施肥对玉米田大型土壤动物群落的影响

采用手捡法对玉米田秸秆回填及施肥处理条件下大型土壤动物群落组成及多样性进行研究。结果表明,玉米田内土壤动物数量与施肥情况有关。不同施肥处理玉米田内土壤动物个体总数从多到少依次为：NPK正常施肥秸杆不回田处理〉不施肥处理;全部秸杆回田处理〉CK对照处理（秸杆不回田、不施肥）。土壤动物类群数依次为：NPK正常施肥秸杆不回田处理=不施肥处理（全部秸杆回田）〉CK对照处理（秸杆不回田,不施肥）。生物多样性指数分析表明,不同处理之间生物多样性无明显差异,但在玉米生长不同时期内,生物多样性有明显差异。     

氮肥减施与配施有机肥对冬小麦土壤线虫群落结构的影响

土壤线虫是指示土壤健康的典型生物之一,为了揭示氮肥减施对土壤健康的影响,以冬小麦土壤为对象,研究了氮肥减施和配施有机肥对拔节期冬小麦土壤线虫群落结构的影响.共设置了6个施肥处理:CF(315 kgN ·hm-2,常规施肥量)、N240 (240 kg N·hm-2)、N210(210 kg N·hm-2)、N180(1...     

应用PLFA方法分析长期不同施肥处理对玉米地土壤微生物群落结构的影响

土壤微生物群落被认为是土壤生态系统变化的预警及敏感指标,指示土壤质量变化,决定着土壤的生态功能.为了探讨长期施肥处理(1987～2004年)对土壤微生物群落结构的影响,采用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)法测定了沈阳农业大学棕壤长期定位试验站玉米地不同施肥土壤微生物生物量的活性部分及群落结构的变化情况.结论:长期施肥处理都能提高土壤微生物总生物量、细菌生物量及真菌生物量,特别是有机肥和有机无机肥配施在整个生育期对微生物总生物量的增加作用比较明显.真菌的生长与季节变化和玉米生育的关系较为密切,各施肥处理土壤真菌含量在抽雄期都明显降低.长期不同施肥处理可以改变土壤微生物群落结构,单施氮肥处理土壤微生物群落结构与长期不施肥处理较为相似,没有明显的优势种群.施用有机肥和有机无机配施的土壤微生物群落均以含a15:0, i15:0, cy17:0, i16:0, 16:1w7t,10Me18:0和15:0的微生物为优势种群.土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾是微生物生长和活性的主要能源和营养因子.     

Cd对土壤动物群落结构的影响

Cd污染对土壤动物影响的模拟实验结果表明,土壤动物群落结构的变化与Cd处理浓度的大小密切相关．在高浓度(99．48mg     

Effect of coupled reduced irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on soil mite community composition in a wheat field

Groundwater and nitrogen fertilizer overuse severely threatens crop productions; thus, current ecological agriculture requires low irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer inputs. The effects of combined reduced irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer addition on soil organism (e.g., mite) community and biodiversity remain poorly understood. We analyzed soil mite community composition, wheat grain yield, and soil characteristics in a 10‐year manipulation experiment with two levels of irrigation (reduced and conventional irrigation) and five nitrogen fertilizer levels (0, 70, 140, 210, and 280 kg N/ha). Reduced irrigation (20% reduction, from 280 to 220 mm) and nitrogen fertilizer (25% reduction, from 280 to 210 kg N/ha) addition did not significantly influence soil mite community and wheat yield. The relative abundances of fungivores and predators showed negative quadratic relationships with wheat yield, while that of plant parasites showed a positive relationship. The relationships between soil mite trophic groups and wheat yield revealed that we can evaluate the impacts of reduced irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer addition from the perspective of soil fauna. Soil mite community composition was altered by soil abiotic factors prior to reduced irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer addition. Overall, moderate reductions of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer may not threaten to soil mite community and diversity or decrease crop production; in contrast, such reductions will benefit mite community development and the sustainable agriculture.     

