股骨上部骨松质的X线测量及其年龄判定

为积累国人资料,本文对１６７例１０－８３岁正常人的股骨上部和３６套已知性别２与年龄的股骨标本进行了摄片测量。经统计学分析,得出股骨上部骨松质长度、指数与年龄的回归方程４个。结果表明,股骨上部骨松质的长度和指数均与年龄呈高度负相关,对年龄的判定准确、可靠。     

九江地区人头发横断面的研究

本文对九江市汉族463例健康人,4710根头发横断面进行观察和显微测量。分析了本地区人年龄与头发直径的关系、年龄与头发黑色素颗粒分布的关系。结果表明:黑色素颗粒随年龄增长而渐浓密,成年人最丰富,老年人头发黑色素颗粒则渐崩溃稀少;头发各径亦随年龄增长而增大,而老年人头发各径是逐渐减小。此外,本文还同欧、亚、美国各民族人头发资料进行比较。根据头发指数,确定本市人头发形伏为直发形。     

我国优秀青少年田径运动员相对年龄分布特征及原因分析

目的：基于国外学者对相对年龄在体育运动中的研究,观察我国优秀田径运动员中是否存在＂相对年龄＂优势的现象,进而对其产生的原因及调控措施进行探讨。方法：采用文献资料调查法,收集了2007年国家注册的田径运动员的出生日资料进行统计分析。依照国际田径竞赛规则,样本分为少年乙组（15岁、16岁）、少年组（17岁、18岁）和青年组（19岁、20岁）。计数资料采用卡方检验进行统计学分析。结果：各组男子田径运动员的相对年龄分布经卡方检验,差异均十分显著,并且各组出生月份分布明显偏向比赛赛程的开始月份（1月）,尤其是出生在Q1时间段的运动员占所在年龄组人数的比例最大。在以每两岁为划分标准的同一比赛年龄组中,前一年出生的运动员的＂相对年龄＂优势现象更为显著。结论：我国男子和女子田径运动员各年龄组中均存在着＂相对年龄＂优势现象,且出生日明显偏向于选择日,随年龄的增长相对年龄影响有减小趋势。     

我国优秀青少年田径运动员相对年龄分布特征及原因分析

目的:基于国外学者对相对年龄在体育运动中的研究,观察我国优秀田径运动员中是否存在"相对年龄"优势的现象,进而对其产生的原因及调控措施进行探讨。方法:采用文献资料调查法,收集了2007年国家注册的田径运动员的出生日资料进行统计分析。依照国际田径竞赛规则,样本分为少年乙组(15岁、16岁)、少年组(17岁、18岁)和青年组(19岁、20岁)。计数资料采用卡方检验进行统计学分析。结果:各组男子田径运动员的相对年龄分布经卡方检验,差异均十分显著,并且各组出生月份分布明显偏向比赛赛程的开始月份(1月),尤其是出生在Q1时间段的运动员占所在年龄组人数的比例最大。在以每两岁为划分标准的同一比赛年龄组中,前一年出生的运动员的"相对年龄"优势现象更为显著。结论:我国男子和女子田径运动员各年龄组中均存在着"相对年龄"优势现象,且出生日明显偏向于选择日,随年龄的增长相对年龄影响有减小趋势。     

山东地区男性尺骨的测量

国人尺骨的人类学资料已有报道,赵一清曾对上海、南京地区的尺骨作了较全面的测量。以后,边冠鹤、冯国灿也作了观测。为积累国人尺骨人类学资料本文对山东地区国人尺骨进行了测量。 本文所用材料是山东地区的已知性别、年龄的成套干燥骨骼,选用无明显病态、无严重破损的成套成年男性尺骨100副共200侧,依据吴汝康、吴新智编著的《人体骨骼测量方法》规定的项目和标准,使用国产人体骨骼测量仪器进行测量,并计算了长厚指数(体最     

野生大熊猫生命表初编

本文用门齿齿质生长线数目共鉴定69号大熊猫标本的实际年龄,结合野外观察资料编制出大熊猫的生命表、内禀增长率及繁殖价表。并对大熊猫犬齿的直径和高度进行统计分析,确定了用犬齿大小辨别大熊猫性别的方法。     

灰旱獭年龄鉴定的方法

有关灰旱獭Marmota baibacina的年龄鉴定,等(1973)曾以臼齿磨损度作过描述,并划分出6个年龄组,但缺少年龄与个体发育关系的资料。国内以牙齿磨损度鉴定灰旱獭年龄与种群年龄组成尚未见报道。 灰旱獭为天山山地的优势鼠种,分布广,数量多,既是自然疫源性疾病的宿主动物,又是重要的毛皮兽。我们于1983年6-8月对该旱獭的年龄鉴定方法及其年龄组成进行了研究,现将结果报道如下。     

