拟豆寇种子的解剖学和组织化学研究

拟豆寇（Paramomum petaloideum)种子包括假种皮,种皮,外胚乳,内胚乳和胚,假种皮膜质,由5－7层薄壁细胞构成,种皮分外种皮,中种皮和内种皮,外种皮由一层细胞构成,其壁增厚并木质化,中种皮包括下皮导,透明细胞层和色素层,下皮由一层细胞构成,细胞近长方形,半透明细胞层由一层细胞组成,细胞近长方形或长条形,形态上与色素层细胞相似,但可通过染色方法把二者区分,色素层由一至二层细胞构成,最内层细胞形态有时难以分辨,内种皮由一层内切几壁非常增厚的石细胞构成,珠孔区分化出珠孔领,孔盖和珠孔区薄壁细胞,珠孔领导形型,孔盖具有石细胞硬具,合点区内种皮内凹陷并出现缺口,缺口位于种子近顶部偏向背侧,缺口间的合点区色素细胞群整体轮廓呈喇形,壁呈波浪形的外胚细胞富含淀粉粒,内胚乳最外一层细胞体积小,富含脂类物质,内胚乳合点端多层细胞,珠孔端为一层细胞,含丰富蛋白质,脂类物质主要存在于胚中,本文还从种子解剖学角度讨论了拟豆寇的系统位置。     

姜目芭蕉群植物种子解剖学研究及其系统学意义

研究了姜目芭蕉群代表植物象腿蕉属象腿蕉(Ensete glaucum)、旅人蕉属旅人蕉(Ravenala madagascariensis)与蝎尾蕉属Heliconia faranmansis?D6肿咏馄侍卣鳌＝峁砻鳎笸冉段藜僦制ぃ制し只霰砥ぁ⒑癖谧橹赴褪赴悖赴瞿谇邢虮谟刖断虮谠龊瘢缓系闱哂泻系闶矣牒系愣眩谥制ち恢榭浊兄榭琢旌涂赘堑姆只榭琢煳涡停赘侵挥赡谥制は赴钩桑褐榭浊制ぱ由煨纬芍制昵唬和馀呷?层细胞：内胚乳细胞径向延长,细胞内充满淀粉粒。旅人蕉具假种皮,种皮分化出外种皮、中种皮和内种皮,外种皮细胞纵向延长,中种皮为7-9层切向延长的薄壁细胞,内种皮为石细胞型：合点区无合点室,内种皮在此出现缺口,缺口为整体轮廓呈喇叭形的近等径薄壁细胞群填充;珠孔区无珠孔领与孔盖的分化：外胚乳缺,内胚乳发达。蝎尾蕉属的Heliconia faranmansis?D6肿游藜僦制ぃ制の薹只墒闾寤闲∏揖断蜓映げ⑴帕形だ缸吹谋”谙赴钩桑褐榭锥酥制は蛲庋由欤纬衫嗨平浦肿拥闹指纷唇峁梗何蘅赘怯胫榭琢斓哂杏晒ば纬傻挠不牵缓系闱肼萌私断嗨疲煌馀呷樵?-4层细胞,细胞壁波浪形弯曲,内胚乳发达。综合作者对兰花蕉(Orchidanha chinensis)和前人对芭蕉群的种子解剖学研究结果,初步总结了芭蕉群种子解剖学特征及其进化式样,讨论了姜目芭蕉群四科种子解剖学特征的系统分类学意义。     

距药姜种子解剖学和组织化学研究

距药姜种子解剖学和组织化学研究表明,种子包括种皮、外胚乳、内胚乳和胚。外皮由1层表皮细胞构成,细胞壁纤维素质且明显增厚,中种皮可分为1层细胞的下皮层、半透明细胞层和2-4层细胞的色素细胞层,下皮层和色素细胞层的细胞内充满棕红色色素;内种皮由1层砖形薄壁细胞构成。珠孔区有珠孔领和孔盖的分化,但珠孔领分化不完善。合点区内种皮出现缺口,缺口间充满合点区色素细胞,其整体轮廓成新月形。外胚乳细胞壁平直,细胞内充满淀粉。内胚乳可分为多细胞区简细胞区两部分,内胚乳细胞界限不清,内含物主要是蛋白质,胚少有分化,含脂类、蛋白质、多糖,另外,还对姜花族的种子解剖学特征进行了初步的系统学分析。     

