马桑菌株的生物学特性

对从湖北、四川、云南等地采集的尼泊尔马桑(Coriaria nepalensis Wall.)根瘤中分离的20株内生菌纯培养物所进行的研究表明,其形态均具有弗兰克氏菌属的特征。在粗细不一的分枝菌丝体上有泡囊和孢囊,有的还有串珠状结构的菌丝体。不同菌株在液体培养基上生长速度很不一致;菌丝体多呈絮状或颗粒状沉淀,个别还呈薄膜状沉淀;绝大多数菌株的菌丝体具有不同色调的色素;在S培养基中大多数都能产生可溶性色素。上述这些培养特征常因培养基成分和培养方式的不同而有差异。大多数菌株的胞壁组分属Ⅱ型,少数菌株为Ⅲ型;全细胞糖型变化很大,20个菌株可划分为6个糖型,而且绝大多数糖型与已知弗兰克氏菌有所不同。此外,有65％的菌株还具有明显的抗菌活性。     

松口蘑菌丝体的分离和RAPD-PCR分析

针对松口蘑 [Tricholomamatsutake(S .ItoetImai)Sing .]菌丝体分离培养困难和各种相关分离物目前难以用出菇试验鉴定的现实 ,采用 8种培养基配方 ,对 9个不同来源的松口蘑子实体的不同部位及菌根、菌土进行组织分离 ,计接种试管 81 0多支 ,结果从菌褶部位获得 94支慢生型的菌丝体分离菌株 ,从菌柄部位仅获得 1支快生型的菌丝体分离菌株。以马铃薯葡萄糖土壤滤液培养基 (PDAS)、马铃薯葡萄糖麦麸滤液培养基 (PDAW )、BM培养基、马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基 (PDA)对菌褶进行组织分离 ,获慢生型菌丝体的成功率依次为 74.4%、35.5%、156%和 8.9%。以各分离菌株的来源松口蘑子实体和中日两国松口蘑研究者提供的分离菌株作为DNA参照样品 ,对从供试子实体、菌根、菌土进行组织分离获得的各种相关纯培养物进行亲菌鉴定。采用筛选的 1 7个随机引物介导 2 5个供试松口蘑子实体及其分离菌体的RAPD(RandomAmplifiedPolymorphicDNA) PCR反应 ,全部获得了清晰而稳定的DNA指纹图谱 ,结果一致表明 :每个松口蘑子实体的菌盖 (含菌褶…     

广西葛根内生细菌的分离鉴定及其促生特性

【背景】植物内生菌长期与宿主共生,对宿主生长发育产生影响。葛根作为重要的药食两用作物,葛根内生菌的研究具有重要实践意义。【目的】对广西葛根根部内生细菌进行分离、鉴定及促植物生长特性分析,旨在了解该药食同源植物内生细菌种群结构及其促生特性,为分析内生菌群体在药食同源植物产量和品质形成的作用及其内生细菌资源的开发利用提供参考。【方法】采用6种不同的培养基从广西葛根的根瘤、根系和根愈伤组织分离内生细菌,16S rRNA基因测序和系统发育分析内生细菌的分布特征和遗传多样性,采用生理生化方法测定分离菌株的固氮活性、溶磷特性、产生嗜铁素、分泌吲哚乙酸(indole-3-aceticacid,IAA)等促生特性。【结果】从葛根根瘤、根系和根部愈伤组织中共分离得到223个菌株,16S rRNA基因测序鉴定这些菌株隶属于2门4纲10科19属,其中芽孢杆菌属、假单胞菌属、土壤杆菌属、肠杆菌属为葛根优势菌群;内生细菌数量和群落组成存在明显的组织特异性,其数量表现为根瘤>根系>根愈伤组织,但其种群多样性表现为根愈伤组织>根系>根瘤。不同培养基分离出的细菌种群丰富度有差异。从供试菌株中筛...     