金丝猴生齿序和年龄关系的研究

灵长类中根据牙齿的萌出情况和换齿序来确定年龄的研究国内较少。曾中兴等1965在“猕猴精巢发育的研究”中顺带谈到换齿序和年龄的关系,1980年又在“猕猴乳齿的发育”文章中提到乳齿发育与年龄关系。国外研究较多,如赫尔曼(Hurme)、詹姆斯(James)等,对猕猴的出齿序和年龄关系均有论述。肯尼(Kenney),又将前几位学者的工作进行了综述并有所推进。金丝猴(Rhinopithecus roxellanae)的出齿序和年龄的关系,则尚未见有报道。本文目的就是根据我国珍稀动物金丝猴的资料(牙齿:     

蛇伤难愈合性溃疡13例

蛇伤救治经验教训的资料常见报道,但蛇伤后引起伤口难愈的慢性溃疡资料未见报道,作者对１３例蛇伤后难愈合溃疡病例进行分析,从中找出伤口难愈合因素,为今后临床蛇伤救治提供借鉴。１临床资料１．１一般资料本组１３例难愈合溃疡病例中,男性１１例,女胜２例;年龄最...     

黑熊种群年龄结构和生命表初探

本文以四川野生黑熊（Ｓｅｌｅｎａｒｃｔｏｓ ｔｈｉｂｅｔａｎｕｓ）的头骨标本为基础材料,结合养熊场所积累的有关黑熊的年龄构成、繁殖、死亡等资料,运用数学分析方法对四川黑熊种群的年龄儿性比进行了分析研究,编制出黑熊的静态生命表,分析了黑熊种群的内禀增长能力,并得出了野生黑熊种群的平均期望寿命为６．３６６岁,净生殖率（Ｒｏ）为１．６９３２５,平均世代时间（Ｔ）为１１．５４４年,内禀增长率（ｒｍ）为０．     

Are babies better in autumn or spring? The consequences of extending gestation in a biennially reproducing viviparous lizard

Niveoscincus microlepidotus, the southern snow skink, is a biennially reproducing alpine viviparous lizard with an extremely protracted gestation period: embryos are fully developed in autumn, but held over winter so that offspring are born in spring. The obvious benefits for offspring survival of delaying birth until spring have been demonstrated previously. To examine the consequences of deferred parturition for offspring characteristics, we compared neonates obtained in autumn by dissection with neonates born naturally in the spring. Our results demonstrate that deferral of parturition until spring represents a trade-off between key offspring characteristics (spring neonates exhibit lower growth rates, reduced sprint speed after birth, reduced condition and decreased energy reserves) and offspring size [spring neonates are heavier (wet mass) and longer (snout-vent length)]. Furthermore, when females are placed into cold experimental conditions in spring around the time of natural parturition, this species is able to defer parturition for an additional 4 weeks with no significant effect on offspring characteristics. Our results provide further evidence that flexibility in birth date provides a significant advantage to viviparous lizards living in cold climates.     

Relationships between fetal biometry, maternal factors and birth weight of purebred domestic cat kittens

The goal of this study was to evaluate the relation between kittens' birth weights and biometrical factors from the kittens and the mother during pregnancy. Knowing fetal birth weight could help in detecting abnormalities before parturition. A Caesarean-section or a postnatal management plan could be scheduled. Consequently, the neonatal mortality rate should be decreased. We used ultrasonographic measurements of femur length (FL) or fetal biparietal diameter (BPD), pregnancies, and maternal factors to obtain a model of prediction. For this purpose, linear mixed-effects models were used because of random effects (several fetuses for one queen and a few paired measurements) and fixed effects (litter size, pregnancy rank, weight, wither height, and age of the queen). This study was performed in 24 purebred queens with normal pregnancies and normal body conditions. Queens were scanned in the second half of pregnancy, using a micro-convex probe. They gave birth to 140 healthy kittens whose mean birth weight was 104 g (ranged 65 to 165 g). No correlation between the birth weight and the age of the queen, as a maternal factor alone, was observed. But the birth weight was found to be inversely proportional to the pregnancy rank and the litter size. Moreover, birth weight increased when the weight and wither height of queen increased. BPD and FL increased linearly during pregnancy so a model was used to estimate mean birth weight. Using this model, we found a correlation between mean birth weights and an association of parameters: maternal factors (wither height and age), and litter size.     

