4个太湖流域粳稻地方品种抗稻瘟病性的遗传分析

以太湖流域粳稻地方品种薄稻、铁杆青、江南晚和缺儿糯等广谱、高抗稻瘟病为材料, 与高感稻瘟病品种苏御糯杂交, 获得杂交F1、F2 , 分别接种日本稻瘟病鉴别菌系北1和中国稻瘟病菌生理小种ZE3、ZG1, 根据P1、P2、F1和F2等不同世代植株的抗、感反应, 分析地方品种对不同稻瘟病菌生理小种(菌系)的抗性遗传机理。结果表明: 薄稻、铁杆青及缺儿糯对北1菌系的抗性均可能由一对显性基因控制, 江南晚对北1的抗性则可能由两对抑制基因互作控制; 铁杆青及缺儿糯对ZE3小种的抗性均可能由一对显性基因控制, 薄稻和江南晚对ZE3小种的抗性可能分别由两对显性基因和两对抑制基因互作控制; 铁杆青对ZG1小种的抗性可能是由一对显性主基因控制, 薄稻和江南晚对ZG1小种的抗性则可能由两对抑制基因互作控制。进一步将薄稻与12个日本稻瘟病菌鉴别品种杂交,用北1菌系接种不同组合的F1和F2 , 进行抗病基因的等位性测定。结果表明, 薄稻对北1菌系的抗性基因与12个鉴别品种所携带的已知抗稻瘟病基因是不等位, 将该基因暂定为Pi-bd1(t)。     

二个粳稻品种抗稻瘟病遗传特性的分析

本文用累积分布曲线法对东农 363及农东415两个粳稻品种进行了抗稻瘟遗传分析,结果表明东农363对Hokul菌株的抗性是由一对显性抗性基因控制的,东农415对Ken53-33菌株的抗性是由两对互补的显性基因控制的;对Ina72菌株的抗性是由两对显性基因控制的,其中一对控制高抗反应,另一对控制中抗反应。两个杂交组合的正反交分析结果表明,水稻对稻瘟病菌的抗性遗传是由细胞核控制的,细胞质在抗瘟遗传中的作用在本试验的测试品种中并没有表现出来。 Abstract:By means of cumulative distribution curve methods,two Japonica varieties Dongnong 363 and Dongnong 415 were analysed for the inheritance of blast resistance.The results showed that the resistance of Dongnong 363 variety to Hokul blast strain was controlled by one dominant gene.The resistance of Dongnong 415 to Ken53-33 strain was controlled by two complementary dominant genes,to Ina72 strain was controlled by two dominant genes,one dominated over the high-resistant and the other over the middle-resistant.Genetic analysis of F3 plants of two reciprocal crosses showed that the resistance to the rice blast disease was controlled by nuclear gene,no cytoplasmic effect was found in the tested varieties.     

白背飞虱取食抗虫品种过程中体内保护酶和自由基的变化

白背飞虱取食抗虫品种过程中自由基含量显增加,在取食18小时后达最高值,以后开始下降,在取食中抗品种N22和高抗品种Ptb33时,虫体内SOD和CAT活性明显增加,且起着主要作用,POD作用不明显;白背飞在抗虫品种上连续饲养一至二代后,体内保护酶活性逐渐接近于感虫品种,基本明确了白背飞虱取食抗虫品种过程中体内保护酶和自由基的变化规律。     