须癣毛癣菌的形态学及分子生物学鉴定

目的对临床上分离自人(36株)及狐狸(5株)的须癣毛癣菌菌株进行新的分类系统鉴定,并检测传统的分类方法是否能满足临床鉴定需要。方法①观察原鉴定为须癣毛癣菌菌株在沙氏培养基、1%蛋白胨培养基、溴甲酚紫乳固体葡萄糖琼脂培养基(BCP-MSG)和显微镜下形态学及尿素酶、毛发穿孔等生理学试验表现。②通过ITS区段和LSU区段分子生物学序列分析进行新的分类系统的菌种分型,并对传统形态学和生理学鉴定方法进行检测。结果①41株须癣毛癣菌形态学及生理学试验符合须癣毛癣菌(38株)和红色毛癣菌(3株)菌落的特点。②ITS区段序列分析发现ITS区段能将须癣毛癣菌和红色毛癣菌准确的鉴定到种,但无法明确其种内分型;而LSU区段序列分析可对36株(36/38)须癣毛癣菌有性型做出明确的鉴定。结论传统实验室鉴定方法仍具有其有效性及可靠性。通过分子生物学鉴定,临床分离的须癣毛癣菌皆为指(趾)间毛癣菌(38/38),而LSU区段的序列分析鉴定狐狸源性菌株皆属于本海姆节皮菌,有别于大多数人源性菌株有性型为万博节皮菌,对于须癣毛癣菌的菌种鉴定更优于ITS区段,但分子生物学试验还需结合形态学的观察,才能够对菌种做出正确的鉴定。     

达乌里胡枝子产铁载体根瘤内生细菌的鉴定及其促生抗逆效应

【背景】根瘤是植物-微生物共生的特殊结构,蕴含丰富的微生物资源。产铁载体根瘤内生细菌对促进结瘤固氮具有重要作用,但目前关于其是否对植物具有促生作用尚不明确。【目的】筛选鉴定达乌里胡枝子(Lespedeza daurica)根瘤产铁载体内生细菌,明确其促生作用,为丰富植物促生菌资源提供新的途径。【方法】利用铬天青(chrome azurol S, CAS)培养基初筛产铁载体根瘤内生细菌,对目的菌株进行鉴定;通过液体发酵试验确定其产铁载体能力;利用促生功能培养基测定其他促生特性;利用不同盐浓度(0.01%-9.00%)、不同pH值(3.0-12.0)的酵母甘露醇(yeast mannitol,YMA)液体培养基和不同培养温度(4-60℃)确定其抗逆特性;通过盆栽试验初步验证其对植物的促生作用。【结果】48株根瘤内生细菌可产铁载体,其中9株为高产铁载体细菌,分别为TG4、TG9、TG13、TG15、TG28、TG32、TG38、TG76和TG78,铁载体相对表达量为26%-93%;经鉴定,除了TG28为巨大普里斯特氏菌(Priestiamegaterium),其余8株菌均为耐寒短杆菌(Bre...     

弗兰克氏菌属的分类

弗兰克氏(Frankia)菌属是一种能在某些灌木或乔木的根上形成固氮根瘤的放线菌。1978年,该菌的体外培养获得成功(Callaham等,1978)。虽然菌株的生长慢,但都能在较简单的培养基上生长,属好气和微好气菌,本文从形态学、化学、生理学和血清学的性质对弗兰克氏菌属的分类进行简要论述。 形态学 在宿主植物根瘤和人造培养基中,弗兰克氏菌能显示出相同的形态特征,即,1)长     

胡颓子属三株根瘤内生菌培养条件的比较研究

从胡颓子属植物翅果油树、沙枣和牛奶子的根瘤中,分离获得Frankia sp. Eml108、EaI827和EuI620三株内生菌。对它们的培养条件作了比较研究。结果表明,三株菌对培养基的pH和培养温度的要求基本相似。EmI108和EuI620菌株的最适宜培养基为Qmod/Tween80,而EaI827菌株则为Qmod培养基。在以NH+4作氮源的基础培养基中,EmI108和EuI620菌株生长最适宜的碳源为Tween80,而EaI827菌株则为琥珀酸。EaI827和EuI620菌株能较好地利用无机氮源NH4Cl,但是对于三株菌来说,最适宜的还是有机氮源聚胨和酪蛋白水解物。     

