Synergism of thidiazuron and benzyladenine in axillary shoot formation depends on sequence of application in Miscanthus X ogiformis ‘Giganteus’

Shoots of Miscanthus X ogiformis Honda Giganteus transferred from medium with benzyladenine (BA) to thidiazuron (TDZ) formed significantly more axillary shoots than shoots grown continuously on either medium, or transferred from TDZ to BA. Shoot formation on axillary shoots transferred from BA-containing media to media with kinetin or isopentenyladenine (2iP) or transferred from media with TDZ, kinetin or 2iP to media with BA, corresponded to the number of shoots formed in the previous subculture. Shoot formation on shoots transferred from medium containing BA to media containing combinations of BA and/or TDZ increased with increasing concentrations of TDZ in the first subculture, whereas shoot formation in the second and third subculture depended on the BA concentration. When shoots were transferred from media with BA to media with TDZ, the time for shoot formation, as well as shoot size, indicate that the combined effect of BA and TDZ is expressed only during the early phase of the subculture. The results suggest that adenine- and phenylurea-type cytokinins have a common binding site in the plant cell, and a model is proposed.Abbreviations BA 6-benzyladenine - CBP cytokinin-binding protein - 2iP isopentenyladenine - KIN kinetin - MS Murashige & Skoog - TDZ thidiazuron     

Micropropagation of parsley through axillary shoot proliferation

A micropropagation protocol of parsley,Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nyman (curled type) has been developed. Surface-sterilized axillary buds cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with benzyladenine, kinetin, or thidiazuron developed axillary shoots (rosettes). Kinetin resulted in only a low proliferation rate. The concentrations of thidiazuron or benzyladenine that were optimal for shoot proliferation, resulted in shoots with a low capability to root. During the rooting treatment, these shoots showed wilting signs. Rooting was increased significantly by using a two-week inductive stage with 2.5 M naphthaleneacetic acid directly followed by acclimatization. Two proliferation media (5 M benzyladenine and 0.5 M naphthaleneacetic acid or 5 M kinetin and 2.5 M naphthaleneacetic acid) resulted in moderate proliferation but produced shoots that were easy-to-root. These media have been tested by repeated axillary proliferation on the same medium. The medium with 5 M benzyladenine and 0.5 M naphthaleneacetic acid was optimal.Abbreviations BA 6-Benzyladenine - IBA Indole-3-butyric acid - MS Murashige & Skoog - NAA -Naphthaleneacetic acid     

Clonal propagation of mature elite trees of Commiphora wightii

Elite trees of Commiphora wightii (Arnott) Bhandari were selected from the wild on the basis of their content of guggul, an oleoresin. The selected tree was micropropagated through forced axillary branching on Murashige and Skoog's (MS) medium supplemented with benzyladenine (BA) and kinetin. Highest frequency of shoot formation was achieved on MS medium supplemented with 17.8 M BA, 18.6 M kinetin, 100 mg l^-1 glutamine, 10 mg l^-1 thiamine HCL and 0.3% activated charcoal. Seasonal changes affected the shoot proliferating potential of the initial explants in vitro. Transfer of shoots to a medium containing a lower concentration of BA (1.8 M) and kinetin (1.9 M) before rooting markedly stimulated shoot elongation. Shoots could be rooted by treating them with both indoleacetic acid and indolebutryic acid for 24 h in darkness and transferring them to a low-salt basal medium with activated charcoal. After rooting, transfer to a half-strength White's (modified) medium was necessary for further development of the plantlet. Regenerated plantlets were successfully established in soil.Abbreviations AC activated charcoal - BA benzyladenine - IAA indoleacetic acid - IBA indolebutyric acid - 2-iP isopentenyladenine - MS Murashige and Skoog's medium - NAA -naphthaleneacetic acid - PG phloroglucinol     

Organogenesis in vitro of Nothofagus alpina (P. et E.) Oerst, Fagaceae

In vitro shoot and root regeneration of 2-year-old Nothofagus alpina plants was achieved from several types of expiants cultured in vitro on a modified Woody Plant Medium formulation. Multiple shoot formation was obtained from leaf expiants using 0.45–2.27 M thidiazuron and 0.0049–0.098 M indolebutyric acid. Excised axillary buds formed shoots and roots in the presence of 0.0049 M benzyladenine and 2.46 M indolebutyric acid, or in the absence of plant growth regulators. Nodal sections rooted when 2.46 M indolebutyric acid at was supplied in the medium. Subcultured shoots originating from nodal sections showed a high regeneration rate through multiple shoot and root formation.Abbreviations BA benzyladenine - GA₃ giberellic acid - IBA indolebutyric acid - NAA -naphthaleneacetic acid - TDZ thidiazuron - WPM McCown's Woody Plant Medium - Z zeatin     

Thidiazuron stimulates shoot organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis in white ash (Fraxinus americana L.)

