Effects of acute heat exposure on respiratory metabolism and blood glucose in freshwater fishes, Prochilodus scrofa (curimbatá) and Cyprinus carpio (carp) acclimatized to tropical winter

Routine oxygen consumption and blood glucose were determined from freshwater fishes, Prochilodus scrofa and Cyprinus carpio, exposed at high temperatures for 1 hr. Prochilodus scrofa had a significantly higher rate of oxygen consumption at 30 degrees C than at 25 degrees C, and carp higher at 25 degrees C than at 30 degrees C. Blood glucose was significantly higher for Cyprinus carpio than for Prochilodus scrofa at 25 and 30 degrees C; however, after exposure to these temperatures for 1 hr blood glucose did not change significantly for both species. The results suggest that these interspecific variations may be linked to the differences between native and foreign fishes and their way of life.     

重组酶聚合酶扩增技术结合侧向流动试纸条快速检测锦鲤疱疹病毒

为建立一种快速、灵敏并适用于临床检测Ⅲ型鲤疱疹病毒(Cy HV-3, KHV)的方法,实验根据KHV SphI-5基因的保守序列片段设计引物及探针,采用重组酶聚合酶扩增技术结合侧流层析试纸条(RPA-LFD)检测KHV。重组酶聚合酶扩增技术(RPA)具恒温扩增及高灵敏度特点,简化了设备要求的同时又能做到高效检测病毒,再结合侧向流动试纸条(LFD)将RPA结果快速地可视化,提高了该疾病的检测效率。结果表明,在38℃的最适反应温度下,采用RPA-AGE技术仅需10min便可检测出病原的目标片段,结合LFD方法仅需5min便可将RPA结果通过试纸条可视化呈现。研究研发的KHV RPA-LFD检测方法简单、快捷,可为实验条件有限的养殖场快速诊断需求提供技术支撑。     

Thermal adaptability and disease association in common carp (Cyprinus carpio communis) acclimated to different (four) temperatures

The present study was designed to investigate the effect of temperature (20 °C, 24 °C, 28 °C and 32 °C) on the heamato-biochemical and histological alterations of Cyprinus carpio communis. Increase in the temperature showed significant decrease in the serum protein, while a reduced level of blood glucose at high temperature of 32 °C was observed leading to hypoglycemic conditions in the experimental fishes. A significant correlation (P<0.01) was observed between cholesterol (Cho) and triglycerides (TG) for different temperature treatments. Elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) at high temperatures was a good indicator of gill osmoregulatory failure. A variation of 86.40% and 38.33%, respectively, was noticed in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) at 32 °C over minimum experimental temperature of 20 °C. The increase in red blood cell (RBC) and Heamoglobin (Hb) concentration is associated with the decrease of mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), could be the reason for observed poikilo-anisocytosis. Histological studies of different organs of experimental fishes showed accumulation of MMC's (melanomacrophagic centers) and atrophy of the interrenal tissue on exposure to various levels of temperature. These changes were related to severity of thermal stress, being most marked when high temperature was prolonged during acclimatization. Some fishes were found infested by protozoan parasite at elevated temperature of 32 °C. Increased levels of certain biochemical and haemotological parameters studied were strongly correlated with disease in the Cyprinus carpio communis species.     

New species of myxosporidians in the genus Myxobolus (Myxosporidia, Myxobolidae) from cyprinid fishes of the Amur River

Five new species are described as follows: M. haematopterus from gills, fins and skin of Cyprinus carpio haematopterus; M. gibelio from connective tissue of gill filaments, fin rays and kidneys of Carassius auratus gibelio; Myxobolus waleckii from gills of Leuciscus waleckii; Myxobolus junchisi from gills, muscles, kidneys and spleen of Cyprinus carpio haematopterus; M. alacaudatus of Cyprinus and Carassius Myxobolus divergens carassii from gills, muscles, fins, and cartilaginous tissue of operculim of Carassius auratus gibelio and Cyprinus carpio haematopterus.     