弗兰克氏菌的G+C含量和DNA杂交

对一些弗兰克氏菌的遗传和生理特性进行了研究。结果表明,7株菌可以分为3个基因群。从木麻黄(Caswarina equisetifolia)分离的菌株可以划为一个基因群(与菌株S-103的DNA同源性在74％以上),这是国外尚未报道的新基因群。其他两株弗兰克氏菌菌株Ar14(从赤杨根瘤分离)和Ptll(从Purshia根瘤分离)分别形成另外两个基因群,这与An的报道一致。7株弗兰克氏菌DNA的G+C mol％在69-73。S-103基因群菌株不利用糖类,仅利用简单的有机酸盐。而菌株ArI4和Ptll则利用一些糖和有机酸盐作为碳源。     

硫酸盐还原菌的分离筛选及鉴定

为了更好地利用硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)处理含重金属酸性废水,分离和筛选适宜的SRB菌株是需解决的首要问题。本研究从77个环境样品中分离纯化得到9株SRB菌株,其中5株菌通过16S rDNA序列的测序、比对,构建系统发育树,并结合形态学及生理生化特性进行分析,结果表明,5株菌都为脱硫弧菌属(Desulfovibrio)菌株,通过与Gen Bank中登录菌株比对,菌株SRB-6和SRB-8鉴定为脱硫脱硫弧菌,菌株SRB-4、SRB-12和SRB-15鉴定为Desulfovibrio oxamicus。对5株硫酸盐还原菌进行了还原硫酸盐的研究,菌株SRB-12还原能力最强,经60 h培养,可还原培养基中88.83%的硫酸盐。     

放射污染区古菌分离及多样性分析

【目的】研究放射污染区古菌多样性。【方法】放射污染区采集土样,采用甘油-精氨酸培养基(GJ)、甘油-天冬氨酸培养基(C1)、海藻糖-肌酸培养基(B7)、甘露醇-丙氨酸培养基(Z5)、干酪素-甘露醇培养基(CMKA)、壳聚糖-天冬酰胺培养基(F6)、甘露醇-酸水解酪蛋白培养基(GW1)、CM培养基、HP培养基和KC培养基10种分离培养基,采用梯度稀释法对古菌进行分离,将分离获得的菌株经形态特征,16S rRNA基因片段扩增及限制性内切酶酶切,选取酶切图谱中存在差异性的条带进行测序,最终通过序列比对,聚类分析,获得不同种类的古菌资源。【结果】从该土样中共获得了256株古菌,最终筛选出71株不同类型的古菌,这71株古菌均属于广古菌门,盐杆菌纲,盐杆菌目,盐杆菌科,分布于盐陆生菌属(Haloterrigena)、纳白菌属(Natrialba)、盐球菌属(Halococcus)、盐红菌属(Halorubrum)、盐长寿菌属(Halovivax)、纳线菌属(Natrinema)、盐碱球菌属(Natronococcus)、盐二型菌属(Halobiforma)、盐惰菌属(Halopiger)、盐池栖菌属(Halostagnicola)、富盐菌属(Haloferax)11个属,26个种,其中31株菌的16S rRNA基因序列与已有效发表菌株的序列相似性小于98%,Haloterrigena为该土样的优势菌属。对于分离效果较好的F6培养基采用了梯度营养成分的稀释,最终获得了19株古菌,这些菌株相互之间存在一定的差异性。【结论】本次分离获得了大量的古菌,表明放射污染区存在着较为丰富的古菌资源,其中蕴藏着多种新的物种类型,具有较大的研究价值。     