Relationships between fetal biometry,maternal factors and birth weight of purebred domestic cat kittens

The goal of this study was to evaluate the relation between kittens' birth weights and biometrical factors from the kittens and the mother during pregnancy. Knowing fetal birth weight could help in detecting abnormalities before parturition. A Caesarean-section or a postnatal management plan could be scheduled. Consequently, the neonatal mortality rate should be decreased. We used ultrasonographic measurements of femur length (FL) or fetal biparietal diameter (BPD), pregnancies, and maternal factors to obtain a model of prediction. For this purpose, linear mixed-effects models were used because of random effects (several fetuses for one queen and a few paired measurements) and fixed effects (litter size, pregnancy rank, weight, wither height, and age of the queen). This study was performed in 24 purebred queens with normal pregnancies and normal body conditions. Queens were scanned in the second half of pregnancy, using a micro-convex probe. They gave birth to 140 healthy kittens whose mean birth weight was 104 g (ranged 65 to 165 g). No correlation between the birth weight and the age of the queen, as a maternal factor alone, was observed. But the birth weight was found to be inversely proportional to the pregnancy rank and the litter size. Moreover, birth weight increased when the weight and wither height of queen increased. BPD and FL increased linearly during pregnancy so a model was used to estimate mean birth weight. Using this model, we found a correlation between mean birth weights and an association of parameters: maternal factors (wither height and age), and litter size.     

Can mothers judge the size of their newborn? Assessing the determinants of a mother's perception of a baby's size at birth

Birth weight is known to be closely related to child health, although as many infants in developing countries are not weighed at birth and thus will not have a recorded birth weight it is difficult to use birth weight when analysing the determinants of child illness. It is common to use a proxy for birth weight instead, namely the mother's perception of the baby's size at birth. Using DHS surveys in Cambodia, Kazakhstan and Malawi the responses to this question were assessed to indicate the relationship between birth weight and mother's perception. The determinants of perception were investigated using multilevel ordinal regression to gauge if they are different for infants with and without a recorded birth weight, and to consider if there are societal or community influences on perception of size. The results indicate that mother's perception is closely linked to birth weight, although there are other influences on the classification of infants into size groups. On average, a girl of the same birth weight as a boy will be classified into a smaller size category. Likewise, infants who died by the time of the survey will be classified as smaller than similarly heavy infants who are still alive. There are significant variations in size perception between sampling districts and clusters, indicating that mothers mainly judge their child for size against a national norm. However, there is also evidence that the size of infants in the community around the newborn also has an effect on the final size perception classification. Overall the results indicate that mother's perception of size is a good proxy for birth weight in large nationally representative surveys, although care should be taken to control for societal influences on perception.     

Factors affecting reproduction in red deer (Cervus elaphus) hinds on Rhum

In a population of free-ranging red deer hinds on the Isle of Rhum (Inner Hebrides) we investigated relationships between four aspects of reproductive performance (fertility, calf birth weight, birth sex ratio and calving date) and four variables likely to affect the mother's condition: age, reproductive status, home range area and year of calving. Fertility was significantly related to mother's age, reproductive status and home range area as well as to year of calf's birth. Stag calves were heavier than hind calves and birth weight was significantly related to mother's age, home range area and year of (calf's) birth but not to mother's reproductive status. Birth sex ratio did not differ from parity, and was not significantly associated with any of the four variables examined. Birth date was significantly related to the mother's reproductive status, home range area and year of (calf's) birth but not to mother's age or the sex of the calf.     

Birth weight and cognitive function in the British 1946 birth cohort: longitudinal population based study

Objective: To examine the association between birth weight and cognitive function in the normal population. Design: A longitudinal, population based, birth cohort study. Participants: 3900 males and females born in 1946. Main outcome measures: Cognitive function from childhood to middle life (measured at ages 8, 11, 15, 26, and 43 years). Results: Birth weight was significantly and positively associated with cognitive ability at age 8 (with an estimated standard deviation score of 0.44 (95% confidence interval 0.28 to 0.59)) between the lowest and highest birthweight categories after sex, father's social class, mother's education, and birth order were controlled for. This association was evident across the normal birthweight range (>2.5 kg) and so was not accounted for exclusively by low birth weight. The association was also observed at ages 11, 15, and 26, and weakly at age 43, although these associations were dependent on the association at age 8. Birth weight was also associated with education, with those of higher birth weight more likely to have achieved higher qualifications, and this effect was accounted for partly by cognitive function at age 8. Conclusions: Birth weight was associated with cognitive ability at age 8 in the general population, and in the normal birthweight range. The effect at this age largely explains associations between birth weight and cognitive function at subsequent ages. Similarly, the association between birth weight and education was accounted for partly by earlier cognitive scores.     