不同水稻品种上白背飞虱取食行为的EPG分析

【目的】为探明不同水稻品种（丰源优272、R9810-T、华恢1号、明恢63、麻糯谷和Rathu Heenati）对白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera的抗性差异机理,利用刺吸电位技术(electronic penetration graph, EPG)记录了该虫在这6个品种三叶期稻苗上的取食行为。【方法】结合特定的EPG波形,考察了9个非韧皮部指标和22个韧皮部指标。【结果】在总记录时间8 h内,白背飞虱在品种Rathu Heenati上非刺探波np的总时间最长,其次是麻糯谷上非刺探波np的总时间,这两者间差异显著且都显著地长于其他4个品种的np总时间(P<0.05);该虫在Rathu Heenati上路径波Nc的总时间为8 523.41 s,是感虫品种明恢63 Nc总时间的2.24倍;该虫在Rathu Heenati上吸食韧皮部汁液N4-b的总时间显著地比其他品种短(P<0.05)。华恢1号和R9810-T上所有的EPG指标和感虫品种明恢63的EPG指标都没有显著的差异(P≥0.05)。白背飞虱在丰源优272上单次分泌水溶性唾液N4-a的平均时间更长,并伴随长时间的韧皮部取食。【结论】由此推测,品种Rathu Heenati可能存在不利于白背飞虱取食的忌避成分,并且在韧皮部外组织和韧皮部组织都存在抗性因子;在麻糯谷上仅存在忌避成分;然而,品种华恢1号和R9810-T可能对白背飞虱不具有明显的抗性;丰源优272可能是比明恢63更为感虫的品种。结合介体昆虫取食行为与传播持久性病毒的关系,这些结果也为利用抗白背飞虱品种控制南方水稻黑条矮缩病提供了参考。     

野生稻对褐稻虱和白背飞虱的抗性鉴定

采用国际水稻所制定的《水稻系统评价标准》,对广西1400多份野生稻种质资源进行了对褐稻虱和白背飞虱的抗性筛选鉴定,明确了广西野生稻资源中的药用野生稻绝大多数对褐稻虱和白背飞虱具有强的抗性,而普通野生稻则多为感虫。     

白背飞虱飞行能力的研究

本文采用微机测试系统研究了白背飞虱成虫的飞行能力及其与日龄的关系。成虫飞行能力个体间变异很大,可以分为多种类型。通过比较雌成虫卵巢发育和吊飞飞行能力,为白背飞虱迁飞型给出了可靠指标。长翅型成虫持续飞行10分钟以上定为迁飞型,短于10分钟者定为非迁飞型。在拥挤迁出条件下,长翅型成虫在羽化后3～5天飞行能力最强。最长的一头雌成虫飞行持续1715分钟,达36529.5米。雌成虫的飞行能力随卵巢发育而下降,呈卵子发生一飞行共轭现象。     

白背飞虱对水稻抗虫品种N22的适应性研究

在室内连续用感虫品种TN1和抗虫品种N22单管饲养白背飞虱(Sogatella furcifera)种群,研究它对抗虫水稻品种的适应性及其体内保护酶的变化,结果表明,白背飞虱在感虫品种TN1和抗虫品种N22品种上饲养1至2代,其卵历期、若虫期和全世代历期均无明显差异,从感虫品种TN1转移到抗虫品种N22上饲养1代,白背飞虱的若虫存活率、雌成虫寿命、体重、蜜露量、产卵量和内禀增长率等均低于在抗虫品种上连续饲养2代,而后者又低于在感虫品种上饲养的指标,白背飞虱在抗虫品种上连续饲养2代后,体内保护酶中超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性逐渐接近于感虫品种上连续饲养的结果,说明白背飞虱从感虫品种转到抗虫品种在开始时并不适应,经过连续繁殖多代后白背飞虱逐渐适应,最后导致抗虫品种的抗性丧失。     

白背飞虱生殖行为的研究

本文测定了白背飞虱羽化、交配、产卵等生殖行为。结果表明,雄成虫较雌成虫羽化早;羽化高峰雄虫在中午前后,雌虫为午夜前后和早晨;交配日节律高峰在下午和后半夜;产卵日节律高峰在中午前后;雌成虫一生只交配1次,雄成虫可交配1～3次;交配前期长翅型显著长于短翅型,交配成功率为41.33％(实验种群);交配持续时间平均为91.87～92.80秒;未交配雌成虫的产卵前期显著长于交配过的雌成虫;交配前期、交配持续时间、产卵前期的遗传力h~2分别为0.1581、0.2661和0.2421。     

白背飞虱种群动态研究

白背飞虱种群动态包括迁入虫量、稻型、品种、气候等方面。白背飞虱种群数量与迁入虫量呈显著相关;成虫取食杂交稻的繁殖力显著大于取食常规稻的繁殖力,各代成虫的繁殖力亦有显著差别,表现出第一代>迁入代>第二代,在低密度虫口下,成虫繁殖力无显著的差异;白背飞虱在抗虫品种上难以形成危害种群;根据气候对白背飞虱种群发生数量的影响,划分为三类气候发生型,即低温阴雨轻发型,偏暖多雨中发型,温暖少雨重发型,对主害代种群发展起抑制作用的是6月降水强度。     