象牙参种子的解剖学和组织化学研究

象牙参种子解剖学和组织化学的研究结果表明, 种子包括假种皮、种皮、外胚乳、内胚乳和胚。假种皮没有完全包被种子, 由约4~5 层薄壁细胞构成。种皮可以分为外种皮、中种皮和内种皮。外种皮由1 层表皮细胞构成, 细胞壁明显增厚;中种皮包括下皮层、半透明细胞层和3~4层细胞的色素层, 下皮层和色素层细胞均充满红棕色色素;内种皮由1 层体积小、壁局部增厚的砖形薄壁细胞构成。种子在珠孔端分化出珠孔领、孔盖和种阜状结构, 珠孔领为同形型, 孔盖不具石细胞硬层。合点区内种皮出现缺口, 缺口间充满合点区色素细胞, 其整体轮廓成新月形。外胚乳可分为厚区与薄区两部分, 外胚乳细胞壁平直, 细胞内充满淀粉。内胚乳细胞主要含蛋白质, 也有少量脂类物质, 细胞界限不清楚。胚棒状, 两端略膨大, 含大量脂类物质, 也含蛋白质和多糖。     

舞花姜种子的解剖学和组织化学研究

舞花姜种子表面只许多表皮毛,基部具黄白色的种阜状结构。假种皮着生于种阜结构内缘,基部筒状,中上部指状分裂;假种皮细胞长条形．内含许多细小淀粉粒。种皮由外珠被发育而来．可划分为外种皮、中种皮与内种皮。外种皮由具３—５（６）层表皮细胞的复表在构成,最外层的一些表皮细胞向强突起形成表皮毛。中种皮由下皮层、半透明细胞层、中种皮薄壁细胞层与色素层构成。下皮层由一层下皮细胞构成,细胞内充满结合有单字的红褐色色素;半透明细胞含有与脂类结合的淡黄褐色无定形块状物,中种皮薄壁细胞内无色素或任何颗粒状物;色素层为中种皮最内方的一层,细胞体积大、充满与单宁结合的红褐色色素。内种在由一层体积小、壁局部增厚的砖形薄壁细胞构成,其机械保护作用小。种子在珠孔区分化出珠孔领、孔盖及种阜状结构。珠孔领为异形型,孔盖不具石细胞硬层。种阜状结构以其细胞层数增多、壁增厚并本质化的复表皮加强了珠孔区的机械保护作用。合点区内种皮出现缺口．缺口间充满通常呈多角形的合点区色素细胞,其整体轮廓为长条形。外胚乳细胞壁平直,细胞内充满淀粉粒,部分细胞还含有少量的蛋白质与脂类：近合点外胚乳形成一薄区。内胚乳细胞含有蛋白质、脂类与淀粉．其细胞轮廓清楚,椭圆形或不规?     

砂仁种子的解剖学和组织化学研究

砂仁种子包括假种皮、种皮、外胚乳、内胚乳与胚。假种皮由内表皮、外表皮及其间的６－９层薄壁细胞组成。种皮分为外种皮、中种皮与内种皮。外种皮由１层表皮细胞构成,其壁增厚并略木质化。中种皮包括各含１层细胞的下层皮和半透明细胞层与含３－５层细胞的色素层;下皮层与色素层细胞均含有红综色素,后者的壁呈网状增厚。内种皮由１层内切向壁与径向壁非常增厚的石细胞构成。种皮表面具有许多疣状突起,它们是体积较小的表皮细胞     

茴香砂仁种子的解剖学和组织化学研究

茴香砂仁种子的假种皮膜质,由内、外表皮及其间的数层薄壁细胞构成,种皮黑褐色,由外种皮、中种皮和内种皮组成,外种皮为1层表皮细胞;中种皮由1层细胞的下皮层,1层细胞的半透明细胞层、3-4层薄壁细胞的中种皮薄壁细胞层和1层细胞的色素细胞层组成,内种皮由1层径向延长的细胞构成,内切向壁与部分径向壁非常增厚,种子珠区分化出珠孔领,孔盖和珠孔区薄壁细胞,合点区内种皮出现缺口,缺口间的合点区色素细胞群整体轮廓呈刺叭状,珠孔端的则为1层细胞,细胞内含蛋白质、多糖、脂类物质,胚含量脂类物质,还含有蛋白质与多糖。     