Immature and mature nonstratified seeds of white ash (Fraxinus americana L.) were dissected transversely and 2/3 of each seed was placed onto agar-solidified Murashige and Skoog medium. Adventitious buds, shoots, and somatic embryos formed on callus, cotyledons, and hypocotyls of the resulting seedlings. Shoot organogenesis was induced on explants cultured on medium with 10 M thidiazuron but not on explants on media with benzyladenine (BA) or isopentenyladenine. Not all seed sources were equally capable of shoot organogenesis and embryogenesis. Atypical of adventitious regeneration of other woody plants, mature seed explants of white ash were more organogenic with shoots that elongated better than explants from immature seeds. Somatic embryogenesis was observed in cultures where mature seeds were first cultured for 4 weeks on a medium containing 10 M adenine 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in combination with 0.1 and 1.0 M thidiazuron, followed by transfer to a medium containing 0.05 M 6-benzyladenine and 0.5 M naphthaleneacetic acid. Adventitious shoots and epicotyls from both seedlings and germinated somatic embryos were rooted under intermittent mist and acclimatized to the greenhouse.Abbreviations BA 6-benzyladenine - 2,4-d 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid - IBA indolebutyric acid - 2iP isopentenyladenine - NAA naphthaleneacetic acid - TDZ thidiazuron-N-phenyl-N-1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-ylurea - WPM woody plant medium     

Regeneration of Picea omorika plants via organogenesis

Picea omorika plants were regenerated from embryo and seedling shoot tip cultures. Adventitious and axillary shoots were produced on 1/2 MS medium containing benzyladenine and kinetin. Benzyladenine was more effective in bud induction, whereas kinetin hastened shoot development. Excised shoots were elongated on 1/3 MS medium without growth regulators, multiplied with kinetin and rooted with or without indole-3-butyric acid.Abbreviations BA N⁶-benzyladenine - 2IP N ⁶-(²-isopenteny) adenine - NAA -naphthaleneacetic acid - IAA indole-3-acetic acid - IBA indole-3-butyric acid     

Callus induction and shoot regeneration in Sempervivum tectorum

Leaf and shoot explants of Sempervivum tectorum L., taken from 14- and 30-day-old plants germinated in vitro, have been studied by using Murashige-Skoog and White basal media with cytokinins (benzyladenine, kinetin) and auxins (indoleacetic acid, naphthaleneacetic acid, indolebutyric acid) in various concentrations. Explants taken from 14-day-old plants died but 30-day-old leaves and shoots produced yellow and soft, as well as green and hard calluses on Murashige-Skoog medium with 4.4–8.8 M benzyladenine and 0.57 M indoleacetic acid. Shoot organogenesis was induced from green, hard callus in a medium with 2.2 M benzyladenine plus either 1.1 M indoleacetic acid or 2.5 M indolebutyric acid. Whole plants were grown on Murashige-Skoog medium without plant growth regulators. On the other hand, White medium was not suitable for raising Sempervivum tectorum in vitro.Abbreviations BA benzyladenine - IAA indoleacetic acid - IBA indolebutyric acid - MS Murashige-Skoog - NAA napthaleneacetic acid - W White     

The effect of in vitro pretreatments on subsequent shoot organogenesis from excised Rubus and Malus leaves

Shoot regeneration from Rubus leaves was obtained on a medium containing MS salts, vitamins and sugars, Staba vitamins, casein hydrolysate (100 mg l^–1) and 10 M thidiazuron. Shoot regeneration from Malus leaves was obtained on N⁶ rice anther medium with 5 M thidiazuron. In vitro pretreatment of source shoots with either colchicine or thidiazuron enhanced the organogenic potential of detached leaves of two Rubus hybrids. The response to colchicine was quadratic and occurred at non-mutagenic concentrations (75–250 M). The response to thidiazuron was exponential between 0 and 5 M. When applied as a pretreatment, the effectiveness of several different cytokinins (benzyladenine, thidiazuron, zeatin) at enhancing Malus and Rubus organogenesis was related to the shoot proliferation activity of the cytokinin and to treatment-induced variation in leaf and petiole size.Abbreviations BA benzyladenine - 2,4-D 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid - IBA indolebutyric acid - MS Murashige & Skoog basal medium devoid of plant growth regulators - OI organogenesis-initiating subculture - PTI colchicine pretreatment subculture - PTII cytokinin pretreatment subculture - NAA naphthaleneacetic acid - TDZ thidiazuron - zeatin trans-zeatin     

