一株产ε-聚赖氨酸的白色链霉菌遗传转化体系

为了更好地研究ε-聚赖氨酸(ε-PL)生物合成的分子机制以及构建ε-PL高产基因工程菌株,拟建立一株ε-PL产生菌株Streptomyces albulus PD-1的遗传转化体系。通过对培养基类型、孢子预萌发处理、培养基中Mg2+浓度等条件进行考察,以Escherichia coli ET12567(p UZ8002)为供体菌,成功地将p IB139质粒导入S.albulus PD-1中。结果表明:质粒转化效率达到(3±0.4)×10-6个接合转化子/受体。接合子传代实验和PCR结果发现,p IB139质粒能够稳定整合在S.albulus PD-1染色体的att B位点上。本研究建立了一株ε-PL生产菌株的遗传转化体系,为从分子水平上研究ε-PL的合成及ε-PL高产菌株的构建奠定了基础。     

ε-聚赖氨酸的微生物合成与降解

ε-聚赖氨酸为一种均聚氨基酸,由单个赖氨酸分子在α-羟基和-ε氨基形成酰胺键而连接成的多聚体,目前主要通过白色链霉菌(Streptomyces albulus)的微生物合成进行生产,具有抑菌谱广、热稳定性好、在酸碱条件下稳定等特点,作者综述了ε-聚赖氨酸微生物合成的方法、可能的生物合成和降解机制等,并简要介绍ε-聚赖氨酸作为食品保鲜剂在食品和生物高分子材料在基因治疗、药物载体、基因芯片、高吸水性材料等方面的应用前景。     

ε-聚赖氨酸生物合成研究进展

ε-聚赖氨酸(ε-PL)是一种可食用对人和环境无毒害可生物降解的天然生物材料。本文以聚赖氨酸的研究历史为主线,对ε-PL的合成与降解进行了综述并预测了ε-PL可能的代谢途径,最后展望了我国聚赖氨酸研究的发展前景。     

ε-聚赖氨酸产生菌TUST-2的分离鉴定

【目的】ε-聚赖氨酸是一种天然氨基酸同聚物,本研究目的为分离筛选新的ε-聚赖氨酸产生菌。【方法】采用一种新的分离方法从土壤中分离ε-PL产生菌。分离方法含3步:(1)富集培养ε-PL耐受菌;(2)通过改进的Nishikawa方法筛选;(3)挑选高浓度ε-PL耐受菌株。【结果】从海南省土样中分离获得ε-聚赖氨酸产生菌TUST-2。分类和形态特征属链霉菌属。16S rDNA序列分析比对结果表明TUST-2属淀粉酶产色链霉菌(Streptomyces diastatochromogenes)。经特征反应分析、水解物分析、红外光谱、1H NMR、13C NMR和MALDI-TOF-MS分析表明TUST-2发酵产物为ε-聚赖氨酸。【结论】根据16S rRNA基因序列比对和形态及生理生化特征表明ε-聚赖氨酸产生菌TUST-2属于淀粉酶产色链霉菌,命名为淀粉酶产色链霉菌TUST-2。     

ε-聚赖氨酸发酵过程的活性变化及发酵调控

摘要:【目的】作为一种次级代谢产物,ε-聚赖氨酸生物合成受不同因素制约,为评价细胞活性对ε-聚赖氨酸生物合成的影响,研究发酵过程细胞活性、ε-聚赖氨酸合成及其它发酵参数变化,基于此改进发酵工艺。【方法】以BacLight Live/Dead和5-氰基-2,3-二甲苯基氯化四唑(5-cyano-2,3-ditolyl tetrazolium chloride,CTC) 为荧光探针,激光扫描共聚焦显微镜监测不同发酵时期细胞活性,并分析pH、细胞生长、ε-聚赖氨酸生物合成以及葡萄糖利用;通过向ε-聚赖氨酸合成期细胞添加酵母粉调控细胞活性改进发酵工艺。【结果】BacLight Live/Dead为探针的共聚焦显示ε-聚赖氨酸发酵过程生长期(0－16 h)的细胞大都具有活性;CTC作为探针的分析显示生长期及ε-聚赖氨酸合成期前期(16－30 h)细胞活性高,ε-聚赖氨酸合成终止时细胞仅显示微弱活性;调控ε-聚赖氨酸合成期细胞活性的发酵工艺ε-聚赖氨酸终浓度达2.24 g/L(对照1.04 g/L)。【结论】调控ε-聚赖氨酸合成期细胞活性的发酵工艺可有效促进ε-聚赖氨酸生物合成。     