太湖流域粳稻地方品种黑壳子粳对稻瘟病抗性的遗传分析

太湖流域粳稻地方品种黑壳子粳对稻瘟病菌表现抗谱广,抗性强的特点,利用黑壳子粳与感病的云南稻地方品种丽江新团黑谷杂交获得的F1、F2和RIL群体,在苗期喷雾接种研54-04和北1两个日本稻瘟病鉴别菌系,根据抗感反应分析亲本的抗病基因组成,结果表明,黑壳子粳对菌系北1的抗性由一对显性基因控制,对菌系研54-04的抗性由两对互为独立遗传的显性基因控制,等位性测定结果和重组自交系的抗感反应表明：黑壳子粳对菌系北1的抗病基因兼抗菌系研54-04,该抗病基因与Pi-k,Pi-z,Pi-ta,Pi-b,Pi-t等5个已知抗病基因座呈非等位关系。也不是Pi-i和Pi-a基因,推断是一个未知的新基因;另一个抗病基因抗菌系研54-04,感菌系北1。     

PATHOGENICITY OF METARHIZIUM ANISOPLIAE VAR. ACRIDU TO THE DEVEOLPMENTAL STAGES OF BROWN PLANTHOPPER NILAPARVATA LUGENS STÅL AND SOGATELLA FURCIFERA (HORVATH)

Abstract  The susceptibility and virulence of entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum to the stages of brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) and whitebacked planthopper (WBPH), Sogatella furcifera (Horvath) were investigated under laboratory conditions. Three dosages of M. anisopliae var. acridum ranging from 10.5, 116.3 and 1027.1 conidial/mm² were used in the experiment. The tested stages of host included three developmental stages, young nymphs (1–2 instars), old nymphs (3–5 instars) and adults. It was found that all tested stages of the planthoppers were susceptible to the fungal infection. The degree of virulence LT₅₀ of M. anisopliae var. acridum against young nymphs of N. lugens are >21, 20.82 and 16.55, respectively with the 3 dosages, the LT₅₀ of the fungus against the old nymphs are 17.68, 15.49 and 13.98, respectively with the 3 dosages; the LT₅₀ of the fungus against the adults are 17.10, 12.57 and 9.14 respectively with the 3 dosages. The degree of virulence LT₅₀ of M. anisopliae var. acridum on young nymphs of S. furcifera are >21, 17.29 and 13.13, respectively with the 3 dosages _; the LT₅₀ of the fungus against the old nymphs are 16.94, 15.02 and 13.03, respectively with the 3 dosages; the LT₅₀ of the fungus against the adults are 12.78, 10.16 and 7.64, respectively with the 3 dosages. Adults were more susceptible to M. anisopliae var. acridum infection than their nymphs and the young nymphs were most resistant to the fungal infection. The cumulative mortality of each stage was dosage-dependent. Of all the developmental stages, WBPH was more susceptible than BPH to M. anisopliae var. acridum infection with the same dosages.     

黄绿绿僵菌对褐飞虱和白背飞虱不同发育阶段的病原性的研究

本文报道了不同孢子浓度下黄绿绿僵菌对褐飞虱和白背飞虱不同发育阶段的易感性和毒力的研究。实验设10.5孢子/mm2,116.7孢子/mm2和1027.1孢子/mm2三种孢子剂量,两种飞虱分为幼龄若虫(1龄和2龄若虫)、高龄若虫(3、4、5龄若虫)和成虫三个发育阶段。实验发现褐飞虱与白背飞虱的三个发育阶段对黄绿绿僵菌的不同浓度的孢子液有不同程度的易感性。黄绿绿僵菌对褐飞虱幼龄若虫的毒力指标LT50在三种孢子剂量下依次为>21、20.82和16.55;对高龄若虫的LT50在三种孢子剂量下依次为17.68、15.49和13.98;而对成虫的LT50在三种孢子剂量下依次为17.10、12.57和9.14。黄绿绿僵菌对白背飞虱幼龄若虫的毒力指标LT50在三种孢子剂量下依次为>21、17.29和13.13;对高龄若虫的LT50在三种孢子剂量下依次为16.94、15.02和13.03;而对白背飞虱成虫的LT50在三种孢子剂量下依次为12.78、10.16和7.64。二者的成虫的易感性比若虫的易感性强,高龄若虫的易感性比幼龄若虫的强。白背飞虱比褐飞虱对黄绿绿僵菌更加敏感。二者的死亡率随孢子浓度的增大而增大。     