The phylogeny and a new classification of the gingers (Zingiberaceae): evidence from molecular data

The pantropical Zingiberaceae is the largest family in the order Zingiberales with 53 genera and over 1200 species. Classifications of the family first proposed in 1889 and refined by others since that time recognize four tribes (Globbeae, Hedychieae, Alpinieae, and Zingibereae) based on morphological features, such as number of locules and placentation in the ovary, development of staminodia, modifications of the fertile anther, and rhizome-shoot-leaf orientation. New phylogenetic analyses based on DNA sequences of the nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and plastid matK regions suggest that at least some of these morphological traits are homoplasious and three of the tribes are paraphyletic. The African genus Siphonochilus and Bornean genus Tamijia are basal clades. The former Alpinieae and Hedychieae for the most part are monophyletic taxa with the Globbeae and Zingibereae included within the latter. The results of these phylogenetic investigations are used to propose a new classification of the Zingiberaceae that recognizes four subfamilies and four tribes: Siphonochiloideae (Siphonochileae), Tamijioideae (Tamijieae), Alpinioideae (Alpinieae, Riedelieae), and Zingiberoideae (Zingibereae, Globbeae). Morphological features congruent with this classification and the taxonomic status of various monotypic genera are discussed.     

兰花蕉种子的解剖学和组织化学研究

兰花蕉种子球形或近球形,具表皮毛,种脊不明显。种子包括假种皮、种皮、外胚乳、内胚乳和胚五部分。假种皮具３～４条粗毛状裂片,包围种子或不定向伸展;裂片最外方为１层表皮细胞和１～３层厚壁细胞,内方为薄壁细胞;表皮细胞和厚壁细胞的壁增厚并木质化;成熟时裂片下部１／２段中空。种皮由外珠被发育而来,但内珠被在种子发育后期才萎缩。种皮分化为外种皮,中种皮与内种皮;外种皮由１层表皮细胞构成,其细胞壁增厚并木质化;中种皮外方为２～３层厚壁细胞,内方由１２～１５层薄壁细胞构成;内种皮由１层径向延长的石细胞构成,其细胞壁网状增厚,胞腔不明显。外胚乳极不显眼,大部分只由１层切向延长的长方形细胞构成,局部为２～１７层细胞;外胚乳细胞主要含许多脂类物质及少量蛋白质颗粒,不含淀粉。内胚乳占据种子很大的体积,由通常径向延长的长方形、长条形或方形薄壁细胞构成;细胞内充满淀粉粒和通常一颗亦有２至多颗菱形或方形蛋白质晶体,脂类物质极少。胚圆柱形,胚根和胚芽不明显。种子珠孔区不分化出珠孔领和孔盖,但具柄,柄的远轴端边缘大部分着生假种皮,着生假种皮一侧柄略膨大。合点区内种皮出现极宽的缺口,缺口间为整体呈弧状长条形的合点区厚壁细胞群。较粗的种脊维管?     

Development of the ovule and seed in Costus cuspidatus (N.E.Br.) Maas (Zingiberaceae), with special reference to the formation of the operculum

The ovule primordium of Costus is trizonate and both its integuments are dermally initiated. With other evidence, this strongly suggests that most, if not all, monocotyledons have dermally initiated integuments, indicating a derived status. The mature seed coat of Costus is completely formed by the outer integument and its principal mechanical layer is the endotesta.
The seed of Costus has an aril, an operculum and a micropylar collar. These structures, characteristic of zingiberalean seeds, are each initiated in a different, specific cell layer of the exostome. The aril is completely dermally initiated. The parenchymatic part of the operculum and the micropylar collar are of dual origin, namely dermal at me integumentary region and subdermal at the raphe.     