Thidiazuron-induced in vitro shoot formation from roots of intact seedlings of Albizzia julibrissin

Seedlings of silktree (Albizzia julibrissin Durrazz.) were grown in vitro on MS-media containing B5 vitamins, 3% sucrose, 0.25% phytagel and various concentrations (0.1–10 M) of thidiazuron (TDZ). Addition of TDZ to the culture medium greatly reduced shoot and root elongation but did not influence shoot production from the cotyledonary node or apex. Within 8–10 days the seedling roots split open, formed large masses of callus, and developed green patches which eventually grew into normal shoots while still within the culture medium containing TDZ at 0.1–1.0 M. Such callus and shoot formation did not occur in control cultures lacking TDZ. At higher TDZ concentrations (2.5–10 M), the green patches formed in the callus did not further develop into shoots. Addition of other cytokinins (kinetin, benzylaminopurine, zeatin) to the culture medium also induced some shoot formation from the roots, but higher concentrations than TDZ were required to induce regeneration. Isopentenyladenine failed to induced shoot formation. Following excision and transfer to MS media with or without 4.9 M IBA, the shoots induced by kinetin or benzylaminopurine rooted 4–7 days earlier than those induced by TDZ, but all excised shoots developed into normal rooted plantlets within 3 weeks.Abbreviations TDZ thidiazuron     

In vitro micropropagation and plant establishment of muscadine grape cultivars (Vitis rotundifolia)

Shoot apical meristems were used to establish regenerative axillary bud cultures of 9 muscadine grape cultivars. Meristems taken from 10 cm long shoots had less contamination (3%) and a higher survival rate (94%) than those from shorter or longer shoots. Of media tested, MS, 1/2 MS, and C₂D resulted in equivalent shoot proliferation rates, whereas, WPM produced stunted shoots. When pooling results for 3 cultivars, 5, 10 and 20 M BA and 5 M TDZ produced the highest average number of shoots per cultured apex (3.4–3.8). However, shoots produced with TDZ were stunted and did not root well. For rooting of shoots directly in potting mix, a rooting powder pretreatment significantly increased the number of roots per shoot but did not affect percent rooting or root length. For rooting in vitro, 1 M NAA significantly increased all parameters measured. Although more shoots rooted in vitro than in vivo (77% vs. 46%), the latter was judged preferable since acclimatized plants were produced in less time and a major culture step was eliminated. Significant differences among cultivars were noted for measured responses in all experiments.Abbreviations BA benzyladenine - Kin kinetin - MS Murashige & Skoog (medium) - NAA naphthaleneacetic acid - TDZ thidiazuron - WPM woody plant medium     

Plant regeneration and genetic transformation of Lotus angustissimus

Culture conditions have been established for callus induction and growth from different explants in L. angustissimus L. Calli were obtained from hypocotyls, leaves, stems, cotyledons and roots cultured on media containing 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid or -naphthaleneacetic acid with kinetin, N⁶ – ² or benzyladenine in different combinations and concentrations. Only those calli induced in presence of -naphthaleneacetic acid with benzyladenine or kinetin produced shoots. Calli induced from hypocotyl explants were the most efficient in regeneration of shoots. Transformation with an Agrobacterium rhizogenes binary vector carrying the plasmid pBI 121.1 is reported. The percentage of cotransformation was estimated by testing GUS activity in hairy roots. The integration of Ri T-DNA and the NPTII gene in transformed plants was confirmed by molecular analyses and in vitro culture of transgenic tissues in the presence of kanamycin.Abbreviations BA benzyladenine - 2,4-d 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid - 1AA indole-3-acetic acid - NAA -naphthaleneacetic acid - 2iP N⁶ – ² - PA proanthocyanidins - NOS nopaline synthase - NI TII neomycin phosphotransferase - GUS -glucuronidase - CaMV cauliflower mosaic virus     

A simple protocol for micropropagating diploid and tetraploid watermelon using shoot-tip explants