Investigation of long-term stress induced by several stressors by determination of the concentration of different blood plasma components in a model of Prussian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio BLOCH, 1783) and Common carp (Cyprinus carpio L., 1758)

Several compounds (carbohydrates, proteins, hormones, etc.) were used in fish to quantify the level of stress. Our investigations focused on two parameters of the blood plasma: plasma glucose and serum/plasma fructosamine (SeFa) that has not been tested on fish as yet. Experiments were conducted on two fish species. The concentrations of these components were investigated on Common carp (Cyprinus carpio L., 1758) and on Prussian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio BLOCH, 1783) from the G?d?ll?-Isaszeg pond system by creating conditions different from ideal. Stress effects caused a fluctuating tendency in blood plasma glucose levels each week for both Common carp and Prussian carp, thus, there was no steady growth. However, SeFa concentrations exactly followed stress effects, moreover, it tolerated short-term negative effects (handling of fish, blood sampling) and did not cause alterations at individuals blood samplings. This experimental method can offer assistance to farmers in the daily routine (e.g. in fish transport) and in the technology of propagation.     

Development of 10 tri- and tetranucleotide microsatellite loci for population studies in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

Ten tri- and tetranucleotide microsatellite DNA markers were isolated and characterized from common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) to estimate genetic potential. These markers were tested in the samples from two closely related carp populations (Cyprinus carpio var. xingguonensis and Cyprinus carpio var. wananensis). The number of the alleles ranged from three to nine, and observed and expected hererozygosities varied from 0.207 to 1.000 and from 0.499 to 0.900 in each population, respectively. No evidence for linkage disequilibrium was found, indicating that these markers will be useful for population studies.     

长江野鲤(Cyprinus carpio)及两种养殖鲤群体遗传多样性评估

为了给鲤鱼遗传资源保护及利用提供较为准确的基础数据,利用10对微卫星标记分析了黄河鲤(Huanghe Cyprinus carpio,人工养殖群体)、长江野鲤(Changjiang wild Cyprinus carpio,安徽段)、安徽养殖鲤(Anhui cultured Cyprinus carpio,宿州市)群体遗传多样性。遗传多样性分析实验表明:3个群体均具有较高的遗传水平,且长江野鲤群体遗传多样性高于黄河鲤、安徽养殖鲤;卡方检验表明:3个群体在较大程度上受到人类活动及生态环境变化的影响,30个位点中76.67%的位点显著偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡。遗传距离、遗传相似度、非加权组平均法(unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic means,UPGMA)聚类树及贝叶斯聚类分析均显示,长江野鲤与安徽养殖鲤亲缘关系较近,研究情况与实际生产中养殖户从长江里获得鲤鱼亲本用于繁殖苗种的现象相符。突变-漂移平衡分析显示,在TPM模式下,Wilcoxon符号秩次检验中黄河鲤群体显著偏离突变-漂移平衡,需进一步扩大选育群体。总体来说,黄河鲤、长江野鲤、安徽养殖鲤群体遗传多样性均较高,具有进一步的选育空间。     

pH对鲤鳃部微环境铜形态的影响

利用Playle等设计的装置研究了不同pH条件及不同的铜暴露水平下鲤鳃部微环境pH值和粘液分泌量的变化,在此基础上用化学平衡计算方法探讨鱼鳃微环境中铜形态的变化。结果表明,在特定的pH和铜浓度范围内,鱼鳃微环境平衡pH略低于7,鱼鳃粘液分泌量随铜暴露水平提高而增加,与此同时,虽然CO2分泌量有所增加,没有观察到微环境pH随铜暴露量的变化。pH的升高,导致水相优势的游离态铜让位给羟基络合铜,粘液络合态铜的分额逐渭降低,但不会改变其络合当量与条件稳定络合常数。由于鱼鳃微环境对pH改变的调节作用,铜的形态分布变化幅度低于外部环境。     

海口地区集贸市场淡水鱼华枝睾吸虫囊蚴感染调查

用直接压片法和人工消化法检查了海口集贸市场上5种淡水色(鲫色、罗非鱼、鲤鱼、土鲮色、白鲳)感染华枝睾吸虫囊蚴情况。结果表明：5种淡水色的总感染率为53．66％。其中,鲤鱼、土鲮色、鲫鱼、罗非鱼、白鲳的感染率分别为68．75％、58．82％、58．06％、48．57％和36．67％;平均每克鱼肉含囊蚴数最高的是鲫鱼(9．47个／g),平均每尾阳性鱼含囊蚴数最高的是土鲮鱼(43个／尾)。     

Some chemical and physical characteristics of the semen of Cyprinus carpio L. and Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters)