Effect of N fertilizer rate and soil pH on N efficiency in corn

Nitrogen (N) efficiency components and N accumulation parameters were determined for seven commercially available corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids grown on a Cecil sandy loam soil (Typic Hapludult) in the Southeasten U.S. The hybrids were grown in field plots at three soil pH levels (4.8, 5.5, and 6.6) and four N fertilizer rates (0.4, 1.8, 3.2, and 6.0, g plant⁻¹). Nitrogen uilitzation efficiency (grain yield/total N uptake) was significantly different among hybrids in both 1983 and 1984. Differences in N use efficiency (grain yield/N supply) and N uptake efficiency (total N uptake/N supply) ranged from 100.4 to 114.6 and from 1.62 to 1.90, respectively, in 1984. Nitrogen fertilizer rate significantly affected all measured N accumulation and efficiency parameters except N uptake after silking in 1983. The results indicate that improving N uptake or soil N availability might increase grain yields for hybrids with higher N utilization efficiency.     

不同施肥方式对酸性茶园土壤真菌群落的影响

为揭示不同施肥方式对茶园土壤真菌群落结构的影响,依托定位施肥试验,采集对照(CK)、纯化肥(N300)、有机肥配施(OM30) 3个处理的0—10 cm和10—20 cm两层土壤,通过高通量测序技术,分析不同施肥处理下,茶园土壤真菌群落结构特征及其与土壤理化性质的关系。结果表明0—10 cm土层中真菌Alpha多样性显著高于10—20 cm土层(P0.05);在同一土层中,Alpha多样性变化趋势为CK N300 OM30。子囊菌门、担子菌门、接合菌门是试验茶园土壤中三大优势真菌门类,Sordariomycetes纲,Tremellomycetes纲和Mortierellomycotina纲分别是子囊菌门、担子菌门和接合菌门下的优势种群。子囊菌门和担子菌门在0—10 cm土层中相对丰度较高,而接合菌门则在10—20 cm土层中具有较高丰度(P0.05)。施肥处理提高了土壤中接合菌门的相对丰度,降低了子囊菌门的相对丰度。不同深度土壤中真菌群落结构差异主要受土壤理化性质变化驱动,冗余分析和Monte Carlo置换检验结果显示,土壤有机碳、全氮、碳氮比、全钾、速效钾含量对土壤真菌群落结构影响显著(P0.05),而试验茶园土壤的pH变化对同一土层中真菌群落结构的影响并不显著(P0.05)。     