Shoot-tip explants from 21-day-old aseptically-germinated watermelon seedlings were incubated on solidified MS medium containing test concentrations of benzyladenine (BA) and kinetin (each at 0, 1, 5 or 10 µM), and thidiazuron (TDZ; 0, 0.1, 1 or 5 µM) for 8 weeks. Approximately 1.5x–2.8x more axillary shoots formed at the optimum BA level (1 µM) compared to the best TDZ (0.1 µM) or kinetin (10 µM) concentration. The ability of various diploid and tetraploid genotypes to undergo prolonged axillary shoot proliferation on medium with 1 µM BA was examined. Among the genotypes tested, the number of axillary shoots per explant was greater for Bush Jubilee and Jubilee II than for Minilee, Dixielee, and the tetraploid genotypes. For a majority of the genotypes tested, the number of shoots per explant was low (2.7–4.0) during the first month of culture, peaked (5.3–12.5) at 2 to 3 months, and then declined (3.7–7.7) at 6 months. In contrast, the number of shoots per explant was greatest (11.7) for Bush Jubilee during the first month of culture and declined to 7.7 by the sixth subculture. The percentage of rooted shoots varied from 60% to 100% and the percentage of acclimatized plants ranged from 21% to 96% depending on the genotype and the length of time in culture. Using this procedure, 13,200 finished plants could be produced in 3 months from 250 seedlings.This process is protected by United States patent No. 5,007,198. Those interested in using this technology must secure a license from the University of Florida.     

Micropropagation of common ash (Fraxinus excelsior)

Embryos extracted from dried seeds of common ash (Fraxinus excelsior), were germinated on growth regulator-free culture medium. Cotyledonary nodes from these seedlings were placed onto Murashige and Skoog, Woody Plant or Driver and Kuniyuki culture media with 22.2 or 44.4 M benzyladenine, on which they developed into shoot cultures following the outgrowth of axillary buds. With Murashige and Skoog medium, cultures often died. With Woody Plant Medium, survival of the cultures was considerably improved, but large amounts of callus were produced at the cut ends of the explants, and new axillary shoots had long internodes and small leaves. With Driver and Kuniyuki medium, both survival and callus formation were much improved, and the shoots produced were of high quality. Proliferation of axillary shoots was obtained from both shoot tip and nodal explants placed onto Driver and Kuniyuki medium with 22.2 M benzyladenine. Adventitious root formation was best with shoots inserted into half-strength Woody Plant Medium containing 2.45, 4.9 or 9.8 M indolebutyric acid. All of the rooted plantlets tested have successfully established in soil.     

Optimisation of growing conditions for the apple rootstock M26 grown in RITA containers using temporary immersion principle

The use of bioreactors may provide an efficient and economic tool for mass clonal propagation of plants if technical problems can be solved. In this paper, we report the results of experiments aimed at optimising conditions for apple rootstock M26 grown in RITA containers using the temporary immersion principle. We tested different types and sizes of explants, different concentrations of plant growth regulators (BAP, kinetin and IBA) in the multiplication and elongation phases, and medium exchange during the shoot elongation period. The results show that the higher concentrations of cytokinins were required during the shoot multiplication phase, while the lower concentrations were better during the shoot elongation phase. Hyperhydricity was increased with increasing concentration in of cytokinins during both shoot multiplication and shoot elongation phases. The best shoot production in terms of shoot number and shoot quality was obtained using 4.4mol BAP and 0.5mol IBA during the shoot multiplication phase and 1.1mol BAP and 0.25mol IBA during the shoot elongation phase. Medium exchange twice during the shoot elongation phase resulted in higher shoot production compared with no exchange of the medium. However, it also resulted in increased hyperhydricity. Immersion frequency of 16 times per day gave a higher multiplication rate and longer shoots than 8 times per day. The explant size of 0.5cm or 1cm resulted in a significantly higher shoot production rate compared with that of 1.5cm, but shoot length and hyperhydricity were not affected by the explant size. Shoot cultures from the liquid media rooted normally in the RITA containers with more than 90% rooting and the rooted plantlets acclimatised well in the greenhouse.     

In vitro plant regeneration from leaves and internode sections of sweet cherry cultivars (Prunus avium L.)