半知菌曲霉族真菌胞外多糖的研究I．青霉菌胞外多糖的分离筛选

从分离自云南滇东南地区土壤中的 77株丝状真菌中筛选得到 1株产胞外多糖菌株 ,编号为 31794。经对其形态学观察 ,最佳发酵条件的研究 ,以及所产胞外多糖组分的TLC和红外光谱分析 ,结果表明 ,该菌属半知菌类丛梗孢科曲霉族青霉属 (Penicilliumsp .)。经摇瓶发酵 ,该菌每升发酵液产胞外多糖得率为 12 .333g/L(干重 ) ,其胞外多糖组成分别为甘露糖 (Mannose)、葡萄糖 (Glucose)和半乳糖 (Galactose)。     

一株新型产淀粉酶中度嗜热菌的分离鉴定及酶学性质研究

用稀释分离法从广西象州温泉筛选分离到一株可水解淀粉的中度嗜热细菌GXS1,该茵株革兰氏染色为阳性,端生芽孢,细胞呈杆状,最适生长温度为60℃～65℃,最适生长pH为6.0～7.0.结合生理生化特征和16S rDNA序列分析,初步鉴定该茵株为Geobacillus sp.GXS1.对该茵所产高温淀粉酶的性质研究表明:酶的...     

Biochemical characterization of psychrophilic Mn-superoxide dismutase from newly isolated Exiguobacterium sp. OS-77

Many types of superoxide dismutases have been purified and characterized from various bacteria, however, a psychrophilic Mn-superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) has not yet been reported. Here, we describe the purification and the biochemical characterization of the psychrophilic MnSOD from Exiguobacterium sp. strain OS-77 (EgMnSOD). According to 16S rRNA sequence analysis, a newly isolated bacterium strain OS-77 belongs to the genus Exiguobacterium. The optimum growth temperature of the strain OS-77 is 20 °C. The EgMnSOD is a homodimer of 23.5 kDa polypeptides determined by SDS-PAGE and gel filtration analysis. UV-Vis spectrum and ICP-MS analysis clearly indicated that the homogeneously purified enzyme contains only a Mn ion as a metal cofactor. The optimal reaction pH and temperature of the enzyme were pH 9.0 and 5 °C, respectively. Notably, the purified EgMnSOD was thermostable up to 45 °C and retained 50 % activity after 21.2 min at 60 °C. The differential scanning calorimetry also indicated that the EgMnSOD is thermostable, exhibiting two protein denaturation peaks at 65 and 84 °C. The statistical analysis of amino acid sequence and composition of the EgMnSOD suggests that the enzyme retains psychrophilic characteristics.     

Medium optimization for the production of recombinant nattokinase by Bacillus subtilis using response surface methodology

Nattokinase is a potent fibrinolytic enzyme with the potential for fighting cardiovascular diseases. Most recently, a new Bacillus subtilis/Escherichia coli (B. subtilis/E. coli) shuttle vector has been developed to achieve stable production of recombinant nattokinase in B. subtilis (Chen; et al. 2007, 23, 808-813). With this developed B. subtilis strain, the design of an optimum but cost-effective medium for high-level production of recombinant nattokinase was attempted by using response surface methodology. On the basis of the Plackett-Burman design, three critical medium components were selected. Subsequently, the optimum combination of selected factors was investigated by the Box-Behnken design. As a result, it gave the predicted maximum production of recombinant nattokinase with 71 500 CU/mL for shake-flask cultures when the concentrations of soybean hydrolysate, potassium phosphate, and calcium chloride in medium were at 6.100, 0.415, and 0.015%, respectively. This was further verified by a duplicated experiment. Moreover, the production scheme based on the optimum medium was scaled up in a fermenter. The batch fermentation of 3 L was carried out by controlling the condition at 37 degrees C and dissolved oxygen reaching 20% of air saturation level while the fermentation pH was initially set at 8.5. Without the need for controlling the broth pH, recombinant nattokinase production with a yield of 77 400 CU/mL (corresponding to 560 mg/L) could be obtained in the culture broth within 24 h. In particular, the recombinant B. subtilis strain was found fully stable at the end of fermentation when grown on the optimum medium. Overall, it indicates the success of this experimental design approach in formulating a simple and cost-effective medium, which provides the developed strain with sufficient nutrient supplements for stable and high-level production of recombinant nattokinase in a fermenter.     

