based on morphology of apical appendages. The analyses did not support reliability of other phenotypic characters of this genus, such as spore dimensions. Characters with particular phylogenetic significance are discussed in relation to the taxonomy of Pestalotiopsis.     

Entomopathogenic fungi on Hemiberlesia pitysophila

Hemiberlesia pitysophila Takagi is an extremely harmful exotic insect in forest to Pinus species, including Pinus massoniana. Using both morphological taxonomy and molecular phylogenetics, we identified 15 strains of entomogenous fungi, which belong to 9 genera with high diversities. Surprisingly, we found that five strains that were classified as species of Pestalotiopsis, which has been considered plant pathogens and endophytes, were the dominant entomopathogenic fungus of H. pitysophila. Molecular phylogenetic tree established by analyzing sequences of ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer showed that entomopathogenic Pestalotiopsis spp. were similar to plant Pestalotiopsis, but not to other pathogens and endophytes of its host plant P. massoniana. We were the first to isolate entomopathogenic Pestalotiopsis spp. from H. pitysophila. Our findings suggest a potential and promising method of H. pitysophila bio-control.     

广西北部地区腐霉种类和地理分布研究

从广西北部地区作物根围采集土壤标样323个,分离纯化出腐霉菌株260个,共15种。其中7种为广西新记录,即棘腐霉Pythiumacanthicum,浮游腐霉P.aquatile,宽雄腐霉P.dissotocum,缺性腐霉P.elongatum,孤雌腐霉P.amasculinum,禾生腐霉P.graminicola,绚丽腐霉P.pulchrum。优势种为瓜果腐霉P.aphanidermatum,其余7种为刺腐霉P.spinosum,德里腐霉P.deliense,昆明腐霉P.kunmingense,南宁腐霉P.nanningense,刺器腐霉P.acanthophoron,终极腐霉P.ultimum,镰雄腐霉P.falciforme。同时对腐霉的地理分布情况进行了初步探讨,发现腐霉分布有着明显的地域性。     

中国东部暖温带地区土壤中的皮司霉属（丝孢纲）真菌

报道从中国东部暖温带地区诸省(市)土壤中分离到的皮司霉属Pithomyces真菌的两个新种:长棒孢皮司霉Pithomyces longiclavisporus和淡色皮司霉Pithomyces pallidus,及两个中国新记录种:卡罗皮司霉Pithomyces karoo和帕夫皮司霉Pithomyces pavgii;对另外三个已知种亦作了分离地点和生境的引证。研究过的标本(干制培养物)与活菌种保存在山东农业大学植物病理学标本室(HSAUP)。     

Phylogenetic relationships of Pestalotiopsis and allied genera inferred from ribosomal DNA sequences and morphological characters

The taxonomy of the coelomycetous fungus Pestalotiopsis and other closely related genera based on morphological characters has been equivocal. To gain insight in the phylogenetic relationships of Pestalotiopsis and its allies, part of the large subunit (28S) ribosomal DNA region was examined and compared with existing morphological information. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted using parsimony, distance, and likelihood criteria. Results of the analyses showed that Bartalinia, Pestalotiopsis, Seimatosporium, and Seiridium represent distinct monophyletic groups with high bootstrap support. However, Truncatella species are paraphyletic with Bartalinia, sharing a common ancestor. Pestalotia species sequenced clustered together with Pestalotiopsis. These genera should be recognized as distinct natural groups except for Monochaetia and Discosia, which need to be further resolved. Tree topologies are generally in concordance with previous morphological hypotheses, most notably the placement of all Pestalotia species, except the type P. pezizoides, in Pestalotiopsis. Well-supported clades corresponding to groupings based on conidial morphology were resolved and the relative importance of morphological characters for generic delimitation is discussed. Molecular data also provide further evidence to support the association of these coelomycetes with the Amphisphaeriaceae.     

Taxonomic revision of the genus Phryganogryllacris (Orthoptera: Gryllacrididae) from China

A taxonomic revision of the genus Phryganogryllacris Karny, 1937 is provided. Twelve species of the genus from China are recorded, including 5 species described as new to science, namely P. sichuanensis Li, Liu Li, sp. nov., P. parva Li, Liu Li, sp. nov., P. truncata Li, Liu Li, sp. nov., P. interrupta Li, Liu Li, sp. nov. and P. longicerca Li, Liu Li, sp. nov. Two new combinations are also reported here, P. gialai(Gorochov, 2004)(Vietnam) comb. nov. and P. alia(Gorochov, 2004)(Vietnam) comb. nov. A key to Chinese species of the genus was provided.