温度对白背飞虱种群增长的影响

在15°—35℃范围内六种恒温条件下的试验结果表明,白背飞虱在15°—30℃之间发育正常,发育速率符合逻辑斯蒂曲线,适温为20°—30℃,最适温度在28℃左右。35℃高温和20℃以下的低温对其生长发育和繁殖都有不利影响。在试验温度下,世代存活率、雌虫产卵量和种群增长指数等皆呈抛物线趋势,由此初建了实验种群生命表,以估计发生趋势,但影响种群发展的其它因素的作用也不可忽视。     

褐飞虱、白背飞虱种间、种内密度制约效应研究

以高感品种TN1为材料．研究了褐飞虱、白背飞虱成、若虫密度对种群的制约效应。实验表明,单虫种一龄善虫密度15头／株和30头／株相比．褐飞虱成虫的羽化率、短翘率、体长和若虫历期均无明显差异,但成虫雌性比率前高;白背飞虱成虫羽化率前比后高21．22％．短翘率高15.25％。在两种飞虱一龄若虫密度30、45、60头／株等虫量混合组配下,褐飞虱成虫羽化率60头／株比30头／株下降28％,白背飞虱若虫历期以30头／株最长。在总虫量为30头／株时,种内(30头／株)和种间(15：15头／株)比．白背飞虱种内处理成虫羽化率高36．83％．昔虫历期短;褐飞虱以种内处理成虫短翘率高。从产卵位点来看．褐飞虱喜产在稻株叶鞘中下部厚肉组织上,白背飞虱以叶脉基部产卵为主．成虫密度2、4、8对／株3处理,其叶鞘、叶脉上的平均卵块变小;10天内的平均卵量亦减步。同密度下,种间组合比种内组合的产卵量多。从各指标对密度反应来看,褐飞虱比白背飞虱更耐拥挤。     

白背飞虱对不同抗虫性稻株糖类物质的利用

本文通过对白背飞虱Sogatella furcifeta Horvath在不同苗龄抗虫品种Rathu Hee nati(简称RHT)和感虫品种Taichung Native 1(简称TNl)稻株上的取食反应,对摄入食物中糖类的利用和体内葡糖苷酶的活性变化,以及对稻株含糖量的分析,初步探讨了白背飞虱对稻株糖类物质的利用。白背飞虱在抗虫、感虫品种上的取食均随稻株苗龄的增长而降低,沮不管品种的抗虫性如何,稻株内的总糖量却随稻株苗龄的增加而上升。高效液相色谱分析飞虱分泌的蜜露结果表明,在RHT上分泌的蜜露里,蔗糖和果糖的含量明显地低于在TNI上分泌的。由此推测白背飞虱从RHT稻株韧皮部中吸食的汁液较从TNI中的少,但利用率高。取食RHT后的白背飞虱,体内的葡糖苷酶活性明显地较取食TNl后的低,并与飞虱体重的变化呈正相关。在白背飞虱体内可能存在着两种独立的、可控制食物的摄入及摄入食物的消化和吸收的机制。     

水稻品种对褐稻虱的抗性

本文运用苗期抗性筛选法,测定了9个水稻品种对褐稻虱的抗性及其与秧龄的关系,表明秧龄对高抗品种的抗性表现影响不显著,而部分中抗品种的抗性则随秧龄增长而加大。抗性机制研究证明:高抗品种7105具有很强的不嗜性和抗生性;而包选2号和辐包矮21等中抗品种则以耐虫性为主,兼有不同程度的抗生性。     

STUDIES ON CULTIVAR-INDUCED CHANGES IN INSECTICIDE SUSCEPTIBILITY AND ITS RELATED ENZYME ACTIVITIES OF THE WHITE BACKED PLANTHOPPER, SOGATELLA FURCZFERA (HORVÁTH) (HOMOPTERA:DELPHACIDAE)