The chemical and physical characteristics of the semen of Cyprinus carpio and Oreochromis mossambicus were investigated on a comparative and seasonal basis. Results were obtained for the volume, colour and viscosity of the semen, the percentage live spermatozoa, sperm concentrations and the degree and the duration of sperm motility under different environmental conditions. All showed distinct interspecific and less conspicuous seasonal intraspecific differences. Values have also been determined for the organic and inorganic components and the pH and osmolality of the seminal fluid. Some inorganic and organic components indicated seasonal intraspecific differences while all the components, with the exception of sodium and galactose, indicated significant interspecific differences. These observations suggest significant interspecific differences in the testicular secretions of the two fish species which add to the basic physiological differences recorded for the spermatozoa of C. carpio and O. mossambicus . The probable function of the carbohydrates, protein and enzymes present in the semen of these fish species are discussed.     

The physiological responses of blood during thermal adaptation in three freshwater fish species

Sarotherodon mossambicus , Cyprinus carpio and Salmo gairdneri were acclimatized at temperatures of 15, 20 and 25° C in order to study physiological responses of blood to temperature fluctuations in the laboratory. Cyprinus carpio exhibited the greater ability to survive at these temperatures. Sarotherodon mossambicus experienced osmoregulatory collapse at 15° C which also occurred in trout at 25° C. This was associated with acid-base malfunction in the trout.     

Seasonal effects on some serum and muscle enzymes of catfish (Ictalurus melas) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio)1

Serum and muscle activities of enzymes (LDH, ALD, CK and ICDH) in intensively farmed catfish (Ictalurus melas) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were determined bimonthly between July 1 and November 2. Catfish serum enzymes showed no significant differences under different environmental conditions (exception = CK; values increased slighfly in the last sample). In carp serum, a remarkable increase of LDH and ALD occurred during the cold season. Muscle enzyme activity decreased in both species with decreasing water temperature and reduced metabolic activity.     

Cloning of the koi herpesvirus (KHV) gene encoding thymidine kinase and its use for a highly sensitive PCR based diagnosis

Background  

Outbreaks with mass mortality among common carp Cyprinus carpio carpio and koi Cyprinus carpio koi have occurred worldwide since 1998. The herpes-like virus isolated from diseased fish is different from Herpesvirus cyprini and channel catfish virus and was accordingly designated koi herpesvirus (KHV). Diagnosis of KHV infection based on viral isolation and current PCR assays has a limited sensitivity and therefore new tools for the diagnosis of KHV infections are necessary.     

几种鲤鱼染色体核仁组织者的银染观察

本文对鲤属（Cyprinus）春鲤C.longipectoralis杞麓鲤C.carpio chilia、以及鲤鱼C.carpio四种品系的核型与核仁组织者（NORs）进行了银染观察,结果表明: 1.几种鲤鱼的染色体数均为2n=100,核型组成均包括中着丝点（A组）、亚中着丝点（B组）和端着丝点或近端着丝点（C组）染色体,但构成比例彼此稍有差异。春鲤及杞麓鲤核型为22m 30sm 48st.t（昝瑞光,1980）;鲤鱼四种品系:荷包鲤、玻璃鲤、兴国红鲤及青鲤的核型为28m 22sm 50st.t,在C组第3对上有一对具随体的染色体,四种品系鲤鱼随体的形态,大小各不相同。 2.几种鲤鱼均有一对同源染色体带有NORS,且均出现在St染色体的短臂上。 3.几种鲤鱼的NORs均呈现显著的多态性。此外还观察到Ag-NORs的联合现象。     

斑马鱼和鲤miR-1-2/133a-1基因间序列活性和调控研究

分别以斑马鱼(Danio rerio)和鲤(Cyprinus carpio L.)为研究材料,通过克隆斑马鱼和鲤miR-1-2和133a-1的基因间增强子序列,利用活体和离体实验探讨其是否具有肌肉特异性;并通过荧光素酶报告系统等研究转录因子MyoD是否调控该序列。研究结果显示:在活体实验中,无论斑马鱼还是鲤, miR-1-2/133a-1基因间序列均有肌肉特异性,且保留有保守区域(cr,含有E-box)的序列,注射72h后GFP表达量明显高于其他突变体。体外细胞实验也显示,转染含有cr序列的实验组,分化后的荧光素酶活性明显高于分化前。进一步探讨MyoD对miR-1-2/133a-1基因间序列的调控作用结果显示:无论是斑马鱼还是鲤, miR-1-2/133a-1基因间序列活性均受MyoD调控。结果为完善鱼类肌肉发育机理,及未来的鱼类分子育种奠定基础。     

Preparation and characterization of insulin of carp (Cyprinus carpio).