链霉菌ε-聚赖氨酸发酵过程中的氧化胁迫效应

【目的】探究ε-聚赖氨酸(ε-PL)产生菌对p H和ε-PL的耐受性、氧化胁迫与ε-PL合成之间的关系。【方法】选取3株ε-PL产生菌Streptomyces sp.AF3-44、Streptomyces sp.AS32和Streptomyces albulus F15,比较其在发酵性能、p H和ε-PL耐受性以及抗氧化胁迫能力上的差异,并对菌株发酵过程的活性氧成因进行分析。【结果】在3株菌中AF3-44具有最强的p H和ε-PL耐受性及抗氧化胁迫能力,因而在发酵后期能够保持良好的细胞活性和最高的ε-PL浓度;ε-PL引起的氧化胁迫主要发生在发酵前期,而发酵中后期氧化胁迫的产生主要由酸性p H导致。【结论】提高链霉菌ε-PL发酵过程中的抗氧化胁迫能力,可提升菌体活力和发酵水平。     

ε-聚赖氨酸高产改造菌发酵过程分析与工艺改进

ε-聚赖氨酸(ε-PL)是我国新近批准的一种天然食品防腐剂,由链霉菌好氧发酵制备而来。通过传统育种手段强化产生菌ε-PL合成能力是提高其发酵水平的重要途径,然而高产改造菌与出发菌株发生的生理改变却很少被关注。本研究从培养特征,营养需求和发酵过程参数等方面进行比较与分析,发现高产菌株Streptomyces albulus GS114具有需氧量小、菌体量低、ε-PL产量高、单位菌体ε-PL合成能力强、转化率高等特点。为了进一步提高S.albulus GS114的ε-PL产量,通过提高pH冲击策略中预培养p H增加其菌体量,实现ε-PL产量达到53.49 g/L,较优化前提高了11.9%。研究结果将为ε-PL工业化生产奠定基础。     

产ε-聚赖氨酸菌株生物合成条件研究

对一株产ε-聚赖氨酸Kitasatospora sp.PL6-3菌株进行生理生化特性研究。并通过5L发酵罐中ε-PL的合成条件的考察,发现在搅拌转速为350r／min,pH4.0,初糖浓度为3％并补糖的操作条件下ε-PL的质量浓度可高达6.65g/L,产率提高近10倍。     

链霉菌Streptomyces sp. M-Z18转化前体L-赖氨酸合成ε-聚赖氨酸的研究

目的:考察不同细胞培养方式对Streptomyces sp. M-Z18转化前体L-赖氨酸合成ε-聚赖氨酸过程的影响。方法:利用两阶段细胞培养和发酵过程流加方式,建立了两阶段细胞培养转化前体L-赖氨酸合成ε-聚赖氨酸以及转化前体L-赖氨酸耦合甘油发酵生产ε-聚赖氨酸的策略。结果:(1)两阶段细胞培养转化前体L-赖氨酸合成ε-聚赖氨酸策略实现ε-PL积累15 g/L, 转化L-赖氨酸3 g/L;(2)转化前体L-赖氨酸耦合甘油发酵生产ε-聚赖氨酸策略使得ε-PL产量达到33.76 g/L,单位菌体的合成能力提高37.8%,转化L-赖氨酸4 g/L。这表明,上述两种方式下前体L-赖氨酸都能够被Streptomyces sp. M-Z18转化合成ε-聚赖氨酸,但转化效率还有待进一步提高。意义:揭示了Streptomyces sp. M-Z18合成ε-聚赖氨酸的限速步骤在于初级代谢产物L-赖氨酸的合成,这为后续利用代谢工程手段改造菌株提供了方向。     