Abstract  The susceptibility of Sogatella furcifera female adults on N22 to malathion increased as feeding time prolonged, while the day change of susceptibility to isoprocarb showed a inverse tendency. The activities of esterase and carboxylesterase were induced significantly after on N22 for one day, and then declined. The non-susceptible level of adults to insecticides and enzyme activities seemed to be heightened after feeding on ASD7, a variety resistant to Nilaparvata lugens . The total phenol content in rice leaf sheath was the highest in N22, and could be regaded as one of the factors, which caused chages in susceptibility of S. furicfera to insecticide after feeding different rice varieties. It was recommended that suitable insecticides and planthopper resistant varieties should be coordinately used in practice 90 that they contribute more effects respectively.     

三种稻飞虱成虫体内酵母类共生菌的形态差异

试验采用冷冻切片技术结合显微摄像系统观察法研究了酵母类共生菌在3种稻飞虱成虫体内的存在状态、形态特性以及种类和组成.光学显微镜观察证实,3种稻飞虱成虫的头部和胸部均未观察到共生菌,在其腹部脂肪体中有大量酵母类共生菌,且以出芽进行无性繁殖,并伴有菌胞的出现.3种稻飞虱成虫体内共生菌的形态和组成明显不同.其中,褐飞虱体内的共生菌个体较大,以梭形、杆状和卵形为主,分别占共生菌总数的30.7%、53.5%和15.1%;灰飞虱和白背飞虱体内的共生菌个体较小,以卵形为主,分别占共生菌总数的93.4%和94.7%.此外,褐飞虱成虫体内的各类共生菌都显著大于灰飞虱和白背飞虱成虫体内的同种类型个体,且灰飞虱和白背飞虱体内的同种共生菌个体大小之间也存在一定差异.     

水稻品种“740098”抗褐飞虱的机制

“740098”是我国74年从国际水稻研究所引进的品系之一(原名:IR2061—464—2—4—5),在湖南省作晚稻栽培,丰产性较好。特别是在大田种植中,当邻近丘的其他品种遭到褐飞虱的严重为害,甚至全部死秆倒伏时,“740098”却保持不受害。在整个晚稻生长期,它完全不需要防治褐飞虱。所以,这个品种在湖南农村深受欢迎,推广面积逐年增大。为了明确“740098”抗褐飞虱的机制,我们在1977-1978年进行了初步研究。     

COMPARISON OF INTRASPECIFIC COMPETITION BETWEEN ERUPTIVE AND LATENT AUCHENORRHYCHA (HOMOPTERA) SPECIES ON RICE: SOGATELLA FURCIFERA (DELPHACIDAE) VERSUS RECILIA DORSALIS (DELTOCEPHALIDAE)*

Abstract A comparison of the effects of intraspecific competition between the white‐backed planthopper (WBPH) Sogatella furcifera (Horvath) and the zigzag leaihopper (ZLH) Recilia dorsalis (Motschulsky), as representatives of eruptive and latent Auchenorrhycha (Homoptera) species on rice, was carried out in the laboratory. Crowding during the nymphal stage extended the duration of development of WBPH but not of ZLH. The nymphal survival rate of WBPH, sex ratio, preoviposition period and fecundity of both species were however not affected. The brachypterous percentage of WBPH and nymphal survival of ZLH were significantly reduced under high nymphal density. Crowding during the adult stage reduced fecundity and longevity significantly of both species. Fecundity and longevity were further reduced when combined with high densities during the nymphal stage. Age‐specific life table analysis showed that the integrated effect of crowding on ZLH is stronger than on WBPH. The mechanism of eruptive and latent species' response to crowding during nymph and adult stages is not clearly expressed as a significant difference in fecundity. It is better described as the variation in the intrinsic rate of increase (r_m). Therefore the construction of an age‐specific life table is helpful, and perhaps necessary, to understand these effects. The results showed that the main ecological characteristics of ZLH, as a latent species were its longer immature period, lower total fecundity and decreased and retailed rate of oviposition, hence the lower r_m, as compared with WBPH.