吉林黑土区不同施肥处理对农田土壤昆虫的影响

为研究不同施肥处理与农田土壤昆虫群落之间的关系,对吉林黑土区不同施肥处理对农田土壤昆虫群落的影响进行了研究.在12个处理小区内,即（1）撂荒（不施肥、不耕作、不种植,ABAND）、（2）对照（种植、不施肥,CK）、（3）施氮肥（N）、（4）施氮磷肥（NP）、（5）施氮钾肥（NK）、（6）施磷钾肥（PK）、（7）施氮磷钾化肥（NPK）、（8）施氮磷钾化肥＋有机肥处理（有机N 和化肥N 的比例为2：1）（M1NPK）、（9）增加50 %用量化肥配施有机肥（1.5 MNPK）、（10）化肥配施秸秆（SNPK）、（11）玉米、大豆2：1轮作,施肥量同处理8（Rot）、（12）施氮磷钾化肥＋有机肥处理（有机N 和化肥N 的比例为1：1）（M2NPK）,共采集144个定点土壤样品.通过手捡法和改良干漏斗法（Modified Tullgren ）共获得土壤昆虫9922只（未知标本187只）,隶属9目48科.调查结果显示,12种施肥小区内,大型土壤昆虫个体数和类群数依次是：ABAND＞NP＞N＞1.5MNPK＞Rot.＞PK＞NK＞NPK＞M2NPK＞CK＞M1NPK＞SNPK,N＞NK＞ABAND=1.5MNPK＞NP=NPK＞PK＞CK=Rot.＞M2NPK=M1NPK＞SNPK;中小型土壤昆虫数依次是ABAND＞1.5MNPK＞PK＞M2NPK＞CK＞Rot.＞NPK＞SNPK＞NK＞NP＞N＞M1NPK,Rot.＞NPK＞ABAND=NP=1.5MNPK=PK=NK=M2NPK=CK=M1NPK=SNPK＞N.大型土壤昆虫个体数和类群数撂荒中分布最多,中小型土壤昆虫则分别在撂荒和轮作中分布最多.多样性分析表明,1.5MNPK处理中大型农田土壤昆虫组成最丰富,M1NPK处理中小型农田土壤昆虫组成最丰富;CK处理与其他11处理之间群落相似程度最小,Rot.与其他处理之间的群落相似程度较大.Kruskal- Wallis检验法分析表明,施肥对农田土壤昆虫分布影响极显著（X0.05（11）=10.25,p〈0.05）,反映出不同施肥对土壤生态系统内部环境,进而对土壤动物群落产生的影响.多元统计分析表明,轮作对土壤昆虫优势类群具有负向作用,而M2NPK则具正向作用.各种施肥对农田土壤昆虫影响不平衡,其中对农田土壤昆虫个体数影响最大,对中小型土壤昆虫均匀性影响最小.     

我国土壤动物群落生态学研究综述

总结了我国土壤动物群落生态学研究的特点,即区域分布集中于中国东部、研究的生态系统类型广泛、研究角度多种多样与应用研究发展迅速。并从土壤动物群落与环境关系、土壤动物群落的组成和多样性、土壤动物群落结构、土壤动物群落功能、土壤动物群落演替与受干扰生态系统的土壤动物群落6个方面综述其最新研究成果。在此基础上指出我国土壤动物群落生态学中有待开拓的研究领域是基础研究、特色区域和生态系统的研究、土地覆盖/土地利用对土壤动物的影响研究、土壤动物多样性及其保护研究、土壤动物在土壤生态系统和陆地生态系统物质循环和能量流动中的作用研究、全球变化响应研究与土壤动物应用研究。     

有机肥连续施用对菜田重金属行为的影响——基于地球化学模型研究

2017年起,农业部连续多年出台化肥减量增效行动工作方案,要求适当增加有机肥投入,发展循环农业。但连续施用的有机肥进入土壤后,会对土壤pH、有机质和重金属含量等产生影响,改变土壤重金属行为。科学评估有机肥料施用的影响至关重要。仅通过总含量评估重金属污染风险被认为是片面的,不同化学提取剂提取的重金属含量不能完全代表实际污染状况。地球化学模型具有良好的适用性,比传统的提取方法能够更全面地解释重金属的行为。在集约化农业种植区黄淮海平原,多次施用不同比例的粪源有机肥于旱地菜田,并引入地球化学模型,结合pH依赖性浸出试验,明确连续施肥对菜田土壤重金属行为的主要影响机制。研究发现,有机肥中的铜锌含量远高于土壤中的含量,施用后,它们在土壤中的淋溶浓度随着施用比例增加而显著增加,最多可超过十倍以上,并且活性大大增加,与施肥后溶解性有机物含量的升高呈正相关。不同处理条件下的土壤重金属浸出趋势相似：在中性pH下浸出浓度最低,然后逐渐向强酸和强碱增加,呈现出V型变化。地球化学模型LeachXS展示出较好的模拟结果,其模拟值与实测浓度具有良好的相关性(71.02%)。模拟结果显示,有机肥的施用不会明显改变重金...     