Cloning and characterization of the lipooligosaccharide galactosyltransferase II gene of Haemophilus ducreyi

Haemophilus ducreyi is the etiologic agent of chancroid, a genital ulcer disease. The lipooligosaccharide (LOS) is considered to be a major virulence determinant and has been implicated in the adherence of H. ducreyi to keratinocytes. Strain A77, an isolate from the Paris collection, is serum sensitive, poorly adherent to fibroblasts, and deficient in microcolony formation. Structural analysis indicates that the LOS of strain A77 lacks the galactose residue found in the N-acetyllactosamine portion of the strain 35000HP LOS as well as the sialic acid substitution. From an H. ducreyi 35000HP genomic DNA library, a clone complementing the defect in A77 was identified by immunologic screening with monoclonal antibody (MAb) 3F11, a MAb which recognizes the N-acetyllactosamine portion of strain 35000HP LOS. The clone contained a 4-kb insert that was sequenced. One open reading frame which encodes a protein with a molecular weight of 33,400 was identified. This protein has homology to glycosyltransferases of Haemophilus influenzae, Haemophilus somnus, Neisseria species, and Pasteurella haemolytica. The putative H. ducreyi glycosyltransferase gene was insertionally inactivated, and an isogenic mutant of strain 35000HP was constructed. The most complex LOS glycoform produced by the mutant has a mobility on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel identical to that of the LOS of strain A77 and lacks the 3F11-binding epitope. Structural studies confirm that the most complex glycoform of the LOS isolated from the mutant lacks the galactose residue found in the N-acetyllactosamine portion of the strain 35000HP LOS. Although previously published data suggested that the serum-sensitive phenotype of A77 was due to the LOS mutation, we observed that the complemented A77 strain retained its serum-sensitive phenotype and that the galactosyltransferase mutant retained its serum-resistant phenotype. Thus, the serum sensitivity of strain A77 cannot be attributed to the galactosyltransferase mutation in strain A77.     

L-serine production by a methionine-auxotrophic mutant of methylotrophic Pseudomonas

A methionine-auxotropic mutant deficient in homocysteine transmethylation activity was induced from a methylotrophic L-serine-producing derivatives of Pseudomonas MS31. This mutant grown with limited L-methionine had more than 1.7-fold higher serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT) activity than its parent strain. The elevated SHMT activity significantly contributed to the improvement of L-serine accumulation from glycine and methanol. Under the optimum conditions, this mutant accumulated up to 23.9 mg/ml of L-serine. The yield coefficient L-serine from consumed glycine was 89% (mol/mol). The maximum conversion rate of added glycine (19 mg/ml) to L-serine was 77% (mol/mol).     

Pseudomonas azotoformans F77和Pseudomonas paracarnis P1风化黑云母的效应及机制比较

【目的】比较高效矿物风化固氮假单胞菌(Pseudomonas azotoformans) F77及其亲缘关系较近的假单胞菌(Pseudomonas paracarnis) P1风化黑云母的效应和机制。【方法】通过检测两株菌在不同时间点的发酵液中细胞数量、pH值、葡萄糖剩余量、葡萄糖酸浓度和可溶性Fe、Al释放量,比较它们对黑云母的风化效果与生理机制。采用RNA-seq技术研究这两株菌风化黑云母过程中出现差异的分子机制。【结果】在持续5 d的风化试验中,菌株F77发酵液中的细胞数量和pH值低于菌株P1,葡萄糖酸浓度是菌株P1的27.3-53.9倍,Fe和Al元素的释放量是菌株P1的3.3-23.3倍。比较转录组数据表明,菌株F77特有的基因数量(2 872)和差异基因数量(1 832)均多于菌株P1 (分别为1 903和1 258)。菌株F77在胞内物质跨膜转运与碳代谢、细胞运动、趋化与信号诱导等途径中基因数量也高于菌株P1。此外,菌株F77的超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶基因差异表达倍数、葡萄糖酸合成基因数量和差异表达倍数也明显高于菌株P1。【结论】菌株F77风化黑云母以及合成葡萄糖酸的能力显著高于菌株P1。菌株F77通过产生葡萄糖酸来促进黑云母的风化。添加黑云母显著促进了菌株F77胞内与矿物风化相关基因的表达,如物质跨膜转运、细胞运动与趋化、信号诱导、碳代谢及能量代谢等途径基因。此外,葡萄糖酸合成途径基因、超氧化物歧化酶基因以及过氧化氢酶基因在矿物风化中可能发挥重要作用。     