Regeneration of adventitious shoots from leaves and, for the first time, from internode sections were compared and optimized for five economically important sweet cherry cultivars, i.e. Schneiders, Sweetheart, Starking Hardy Giant, Kordia and Regina (Prunus avium L.). The influence of basal media, carbon source, combination and dosage of phytohormones, ethylene inhibitor such as silver thiosulfate and a 16 h:8 h light:dark photoperiod versus complete darkness were evaluated. Both, DKW/WPM (1:1) and Quoirin/Lepoivre (QL) basal media stimulated organogenesis more than QL/WPM (1:1), Chee and Pool (CP), Murashige Skoog (MS), Driver and Kuniyuki (DKW) or woody plant (WPM) media did. An induction phase in darkness resulted in lower or zero regeneration rates. The best regeneration efficiencies were generally obtained with thidiazuron in combination with indole-3-butyric-acid. The addition of silver thiosulfate resulted in a similar or reduced regeneration efficiency. Significant genotypic variability in adventitious bud formation was evident for both explant sources, leaf and internode section. Adventitious shoots were obtained from 11% of leaf explants and 50% of internode sections indicating that shoot regeneration from internodes was significantly more efficient than from leaves.     

Micropropagation of Tamarix gallica from nodal explants of mature trees

Tamarix gallica L. was micropropagated from four-to six-node explants taken from mature trees. Shoot proliferation was induced on Linsmaier and Skoog medium containing 30 g l^-1 sucrose, 7 g l^-1 agar, 200 mg l^-1 reduced glutathione (basal medium) and supplemented with 3.3 M benzyladenine. Adding 0.5 or 1.0 M indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) to the basal medium increased lateral shoot formation and ease of rooting. Microcuttings repeatedly subcultured on 1.0 M IBA produced well-developed roots, a high number of axillary shoots and could be acclimatized in the greenhouse.     

Adventitious shoot regeneration from leaf tissue of three pear (Pyrus sp.) cultivars in vitro

To develop an adventitious regeneration system for pear cultivars, several experiments were conducted with 2 cultivars of Pyrus communis L. (Seckel and Louise Bonne) and one cultivar of P. bretschneideri Rehd. (Crystal Pear). Half-leaves, taken from shoots proliferating on Lepoivre medium, were plated in petri-dishes on medium supplemented with various combinations of cytokinins and auxins. Cultures of the above cultivars had been established from mature trees. Among the growth regulators tested, thidiazuron (TDZ), combined with naphthalene-acetic acid (NAA), was the most efficient for stimulation of adventitious shoots. The optimum level of TDZ was about 3 uM; shoot regeneration was observed over a wide range of TDZ and NAA concentrations (0.5 to 5 uM and 2.5 to 13 um, respectively). Among different macronutrient compositions, 1/2 and 1/4 Murashige and Skoog were the most effective. Sucrose concentrations (10 to 50 g L-1) had a linear significant effect on shoot regeneration of Crystal Pear.Abbreviations BAP 6-benzylaminopurine - IBA indole-3-butyric acid - NAA a-naphthaleneacetic acid - NoA 2-naphthoxyacetic acid - 2,4-D 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid - TDZ thidiazuron (N-phenyl-N'-1,2,3-thidiazol-5-ylurea) - MS Murashige and Skoog (1962) macroelements - L Lepoivre (Quoirin and Lepoivre, 1977) macroelements     

Factors effecting adventitious shoot regeneration from leaf explants of quince (Cydonia oblonga)

A procedure for adventitious shoot regeneration from leaf explants of quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.) using thidiazuron (TDZ) was developed. Excised leaves of cultures grown on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 5 M benzyladenine (BA) and 0.9% Gibco Phytagar were used. Several experiments were conducted to determine optimum concentrations of thidiazuron, -naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and sucrose. When the medium contained 1.5 M TDZ and 2.5 M NAA, 85% of the discs regenerated shoots with an average of eight shoots per leaf disc. An incubation period of three weeks in the dark was necessary for optimum shoot regeneration. Leaves excised from four to six-week-old cultures gave a higher percent shoot regeneration than leaves from cultures older than six weeks. Regeneration percentages were significantly reduced when sucrose concentration in the medium was less than 3%. A significantly higher percentage of shoots regenerated when leaf discs were placed on the regeneration medium abaxial side down as compared to the adaxial side.Regenerated shoots were cultured on MS medium containing 5 M BA and rooted on half-strength MS medium containing 10 M NAA. Rooted plantlets were acclimatized to greenhouse conditions for evaluation of any somaclonal variation. The importance of these findings are discussed in relation to in vitro improvement of plants.Abbreviations BA benzyladenine - MS Murashige & Skoog (1962) salt mixture - NAA -naphthaleneacetic acid - TDZ thidiazuron (N-phenyl-N'-1,2,3,-thiadiazol-5-ylurea) Approved for publication by the Director, West Virginia Agric. and For. Expt. Sta. as Scientific Article No.2346     