绿肥配施氮肥对岩溶区稻田土壤微生物群落的影响

绿肥参与耕作改制是土壤培肥及作物增产的有效措施,对土壤微生物群落结构及多样性的影响至关重要。【目的】研究绿肥配施氮肥对岩溶区稻田土壤微生物群落结构的影响,阐明微生物、土壤生态环境因子及作物产量的相互关系,为岩溶稻区绿肥替代氮肥提供理论依据和数据支撑。【方法】以典型岩溶稻田土壤为研究对象,设置冬闲+不施氮肥(CK)、冬闲+氮肥(N)、绿肥+不施氮肥(M)、绿肥+氮肥(MN) 4个处理,通过3年田间定位试验,对土壤微生物进行高通量测序,解析不同施肥处理对细菌和真菌群落的影响。【结果】与CK相比,MN处理显著提高了早稻产量,提升了土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮和速效钾含量,降低了速效磷含量。MN处理显著提高细菌群落丰富度及多样性,而真菌群落丰富度和多样性在MN处理有降低趋势。岩溶稻田土壤优势细菌类群主要为Chloroflexi、Proteobacteria和Acidobacteria等,优势真菌类群主要为Ascomycota、Basidiomycota和Zygomycota等。冗余分析(RDA)结果表明,土壤速效钾是影响土壤细菌群落组成的关键环境因子。共现网络分析结果表明,细菌-真菌群落交互关系主...     

长期施用有机无机肥对潮土微生物群落的影响

微生物群落结构是土壤生态系统变化的预警及敏感指标,可用于表征土壤质量及其生态功能变化。本文用磷脂脂肪酸法研究了有机肥和NPK肥料长期施用对华北平原潮土微生物群落结构的影响及其变化特征。结果表明：长期施用有机和无机肥不仅提高了土壤有机碳、全氮、速效磷和速效钾等含量,改善了土壤酸碱度,而且显著增加了土壤微生物生物量,其中以有机肥的效果最为明显,增幅达到15.4%。长期施用肥料有机肥也改变了土壤微生物的群落结构,提高了细菌数量,降低了放线菌含量,而对真菌数量没有明显影响,导致真菌与细菌的比值下降。主成分分析表明,长期施用有机肥的土壤,细菌以含a19:0、br14:0、16:1w5c和17:1w9而真菌以含18:1w10c的微生物为优势种群,NPK处理土壤中细菌以含18:1w7、i19:0、br18:0、16:1w7t和a15:0的微生物为优势种群,CK处理中没有明显的优势种群。     

Effect of soil aggregate size on methanogenesis and archaeal community structure in anoxic rice field soil

In anoxically incubated slurries of Italian rice field soil, CH(4) production is initiated after a lag phase during which ferric iron and sulfate are reduced. The production of CH(4) was affected by the size of soil aggregates used for the preparation of the soil slurry. Rates of CH(4) production were lowest with small aggregates (<50 and 50-100 μm), were highest with aggregates of 200-2000 μm size and were intermediate with aggregates of 2000-15000 μm size. The different amounts of CH(4) accumulated were positively correlated to the concentrations of acetate, propionate and caproate that transiently accumulated in the slurries prepared from different aggregate sizes and also to the organic carbon content. The addition of organic debris that was collected from large-size aggregates to the aggregate size fractions <200 and <50 μm resulted in an increase of CH(4) production to amounts that were comparable to those measured in unamended aggregates of 200-2000 μm size, indicating that CH(4) production in the different aggregate size fractions was limited by substrate. The distribution of archaeal small-subunit rRNA genes in the different soil aggregate fractions was analyzed by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism which allowed seven different archaeal ribotypes to be distinguished. Ribotype-182 (consisting of members of the Methanosarcinaceae and rice cluster VI), ribotype-389 (rice cluster I and II) and ribotype-820 (undigested DNA, rice cluster IV and members of the Methanosarcinaceae) accounted for >20, >30 and >10% of the total, respectively. The other ribotypes accounted for <10% of the total. The relative quantity of the individual ribotypes changed only slightly with incubation time and was almost the same among the different soil aggregate fractions. Ribotype-389, for example, slightly decreased with time, whereas ribotype-182 slightly increased. At the end of incubation, the relative quantity of ribotype-182 seemed to be slightly higher in soil fractions with larger than with smaller aggregates, whereas it was the opposite with ribotype-80 (Methanomicrobiaceae) and ribotype-88 (Methanobacteriaceae). Ribotype-280 (Methanosaetaceae and rice cluster V), ribotype-375 (rice cluster III), ribotype-389 and ribotype-820, on the other hand, were not much different among the different soil aggregate size fractions. However, the differences were not significant relative to the errors encountered during the extraction of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplifiable DNA from soil. In conclusion, soil aggregate size and incubation time showed a strong effect on the function but only a small effect on the structure of the methanogenic microbial community.     