Effect of short-term hypothyroidism on reproduction in the bitch

Hypothyroidism in bitches has been reported to cause a variable interestrus interval, infertility, abortion, and stillbirth. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of experimentally induced hypothyroidism in bitches on fertility, pregnancy, parturition, and neonatal health. Eighteen healthy multiparous bitches were used; hypothyroidism was induced (by radioiodine administration) in nine bitches and the remaining nine served as untreated controls. After breeding, bitches were evaluated for pregnancy, fetal resorption, gestation length, litter size, duration and strength of uterine contractions (during parturition), interval between delivery of pups, viability of pups at birth, periparturient survival, and weight of pups at birth through 4 weeks of age. Bitches were bred a median of 19 weeks after induction of hypothyroidism. All bitches became pregnant and delivered term litters. There was no difference in the interestrus interval, litter size, or gestation length between hypothyroid and control bitches. Duration of uterine contractions was longer, but contraction strength was weaker in hypothyroid than control bitches; however, the interval between delivery of pups was not affected. Periparturient puppy mortality was significantly higher in litters from hypothyroid bitches. Viability scores and weight at birth were significantly lower in pups from hypothyroid bitches than controls. There was no difference between groups in pup weight gain during the first 4 weeks, in the interval from birth to the eyes opened, or to the onset of walking. Although hypothyroidism of relatively short duration did not affect fertility, it prolonged parturition and reduced pup survival in the periparturient period.     

Developmental and nutritional determinants of pregnancy outcome among teenagers

To investigate the determinants of low birth weight in infants born to adolescent mothers, we studied the obstetric population attended at the Maternity Hospital of Lima, Peru. From this population, 1256 gravidas, ranging in age from 12 to 25 years, volunteered to participate in this study. Anthropometric and biochemical measurements were used to evaluate the nutritional status and physiological maturity of the mother and newborn. For analytical reasons the young teenaged mothers (less than 15 years) were classified as either still-growing or having completed their growth, depending on their height relative to their parents' height. Similarly, the young teenagers were classified as either gynecologically immature or gynecologically mature depending on whether their gynecological age was less than or greater than 2 years. Our results indicate that young still-growing teenagers, even when matched for nutritional status, have smaller newborns than adult mothers. The data also demonstrate that maternal gynecological age per se does not affect prenatal growth. As inferred from multivariate analyses, it appears that the reduction in birth weight among young teenagers can be explained in part by a decreased net availability of nutrients resulting from the competition for nutrients between the mother's growth needs and the growth needs of her fetus and by an inability of the teenage placenta to maintain placental function adequately for active fetal growth.     

Abnormal bile acid pool and composition in neonates of spontaneously diabetic Wistar BB rats and its change during development

Streptozotocin-induced diabetes during pregnancy in rats causes a decrease in primary bile acid pool in neonates. To rule out direct drug effect on the fetus as the basis for this change, studies of bile acid pool and composition at birth and during subsequent development was carried out in neonates of spontaneously diabetic Wistar BB rats and compared to control neonates. The cholic acid pool in neonates of diabetic rats was lower when compared to control neonates at birth. The pool of secondary bile acids was markedly increased in neonates of diabetic rats, with increases in lithocholic and 3 beta,12 alpha-dihydroxycholanoic acid. With age, the cholic acid pool of neonates from diabetic rats was increased and at 3 months of age it was actually higher than in control neonates. The pool of chenodeoxycholic at diabetes onset age was lower in neonates of diabetic rats. HDL-cholesterol was lower in neonates of diabetic rats at 1 week, but this reversed at 3 months of age. These studies firmly establish that neonates of diabetic rats have abnormal bile acid pool and composition at birth which changes to adult diabetic pattern with age.     

Passive immune transfer in fat-tailed sheep: Evaluation with different methods

Passive immune transfer is the only way to provide protection in neonate ruminants. As it is suggested to be affected by both maternal and neonatal factors in different breeds, we tried to investigate possible effects of sex, litter type, ewe parturition number and birth weight on it and also on the immunoglobulin concentration during the first month of life in a fat-tailed sheep. Total immunoglobulin and IgG concentrations of 39 Shaul lambs were measured at days 3, 15 and 30 by quantitative zinc sulfate turbidity and serum radial immunodiffusion tests, respectively. To determine different serum protein concentration, cellulose acetate electrophoresis was applied. Sex, litter type, ewe parturition number and birth weight had no significant effects on passive transfer. Moreover, these factors had no impact on IgG catabolism and serum protein concentrations during the first month of life. Passive immune transfer in Shaul breed does not seem to be affected by sex, litter type, ewe parturition number and birth weight.