Insulin of carp (Cyprinus carpio) was isolated and crystallized. The insulin was biologically active in two tests; it decreased the blood glucose level and stimulated 14CO2-formation from glucose. The chemical properties are similar to those of insulins from other species. The insulins of carp and of mammals differ greatly immunologically. Antibodies against carp insulin crossreact with carp proinsulin.     

Genetic Diversity in Crucian Carp (Carassius auratus)

A survey of restriction fragment polymorphism in mitochondrial DNA of three subspecies of Carassius auratus throughout four provinces in China was undertaken using 17 restriction enzymes. Two carp, Cyprinus carpio rubbrofuscus and Cyprinus carpio carpio, were included as the outgroup. A total of 16 haplotypes was observed: 5 in tetraploids of C. auratus auratus; 8 in hexaploids of C. auratus auratus; and 2 in C. auratus gibelio and C. auratus cuvieri, respectively. The tetraploids and hexaploids share three common haplotypes as I, V, and VI. C. a. Cuvieri may have diverged first among the three subspecies. Interestingly, C. a. auratus and C. a. cuvieri did not form monophyletic clades, which indicated that the classification of Carassius auratus required further studies. The current hypothesis, that hexaploids originated from tetraploids by a polyploidy event, is less favorable, based on the distribution of haplotypes and the lower diversity in tetraploids than in hexaploids. Our data also indicate that divergence of hexaploids and tetraploids might be recent and mtDNA polymorphism existed before the divergence. Meanwhile, genetic isolation exists between the hexaploids and the tetraploids.     

几种不同食性鱼类部分血液生化指标的比较研究

采用7020型全自动生化分析仪,测定了黄鳝、鲤鱼、草鱼和鳙鱼血清中总蛋白（TP）、血糖（BG）、甘油三酯（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）、肌酐（creafinine）、尿素（Urea）、尿酸（UA）、磷（P）、钙（Ca）、铁（Fe）和镁（Mg）等11项生化指标,比较研究了这几种不同食性鱼类生化指标的差异.为期二周的饥饿试验,表明黄鳝和鲤鱼等在饥饿状态下生化指标的变化存在较大不同.     

Salt stress and resistance to hypoxic challenges in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

Long term exposure to brackish water (171 mm NaCl) affected the capacity of common carp Cyprinus carpio to deal with hypoxic conditions and the critical oxygen concentrations for oxygen consumption increased. In addition, regulation of ammonia excretion was lost. The cytosolic phosphorylation potential (the index of the energy status of a cell in terms of potential transferable phosphate groups) in the lateral muscle on the other hand remained relatively unaffected, indicating that oxygen transport to the tissues was not severely compromised. It appears that exposure to brackish water reduces the capacity of common carp to cope with hypoxic conditions mainly because of the high energetic cost of hyperventilation under conditions where energy stores are depleted, and not because of any impeded oxygen transport mechanisms.     

Validating and corroborating the deposition of two annual growth zones in asteriscus otoliths of common carp Cyprinus carpio from South Africa's largest impoundment

A total of 816 common carp Cyprinus carpio asteriscus otolith pairs were collected from Lake Gariep, South Africa. Otoliths were interpreted whole, submerged in methyl salicylate and viewed under transmitted light. The precision of growth zone counts of the primary reader was estimated at 5·54 and 7·03% using the average per cent error method and the coefficient of variation, respectively. Age-bias plots indicated no systematic bias between the primary reader and the three secondary readers for up to nine growth zones (95% of the sample). Growth zone deposition rate was validated using a mark-recapture experiment of chemically tagged C. carpio (n = 21) conducted in a large earthen pond under ambient conditions in the vicinity of Lake Gariep. The validation results were corroborated for the wild population by edge analysis and a length-based age-structured model. All three methods suggest that growth zone formation occurred biannually, exemplifying the importance of age validation as a prerequisite for understanding the life history of C. carpio.