炭基肥对植烟黄壤细菌、真菌群落结构和多样性的影响

【目的】探究施用炭基肥对植烟黄壤质量影响的微生物学机制,为应用炭基肥培育植烟黄壤肥力提供科学依据。【方法】2016年,以烤烟品种云烟87和贵州黄壤为供试材料,通过大田试验,设置不施肥(NF)、常规肥(CF,条施有机肥和烤烟专用基肥,穴施烤烟专用追肥)和炭基肥(BF,条施炭基有机肥和炭基复混肥,穴施烤烟专用追肥) 3个处理,2年后采集样品,采用Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术,剖析土壤细菌、真菌群落结构和多样性的响应差异,揭示影响微生物的主要土壤因子。【结果】与NF处理和CF处理比较,BF处理烤烟产量提高,土壤碱解氮和有效磷含量显著提高。BF处理土壤细菌OTUs数量最大(1592),显著大于其余两处理;土壤细菌丰富度和多样性指数最高。BF处理土壤真菌OTUs数量最小(280);土壤真菌丰富度和多样性指数最低。BF处理土壤细菌群落物种最多样,属于25个门,CF处理属于23个门,NF处理仅属于22个门。细菌门水平,BF处理拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)相对丰度(1.50%)提高,Latescibacteria相对丰度(0.11%)降低;与NF处理比较,拟杆菌门、Latesc...     

Effect of temperature on composition of the methanotrophic community in rice field and forest soil

Temperature change affects methane consumption in soil. However, there is no information on possible temperature control of methanotrophic bacterial populations. Therefore, we studied CH(4) consumption and populations of methanotrophs in an upland forest soil and a rice field soil incubated at different temperatures between 5 and 45 degrees C for up to 40 days. Potential methane consumption was measured at 4% CH(4). The temporal progress of CH(4) consumption indicated growth of methanotrophs. Both soils showed maximum CH(4) consumption at 25-35 degrees C, but no activity at >40 degrees C. In forest soil CH(4) was also consumed at 5 degrees C, but in rice soil only at 15 degrees C. Methanotroph populations were assessed by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) targeting particulate methane monooxygenase (pmoA) genes. Eight T-RFs with relative abundance >1% were retrieved from both forest and rice soil. The individual T-RFs were tentatively assigned to different methanotrophic populations (e.g. Methylococcus/Methylocaldum, Methylomicrobium, Methylobacter, Methylocystis/Methylosinus) according to published sequence data. Two T-RFs were assigned to ammonium monooxygenase (amoA) gene sequences. Statistical tests showed that temperature affected the relative abundance of most T-RFs. Furthermore, the relative abundance of individual T-RFs differed between the two soils, and also exhibited different temperature dependence. We conclude that temperature can be an important factor regulating the community composition of methanotrophs in soil.     