九翅豆蔻种子的解剖学和组织化学研究

九翅豆蔻种子包括假种皮、种皮、外胚乳、内胚乳和胚．由外珠被发育而来的种皮可划分为外种皮、中种皮和内种皮．外种皮由一层表皮细胞构成,其壁增厚并略木质化．中种皮包括下皮层、油细胞层和含２—５层细胞的色素层;各为一层薄壁细胞的下皮层与油细胞层非常压扁．内种皮由一层石细胞构成,极厚,占种皮厚度的１／３—２／３,是种皮主要的机械层;内种皮整体外观呈波浪形,在珠孔端和合点端的内种皮除外．种子在珠孔端分化出珠孔领和孔盖,在合点端分化出下皮细胞垫、大型薄壁细胞区、维管束和合点端色素细胞区．外胚乳细胞内充满淀粉,内胚乳细胞含有大量蛋白质和多糖,胚细胞含有蛋白质、多糖和脂类物质．脂类物质不存在于油细胞中,而存在于胚细胞、部分假种皮细胞、外种皮细胞和内胚乳最外层细胞中．建议将油细胞（层）改称为半透明细胞（层）．     

The generic position of Lithraea brasiliensis Marchand (Anacardiaceae): evidence from fruit and seed structure

In Lithraea brasiliensis Marchand the exocarp is characterized by brachysclereids and the parenchymatous mesocarp by large secretory ducts; inner sclerenchymatous ridges are absent in die mesocarp. The stratified endocarp s. s. comprises a crystal layer, palisade-like brachysclereids, osteosclereids and macrosclereids. The osteosclereids are characterized by a distinct light line or linea lucida , which has hitherto also been recorded in a species of Rhus. In the partially pachychalazal seed, a typical Anacardiaceae-like hypostase typifies the chalazal part of the seed coat, while the integumentary seed coat reveals a well preserved outer epidermis, a compressed endotegmen and well developed inner cuticular layer. Our comparison of die characters of the ovule, fruit and seed of L. brasiliensis with those of various species of Rhus and other genera of the tribe Rhoeae (some closely related) presents evidence that L. brasiliensis could be most closely associated with the genus Rhus.     

The morphological background to imbibition in seeds ofPinus sylvestris L. of different provenances

An examination was made of the structure of the coats of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seeds of different provenance and the contribution of this factor to differences in imbibition. The seed coat layers derived from the integument, the sarcotesta, sclerotesta and endotesta did little to restrict imbibition, even though the sclerotesta of the northern provenance seeds was composed of a double multicellular layer and the sarcotesta contained large numbers of pigmented, phenol-bearing cells. In addition to the micropyle, the sclerotesta was found to possess structural openings at the chalazal end and at the ridge joining the two halves of the seed, but being covered by the pigmented cells of the sarcotesta, these did not allow water to enter any more than did the micropyle itself. Imbibition was chiefly regulated by the lipophilic covers surrounding the endosperm, which are mainly of nucellar origin, especially by the megaspore membranes nearest to the endosperm, the outer and inner exine. The nucellar cap covering the micropylar end of the endosperm proved to be impermeable to water, and its edge extended between the exine layers, which further enhanced the importance of the endosperm covers as regulators of imbibition.     

Pollen histochemistry and pollen : ovule ratios in Zingiberaceae

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Pollen grains of 37 species from 11 genera in the family Zingiberaceae were examined to assess qualitatively starch or lipid contents; the pollen grain and ovule numbers per flower and pollen : ovule ratios were also counted and calculated. Pollen : ovule ratios were studied to reveal patterns of variation in the Zingiberaceae. METHODS: Freshly open flowers with dehiscing anthers were collected at random from plants growing in natural habitats or in botanical gardens. Presence of lipids or starch in pollen grains was tested by Sudan solution and IKI solution, respectively, and examined under a microscope. To estimate the pollen and ovule numbers per flower, one anther from each bud was carefully dissected and all pollen grains were counted; ovaries were carefully dissected out of each flower and counted. Whenever possible, at least 10-15 buds were used in the determination. KEY RESULTS: Thirty-three of all the 37 species examined had starchy pollen. Starch was not found in only four species and lipid was not found in only one species; among the four tribes in subfamily Zingiberoideae, all species of Zingibereae and Globbeae had pollen with no starch, Alpineae and Hedychieae had pollen with and without starch, whereas, all species of subfamily Costoideae had starchy pollen with abundant lipids. The mean pollen : ovule ratios in the members of the Zingiberaceae investigated range from 3.25 +/- 1.56 to 616.52 +/- 117.83. CONCLUSIONS: The pollen nutrition types seemed not related to mating systems. The pollen : ovule ratios in members of the Zingiberaceae with the same breeding system are noticeably lower than those recorded by previous authors. The lower pollen : ovule ratios in this family are presumed to be related to the highly efficient pollination systems, mediated by pollen which can be quite glutinous and the relatively large stigma area. In most of the Alpinia species the anaflexistylous flowers have much larger numbers of pollen grains and higher pollen : ovule ratios than the cataflexistylous flowers. There are significant differences in mean pollen grain numbers and pollen : ovule ratios between different life forms but ovule numbers are approximately the same.     