ε-聚赖氨酸高产菌选育与发酵性能评价

【目的】选育ε-聚赖氨酸(ε-PL)高产菌,并探究不同碳源对其发酵性能的影响。【方法】借助基因组重排和核糖体工程两种育种手段强化ε-PL产生菌的合成能力,并利用p H冲击工艺评价不同碳源对ε-PL发酵的影响。【结果】经过4轮基因组重排和4轮核糖体工程连续选育,获得1株高产突变株Streptomyces albulus GS114,其摇瓶ε-PL产量达到3.0 g/L,较出发菌提高了1.7倍。该改造菌株在5 L发酵罐中分别以葡萄糖和甘油为碳源进行192 h的补料-分批发酵时,ε-PL发酵产量分别达到了43.4 g/L和45.7 g/L,较出发菌提高了11.0%和14.9%,而菌体量分别减少了24.0%和33.2%,ε-PL得率提高了34.2%和30.7%。【结论】基因组重排结合核糖体工程育种是一种有效的ε-PL高产菌选育手段,研究结果将为ε-PL高产菌改造和工业生产碳源选择提供直接指导。     

Biosynthesis of epsilon-poly-L-lysine in a cell-free system of Streptomyces albulus

epsilon-Poly-L-lysine (epsilon-PL) is a homo-poly-amino acid characterized by a peptide bond between carboxyl and epsilon-amino groups of L-lysine. Here we report the cell-free synthesis of epsilon-PL by a sensitive radioisotopic epsilon-PL assay system. In vitro epsilon-PL synthesis depended on ATP and was not affected by ribonuclease, kanamycin, or chloramphenicol. epsilon-PL synthesizing activity was detected in the membrane fraction. The reaction product, epsilon-PL, from L-lysine was identified by MALDI-TOF MS and the number of lysine residues of the epsilon-PL products was apparently 11-34. These results suggest that the biosynthesis of epsilon-PL is nonribosomal peptide synthesis and is catalyzed by membrane bound enzyme(s). The enzyme preparation showing the epsilon-PL synthesizing activity also catalyzed lysine-dependent AMP production and an ATP-PPi exchange reaction, suggesting that L-lysine is adenylated in the first step of epsilon-PL biosynthesis.     

Epsilon-poly-L-lysine dispersity is controlled by a highly unusual nonribosomal peptide synthetase

Epsilon-Poly-L-lysine (epsilon-PL) consists of 25-35 L-lysine residues in isopeptide linkages and is one of only two amino acid homopolymers known in nature. Elucidating the biosynthetic mechanism of epsilon-PL should open new avenues for creating novel classes of biopolymers. Here we report the purification of an epsilon-PL synthetase (Pls; 130 kDa) and the cloning of its gene from an epsilon-PL-producing strain of Streptomyces albulus. Pls was found to be a membrane protein with adenylation and thiolation domains characteristic of the nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs). It had no traditional condensation or thioesterase domain; instead, it had six transmembrane domains surrounding three tandem soluble domains. These tandem domains iteratively catalyzed L-lysine polymerization using free L-lysine polymer (or monomer in the initial reaction) as acceptor and Pls-bound L-lysine as donor, directly yielding chains of diverse length. Thus, Pls is a new single-module NRPS having an amino acid ligase-like catalytic activity for peptide bond formation.     

Production of epsilon-poly-L-lysine by newly isolated Kitasatospora sp. PL6-3

A novel epsilon-poly-L-lysine (epsilon-PL)-producing strain PL6-3 was isolated from soil, and was identified as a strain of Kitasatospora sp. This is the first detailed report of production of epsilon-PL by a strain in the genera of Kitasatospora. By controlling the culture pH at 4.0, the yield of epsilon-PL from PL6-3 reached 13.9 g/L after 120 h of cultivation in fed-batch fermentation. The morphological characteristics of Kitasatospora sp. PL6-3 in culture broth were different from those reported from strains of Streptomycetaceae, as no mycelium pellets were observed during the course of fermentation of PL6-3, which was beneficial to the assimilation of nutrition and secretion of the products. Furthermore, the molecular mass of the purified epsilon-PL from PL6-3 was determined to be 5.01 kDa by SDS-PAGE and 5.05 kDa by gel permeation chromatography, indicating that the epsilon-PL produced by this strain might be composed of 40 lysine residues. Usually, epsilon-PL with more lysine residues showed higher antimicrobial activity; however, it was difficult to obtain epsilon-PL with more than 36 lysine residues in this study. As a result, epsilon-PL from Kitasatospora sp. PL6-3, which contains more lysine residues than that from other strains, is more promising in the field of food preservatives.     