In vitro regeneration of silktree (Albizzia julibrissin) from excised roots

Root segments (1 cm long) were excised from 15–20 day old seedlings of silktree (Albizzia julibrissin) grown on B5 medium. About 50% of the control (no growth regulators added) root explants formed shoot buds within 15 days after placement on the culture medium. After 30 days, there were about 4 shoots per control explant. Addition of low levels of various auxins (0.5 M) did not influence the formation of shoot buds from the explants. Higher concentrations (5M), however, decreased shoot regeneration. Kinetin and 2iP did not influence shoot regeneration at the concentrations tested (1 & 10 M). Addition of benzyladenine, Zeatin, or thidiazuron to the culture medium increased both the percentage of explants that formed shoots and the number of shoots per explant. Thidiazuron was highly effective in stimulating shoot formation at low concentrations (<1 M). At 0.05 M thidiazuron, 95% of the explants produced shoots and about 10 shoots were formed per explant. Compared to TDZ, higher concentrations (10 M) of benzyladenine and Zeatin were required to enhance shoot formation. Upon excision and transfer to B5 medium, regenerated shoots developed into normal rooted plantlets.Abbreviations BA Benzyladenine - IAA Indoleacetic acid - IBA Indolebutyric acid - NAA Naphthaleneacetic acid - TDZ Thidiazuron - 2ip Isopentenyladenine     

Gibberellins play a role in the interaction between imidazole fungicides and cytokinins in Araceae

Imidazole fungicides such as imazalil, prochloraz, and triflurnizole and the triazole growth retardant paclobutrazol promote the shoot-inducing effect of exogenous cytokinins in Araceae, such as Spathiphyllum floribundum Schott and Anthurium andreanum Schott. The mechanism of their action could partially be based on the inhibition of gibberellic acid (GA) biosynthesis, because administration of GA₃ inhibits the phenomenon completely in S. floribundum. Not only is the suppression of GA biosynthesis involved, but also the metabolism of endogenous cytokinins is significantly altered. Although the balance between isopentenyladenine, zeatin, dihydrozeatin, and their derivatives was shifted to distinguished directions by administration of BA and/or imazalil and/or GA₃, no correlation between these changes in metabolic pathways and the number of shoots could be found. The metabolism of BA was not significantly altered by adding imazalil to the micropropagation medium of S. floribundum.Abbreviations 2,4-D 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid - [9R-5P]DHZ 9--d-ribofuranosyl-dihydrozeatin-monophosphate - [9R-5P]iP 6-isopentenyl-9--d-ribofuranosyladenine-monophosphate - [9R-5P]Z 9--d-ribofuranosyl-zeatin-monophosphate - [9G]BA 6-benzyl-9--d-glucopyranosyladenine - [9G]DHZ 9--d-glucopyranosyl-dihydrozeatin - [9G]iP 6-isopentenyl-9--d-glucopyranosyladenine - [9G]Z 9--d-glucopyranosyl-zeatin - [9R]BA 6-benzyl-9--d-ribofuranosyladenine - [9R]DHZ 9--d-ribofuranosyl-dihydrozeatin - [9R]iP 6-isopentenyl-9--d-ribofuranosyladenine - [9R]Z 9--d-ribofuranosyl-zeatin - BA 6-benzyladenine - DHZ dihydrozeatin - ES⁺ LC-MS/MS HPLC coupled Electrospray Tandem Mass Spectrometry - f.m. fresh mass - mT 6-(3-hydroxybenzyl)adenine - IMA imazalil - iP isopentenyladenine - NAA 1-naphthalene acetic acid - NFT Nutrient Film Technique - (OG)[9R]DHZ O--glucopyranosyl-9--d-ribofuranosyl-dihydrozeatin - (OG)[9R]Z O--d-glucopyranosyl-9--d-ribofuranosyl-zeatin - (OG)DHZ O--d-glucopyranosyl-dihydrozeatin - (OG)Z O--d-glucopyranosyl-zeatin - PAR Photosynthetic Active Radiation - PBZ paclobutrazol - PRO prochloraz - TDZ thidiazuron - TRI triflurnizole - Z zeatin