Seed coat imposed dormancy: Histochemistry of the region controlling onset of water entry into Sida spinosa seeds

Fresh Sida spinosa L. seeds do not imbibe water and germinate because the seed coat is impermeable to water. Seeds imbibe water when a portion of the coat in the chal-azal area separates from an underlying layer of subpalisade cells. Thin-walled subpalisade cells are limited to the area beneath the chalazal area. Palisade cells in the coat region that become permeable are tall, only lightly lignified, contain abundant hemicelluiose and have large cell lumena. Palisade cells in regions of the coat that remain impermeable to water are short, have heavily lignified thick walls, small cell lumena and are tightly packed. We propose that Sida spinosa seed coat dormancy is released when moisture eventually reaches the hygroscopic hemicellulose deposits in cell lumena in the lightly lignified palisade cells of the chalazal region. The subsequent expansion of the palisade cells causes the thin-walled subpalisade cells to break, resulting in separation of palisade from subpalisade cells and free passage of water through the exposed surface to the embryo, culminating in germination.     

Seed Coat Structure and Histochemistry of Abelmoschus esculentus. Chalazal Region and Water Entry

The seed coat structure and histochemistry of Abelmoschus esculentuswere studied by bright-field, fluorescence and scanning electronmicroscopy. The seed coat was typical of species of the Malvaceae.The endotesta cells had inner tangential walls which were verythick and autofluorescent. The occurrence of phenolic substancesat this level has been related to seed coat imposed dormancy.The palisade cells were composed of three differently shapedparts: an upper ‘prismatic part’, a medium ‘transitionpart’ and a lower ‘twisted part’. The formerwas rich in hydrophilic substances, the latter was lignified.The swelling of the ‘prismatic parts’ was relatedto seed coat cracks. The region controlling onset of water entrywas thought to be the chalazal area. Thanks to the presenceof a large amount of highly acidic polysaccharide, water wasable to penetrate from the permeable maternal tissue, throughthe chalazal cap and plug as far as the boundary between thepalisade and underlying mesophyll. During imbibition of watera kidney-shaped ‘blister’ was seen to rise, formedby separation of the palisade cells from an underlying singlelayer of subpalisade cells. The palisade layer forming the blisterroof showed the same histochemical characteristic of other seedregions. The single layer of the blister floor showed an affinitywith Toluidine Blue O and Alcian blue. Both blister roof andfloor were strongly autofluorescent. Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench, okra, seed coat, chalazal region, water entry, structure, histochemistry     

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SEED OF ABUTILON THEOPHRASTI. II. SEED COAT

Winter , Dorothy M. (Iowa State U., Ames.) The development of the seed of Abutilon theophrasti. II. Seat coat. Amer. Jour. Bot. 47(3) : 157—162. Illus. 1960.–The integuments of Abutilon theophrasti Medic. undergo a rapid increase in size, predominantly by anticlinal cell divisions during the first 3 days after fertilization. Within 7 days, the outer epidermis of the inner integument becomes thick walled. At maturity this compact, lignified, and cutinized palisade layer accounts for more than half the thickness of the seed coat. During early growth, the palisade cells form a continuous layer in the micropylar region. In the chalazal region the palisade layer is discontinuous in a slit-shaped region, 60 × 740 microns. The shape of this discontinuity constitutes a major difference between dormant-seeded Abutilon and non-dormant Gossypium seeds. Exterior to the palisade layer is the outer integument which consists of a small-celled layer and a large-celled layer sparsely covered with unicellular, lignified hairs. Interior to the palisade is the thick mesophyll of the inner integument which is largely digested during seed growth and leaves only 2 pigmented cell layers in most regions at maturity. The inner epidermis is small-celled, pigmented and cutinized and adheres tightly to the endosperm. Seed coat impermeability increases with seed maturity. Even immature seeds will germinate, if scarified, indicating a lack of embryo dormancy.     