Isolation and growth of the phototrophic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris strain B1 in sago-starch-processing wastewater

An indigenous strain of the purple non-sulphur phototrophic bacterium, Rhodopseudomonas palustris strain B1, was selected for the utilization and treatment of wastewater from a sago-starch-processing decanter. Growth of Strain B1 under anaerobic–light conditions in the carbohydrate-rich effluent was optimized by using 50% (v/v) effluent diluted in a basal minimal mineral medium with the addition to 0.1% (w/v) yeast extract. The optimum level of nitrogen source supplement, ammonium sulphate, was 1.0g/l. Highest cell mass concentration was achieved by using tungsten lamps as the light source with a light intensity of 4 klux. Under these optimal conditions, a maximum biomass of about 2.5g dry cell/l with a pigment content of about 1.1mg carotenoid/g dry weight cell was achieved after 96h of anaerobic cultivation. There was a 77% reduc n the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the effluent. A cell yield of about 0.59g dry weight cell/g COD was obtained.     

红皮云杉外生菌根菌生物学特性的研究

通过对红皮云杉 (PiceakoraiensisNakai) 4种外生菌根菌的生物学特性的研究 ,确定 4种外生菌根菌的生长所需最适温度、最适碳源、最适氮源以及最适pH值 ,以便应用于菌种的大量生产。试验结果表明 :林地蘑菇 (AgaricussilvaticusSchaeff.)和菌株L15生长最适温度相对较高 ,均为 30℃ ,属于耐高温菌 ;而菌株 0 31和菌株 0 0 9生长最适温度分别为 2 5℃和 2 0℃ ,属于中温菌。各菌株生长所需最适pH值均为 6 5。林地蘑菇生长所需最佳碳源为麦芽糖和蔗糖 ;菌株 0 0 9生长所需最佳碳源为蔗糖 ;菌株L15和菌株 0 31生长所需最佳碳源为葡萄糖。除菌株 0 0 9生长所需最佳氮源为硝酸钠外 ,其余菌株生长所需最佳氮源均为天门冬酰氨。     

Isolation and characterization of a bacterium possessing L-phenylalanine dehydrogenase activity

The new enzyme phenylalanine dehydrogenase [L-phenylalanine: NAD⁺-oxidoreductase (deaminating)] was detected in the crude extract of a strain of Brevibacterium spec. The bacterium was isolated from a soil sample by enrichment with phenylalanine. This strain was the only one containing phenylalanine dehydrogenase out of 173 tested strains, among them 22 of the genus Brevibacterium, 74 strains from soil samples and 77 strains from a culture collection belonging to several genera. The enzyme is involved in the degradation of phenylalanine and could be induced by addition of L-, D-, D,l-phenylalanine or L-histidine, the optimum inducer concentration of phenylalanine being 1%.The reaction mechanism of a reductive amination was confirmed by demonstrating the close coupling between NADH-consumption and phenylalanine production; ammonia could not be replaced by L-glutamate or L-aspartate as amino donor. The -keto acid of L-tyrosine was converted too, while the corresponding compound of histidine was inactive. The optimum pH value for reductive amination in the crude extract was 8.5 and for oxidative desamination 10.5.