Influence of fertilizer on southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella, infestation and damage to field corn

Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizers have differing effects on southwestern corn borer (SWCB). Diatraea grandiosella Dyar, densities and damage to field corn, Zea mays L. Nitrogen fertilization of corn is associated with an increase in number of stalks infested and girdled by corn borers, while addition of P has the opposite effect. When combinations of N and P were applied, there were no significant differences in SWCB infestation or damage from plots receiving no fertilizer. The effect of combinations of N and P on SWCB were intermediate to either element alone.

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Résumé Nous avons étudié les corrélations entre l'utilisation d'engrais azotés et phosphatés d'une part, l'infestation et l'alimentation de D. grandiosella sur maïs en champs d'autre part. Les formules d'engrais comparées étaient: pas d'engrais, 90 et 179 kg N/ha sans P, 45 et 90 kg P/ha sans N, et les combinaisons de ces deux teneurs en N et P.La contamination était plus élevée dans les lots ayant reçu de l'azote que dans ceux traités sans N, mais la présence d'azote n'a pas réduit le décapage des tiges et la verse dus à l'alimentatin larvaire. A l'inverse, les lots n'ayant reçu que du phosphore avaient des pourcentages plus faibles de tiges contaminées par D. grandiosella et ainsi décapées et versées, que ceux qui n'avaient pas reçu P. Il n'a pas eu de différences significatives dans les contaminations ou les dégats entre les lots ayant reçu différentes combinaisons de N et P, et les effets de ces combinaisons sur l'insecte étaient intermédiaires à ceux de N et P seuls.

     

饲料油菜压青还田对后作小麦土壤真菌群落的影响

[目的]从真菌群落角度揭示麦后复种饲料油菜作绿肥对土壤的培肥效果.[方法]以常规冬小麦-夏玉米一年两作为对照(CK),采用Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术,探讨麦后复种饲料油菜不同播量(S:小播量;M:中播量;L:大播量)与还田时期(D1:9月10日;D2:9月20日;D3:9月30日)下土壤真菌丰度和群落结...     

秸秆还田和秋施肥对旱地玉米生长发育及水肥效应的影响

在我国北方半湿润偏旱区的晋东豫西(寿阳)旱农试验区,持续10年进行了多种方式秸秆还田与秋季深施肥配合定位试验。探讨秸秆还田秋施肥对旱地玉米生长发育、产量、土壤水肥高效利用和土壤肥力变化的影响。结果表明,秸秆还田秋施肥较好地解决了深施肥与春季保墒捉全苗的矛盾,以及秸秆腐解与幼苗争夺水分养分而影响玉米幼苗生长的矛盾,秸秆资源丰富的区域优势得以充分利用,土壤微生物活动更为活跃,土壤水肥状况得到明显改善。表现为玉米苗全苗壮,根系发达,植株叶片光合速率、蒸腾速率提高,水分利用效率年平均提高了3．26～4．51kg·hm^-2·mm^-1,生育期耗水量累计减少8．1～264．5mm,氮、磷肥利用率分别提高了3．9％～13．9％和3．0％～9．1％,水肥资源得到了高效利用,10年累计增加12．10～17．27t·hm^-2玉米籽粒,增产幅度达25．6％～36．5％。玉米产量年际间波动减小,同时维持了较高的土壤肥力和生产力。     

Effect of slow-release urea on soil nematode community structure in a Chinese soybean field

The effect of slow-release urea on soil nematode community structure was investigated in a soybean field in northeast China. Three treatments, no urea (CK), conventional urea (U) and slow-release urea (SRU), were arranged in a completely random design. The results show that the abundance of total nematodes was significantly higher in SRU than in CK and U. Significant differences in the abundance of bacterivores with colonizer-persister (cp) values 2–3, fungivores with cp 2 and herbivores with cp 3 were found among different treatments. Forty-one genera were identified, of which Acrobeloides, Aphelenchus and Heterodera were dominant. Soil nematode guilds and genera exhibited different responses to slow-release urea. The most trophic groups and genera had greater abundances in SRU than in CK and U. Slow-release urea had a positive effect on soil nematode community structure.