Ovule morphology, embryogenesis and seed development in three Hylocereus species (Cactaceae)

Pre-embryonic and embryonic stages and seed developments were studied in the diploids Hylocereus monacanthus and Hylocereus undatus and the tetraploid Hylocereus megalanthus. Ovule morphology was similar among species except for micropyle entrance. H. monacanthus had the thickest and most robust suspensor. Embryo developmental time, measured from fertilization to maturity, was significantly more prolonged in H. megalanthus. Typical to Cactaceae, the seed coat was formed by one layer of sclerenchymatous cells, but was more lignified in H. megalanthus. Morphological features common to all species included (1) cellular type endosperm with independent patterns of development in the chalazal and micropylar zones, forming a haustorium layer from the chalazal zone to the embryo; (2) an endothelial layer surrounding the embryo sac almost complete; (3) a nucellar summit growing into the micropyle; and (4) a placental obturator and a funicle connecting the ovarian tissue to the ovule. Seed development was typically endospermic (exendospermic orthodox seeds). Anomalies included two egg cells in the same embryo sac, two embryos developing in the same ovule, and embryos developing from the chalazal pole region. Total seed number and seed viability were significantly lower in H. megalanthus than in the other two taxa. Embryos at different developmental stages were observed in aborted H. megalanthus seeds.     

Morphological analysis of vessel elements for systematic study of three Zingiberaceae tribes

Zingiberaceae containing over 1,000 species that are divided into four subfamilies and six tribes. In recent decades, there has been an increase in the number of studies about vessel elements in families of monocotyledon. However, there are still few studies of Zingiberaceae tribes. This study aims to establish systematic significance of studying vessel elements in two subfamilies and three tribes of Zingiberaceae. The vegetative organs of 33 species processed were analysed by light and scanning electron microscopy and Principal Component Analysis was used to elucidate genera boundaries. Characteristics of vessel elements, such as the type of perforation plate, the number of bars and type of parietal thickening, are proved to be important for establishing the relationship among taxa. Scalariform perforation plate and the scalariform parietal thickening are frequent in Zingiberaceae and may be a plesiomorphic condition for this taxon. In the Principal Component Analysis, the most significant characters of the vessel elements were: simple perforation plates and partially pitted parietal thickening, found only in Alpinieae tribe, and 40 or more bars composing the plate in Elettariopsis curtisii, Renealmia chrysotricha, Zingiber spectabile, Z. officinale, Curcuma and Globba species. Vessel elements characters of 18 species of Alpinieae, Zingibereae and Globbeae were first described in this work.     

STUDIES ON THE SEED OF BANANA. I. ANATOMY OF THE SEED AND EMBRYO OF MUSA BALBISIANA

Mc Gahan , Merritt W. (United Fruit Co., Norwood, Mass.) Studies on the seed of banana. I. Anatomy of the seed and embryo of Musa balbisiana. Amer. Jour. Bot. 48(3): 230–238. Illus. 1961.—The seed coat of Musa balbisiana Colla consists of a relatively thick outer integument and a 2–cell-layered inner integument. The entire seed coat is sclerified, but routine tests for lignin are negative. Within the outer integument there is a zone of unusual sclereids tentatively termed “multiluminate.” Between the inner integument and the remnants of the nucellus is a cuticle 10–12 μ thick. The micropylar plug and collar are typical of the genus. The chalazal mass is an annular region of gelatinous cells. The mature embryo is comprised of a massive cotyledon, an epicotyl with 1 leaf primordium, a primary root primordium, and several adventitious root primordia. Procambium is well developed, but no mature vascular elements are present in the embryo.