ε-Poly-<Emphasis Type="SmallCaps">l</Emphasis>-lysine: microbial production,biodegradation and application potential

epsilon-Poly-L-lysine (epsilon-PL) is a homo-poly-amino acid characterized by the peptide bond between the carboxyl and epsilon-amino groups of L-lysine. epsilon-PL shows a wide range of antimicrobial activity and is stable at high temperatures and under both acidic and alkaline conditions. The mechanism of the inhibitory effect of epsilon-PL on microbial growth is the electrostatic adsorption to the cell surface of microorganisms on the basis of its poly-cationic property. Due to this antimicrobial activity, epsilon-PL is now industrially produced in Japan as a food additive by a fermentation process using Streptomyces albulus. In spite of the practical application of epsilon-PL, the biosynthetic mechanisms of epsilon-PL have not been clarified at all. epsilon-PL producers commonly possess membrane-bound epsilon-PL-degrading aminopeptidase, which might play a role in self-protection.     

l-Lysine repression of penicillin biosynthesis and the expression of penicillin biosynthesis genes acvA and ipnA in Aspergillus nidulans

The addition of 0.1 M L-lysine to the fermentation medium reduced the production of penicillin by about 50% in Aspergillus nidulans. To analyse this effect at the molecular level, the expression of the penicillin biosynthesis genes acvA and ipnA, encoding delta-(L-alpha-aminoadipyl)-L-cysteinyl-D-valine synthetase and isopenicillin N synthetase, was studied by using translational fusions with different reporter genes (strain AXB4A, acvA-uidA, ipnA-lacZ fusions; AXB4B, acvA-lacZ, ipnA-uidA fusions) integrated in single copy at the chromosomal argB locus of Aspergillus nidulans. Irrespective of the reporter genes used the expression of acvA and ipnA fusion genes was repressed in L-lysine grown cultures. The expression of a fusion gene of an A. nidulans primary metabolism gene (oliC-lacZ) was not affected by L-lysine.     

Genetic evidence for a role of thioesterase domains, integrated in or associated with peptide synthetases, in non-ribosomal peptide biosynthesis in Bacillus subtilis

Next to almost all prokaryotic operons encoding peptide synthetases, which are involved in the nonribosomal synthesis of peptide antibiotics, distinct genes have been detected that encode proteins with strong sequence similarity to type II fatty acid thioesterases of vertebrate origin. Furthermore, sequence analysis of bacterial and fungal peptide synthetases has revealed a region at the C-terminal end of modules that are responsible for adding the last amino acid to the peptide antibiotics; that region also exhibits significant similarities to thioesterases. In order to investigate the function of these putative thioesterases in non-ribosomal peptide synthesis of the lipopeptide antibiotic surfactin in Bacillus subtilis, srfA fragments encoding the thioesterase domain of the surfactin synthetase 3 and the thioesterase-like protein SrfA-TE were deleted. This led to a 97 and 84% reduction of the in vivo surfactin production, respectively. In the double mutant, however, no surfaction production was detectable. These findings demonstrate for the first time that the C-terminal thioesterase domains and the SrfA-TE protein are directly involved in nonribosomal peptide biosynthesis. Received: 30 September 1997 / Accepted: 4 December 1997     

Distribution of microbes producing antimicrobial epsilon-poly-L-lysine polymers in soil microflora determined by a novel method

We developed a simple and sensitive screening method to investigate the distribution of microbes producing an antimicrobial poly(amino acid), epsilon-poly-L-lysine (epsilon-PL), in microflora. An acidic dye, Poly R-478, incorporated in an agar plate detected epsilon-PL producers by electrostatic interaction with the secreted basic polymers. All epsilon-PL producers, isolated after careful and sufficient screening of soil microflora, belonged exclusively to two groups of bacteria of the family Streptomycetaceae and ergot fungi. They were characterized based on the density and diameter of the concentric zone formed by the secreted polymers. The density depended on each isolate. The increase in the diameter of the concentric zone per unit of time varied among isolates and was negatively correlated with the molecular weight. Although the distribution of epsilon-PL producers was extremely limited, their products were structurally varied. The molecular masses of the secreted polymers among the isolates ranged from 0.8 to 2.0 kDa. There were also isolates producing unknown polymers inconsistent with the correlation or producing a mixture of polymers with original and modified structures. A chemically modified polymer was an epsilon-PL derivative, as determined by mass spectrometry. Since the structural variations had no relation to the phylogenetic position of the isolates, it is possible that enzymes involved in the synthesis diversified after putative horizontal transfers of relevant genes.     

Enhanced epsilon-poly-L-lysine production from Streptomyces ahygroscopicus by a combination of cell immobilization and in situ adsorption

Epsilon-poly-L-lysine (epsilon-PL), produced by Streptomyces or Kitasatospora strains, is a homo-poly-amino acid of Llysine, which is used as a safe food preservative. The present study investigates the combined use of cell immobilization and in situ adsorption (ISA) to produce epsilon-PL in shaken flasks. Loofah sponge-immobilized Streptomyces ahygroscopicus GIM8 produced slightly more epsilon-PL than those immobilized on synthetic sponge, and sugarcane bagasse. Moreover, loofah sponge supported the maximum biomass. Hence, loofah sponge was chosen for cell immobilization. Meanwhile, the ion-exchange resin D152 was employed for ISA. The loofah sponge-immobilized cells produced 0.54 +/- 0.1 g/l epsilon-PL, which significantly increased to 3.64 +/- 0.32 g/l after combining with ISA through the addition of resin bags. The free cells with ISA using the dispersed resin yielded 2.73 +/- 0.26 g/l of epsilon-PL, an increase from 0.82 +/- 0.08 g/l. These data illustrate that the proposed combination method improved production most significantly compared with either immobilization or ISA only. Moreover, the immobilized cells could be repeatedly used and an epsilon-PL total amount of 8.05 +/- 0.84 g/l was obtained. The proposed combination method offers promising perspectives for epsilon-PL production.     

Identification of a Gene Involved in the Synthesis of a Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV Inhibitor in Aspergillus oryzae

WYK-1 is a dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor produced by Aspergillus oryzae strain AO-1. Because WYK-1 is an isoquinoline derivative consisting of three l-amino acids, we hypothesized that a nonribosomal peptide synthetase was involved in its biosynthesis. We identified 28 nonribosomal peptide synthetase genes in the sequenced genome of A. oryzae RIB40. These genes were also identified in AO-1. Among them, AO090001000009 (wykN) was specifically expressed under WYK-1-producing conditions in AO-1. Therefore, we constructed wykN gene disruptants of AO-1 after nonhomologous recombination was suppressed by RNA interference to promote homologous recombination. Our results demonstrated that the disruptants did not produce WYK-1. Furthermore, the expression patterns of 10 genes downstream of wykN were similar to the expression pattern of wykN under several conditions. Additionally, homology searches revealed that some of these genes were predicted to be involved in WYK-1 biosynthesis. Therefore, we propose that wykN and the 10 genes identified in this study constitute the WYK-1 biosynthetic gene cluster.     

Nostophycin biosynthesis is directed by a hybrid polyketide synthase-nonribosomal peptide synthetase in the toxic cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. strain 152

Cyanobacteria are a rich source of natural products with interesting pharmaceutical properties. Here, we report the identification, sequencing, annotation, and biochemical analysis of the nostophycin (npn) biosynthetic gene cluster. The npn gene cluster spans 45.1 kb and consists of three open reading frames encoding a polyketide synthase, a mixed polyketide nonribosomal peptide synthetase, and a nonribosomal peptide synthetase. The genetic architecture and catalytic domain organization of the proteins are colinear in arrangement, with the putative order of the biosynthetic assembly of the cyclic heptapeptide. NpnB contains an embedded monooxygenase domain linking nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) and polyketide synthase (PKS) catalytic domains and predicted here to hydroxylate the nostophycin during assembly. Expression of the adenylation domains and subsequent substrate specificity assays support the involvement of this cluster in nostophycin biosynthesis. Biochemical analyses suggest that the loading substrate of NpnA is likely to be a phenylpropanoic acid necessitating deletion of a carbon atom to explain the biosynthesis of nostophycin. Biosyntheses of nostophycin and microcystin resemble each other, but the phylogenetic analyses suggest that they are distantly related to one another.