密云水库集水区人工油松水源保护林降水化学性质研究

对北京密云水库集水区人工油松水源保护林降水化学性质研究表明 ,在研究区大气降水化学元素含量在观测时段内变幅较大 ;测定时段内各元素加权平均值之和为 12 0 0 1mg·L-1,大气降水中各元素含量按大小排序为Ca >N >K >Mg >Na >P >Fe >Zn >Cu >Mn ;大气降水经过林冠层后 ,林内穿透降水和树干茎流中各化学元素含量变化不一 ,但多数元素含量增加且总量呈增加趋势 ,林内穿透降水化学元素加权平均值之和为2 0 614mg·L-1,树干茎流为 73 3 2 4mg·L-1,比林外降水分别高出 8 613mg·L-1和 61 3 2 3mg·L-1,引起树干茎流和穿透降水中化学元素总量增加的主要原因是K含量增加所致 ,K在林内穿透降水和树干茎流中的含量约是大气降水含量的 3倍和 2 5倍 .     

杉木人工林生态系统水文学过程的养分特性

根据5a定位观测的数据,对湖南会同24～28a生的杉木人工林生态系统各水文学过程中的养分特性进行了研究。结果表明：林冠降水是杉木人工林生态系统养分输入的重要来源,其中Ca的养分含量最高,P的含量最低。林内穿透水各养分元素的含量明显高于林冠降水中养分的含量。除Ca外,树干茎流中其它养分元素的含量为林冠降水的6倍以上。可见,林内穿透水和树干茎流是杉木林生态系统内养分循环的重要组成部分,有利于提高系统的养分利用率。地表径流中除硝态氮外,各元素的含量与穿透水的含量接近,其中P、Na和K三种元素的含量较低,但未超过林冠降水中养分元素含量。地下径流中N和K的含量较低,而Ca的含量与林冠降水相比没有差异。因而地表径流和地下径流不可避免的造成生态系统的养分损失,但24～28a生杉木林生态系统的调控能力较强,地表径流和地下径流量较小,生态系统的养分损失也相对较小,养分为净积累。不同季节之间水文学过程中养分元素含量存在一定程度的差异。降水形态、雷电和地形等要素影响养分元素含量。硝态氮在冰雹中未检出,而在雨水中的含量是雪水的2倍。铵态氮、K和Mg等元素在雨水中的含量最高。P和Ca以雪水的含量最高,与雨水和冰雹相比不存在数量级差异。雷电明显增加降水中养分的含量,特别是林冠上层的低空放电使降水中N的含量增加3～5倍。由于山谷和山麓的立地条件较好,其穿透水中养分含量比山坡的高,山谷与山麓的大致相等。在采集水样进行养分分析时,应考虑降水时间、降水形态和地形等因子的影响。     

北京西山地区油松林水文过程中营养元素迁移特征

对北京西山地区31a油松林降水化学进行定位监测与分析.结果表明：（1）大气降水流经油松林过程中,其营养元素（除Na^＋外）的浓度出现梯度变化：树干茎流高于穿透雨高于大气降水,并且有明显的月际变化,表明从林冠、树干淋洗大量的营养元素,林冠和树干中养分元素迁移是森林生态系统养分循环重要的组成部分.（2）营养元素变化中,浓度差异变化较大的元素是NO3^--N和K^＋,NO3^--N在穿透雨和树干茎流的浓度分别是大气降水的4.4倍、9.9倍,它们中的K^＋浓度分别为大气降水的4.1倍和8.1倍.（3）降水经过油松林,养分淋溶总量为54.12kg hm^-2,淋溶量较多的元素是Ca和K,淋溶强度最大的元素是K^＋.（4）北京西山地区大气降水输入林地的养分66.38kg hm^-2,较多的元素是Ca、N.降水经过油松林输入林地养分总量为120.50kg hm^-2,Ca元素最高,为61.22kg hm^-2,其次是N元素（NH4^＋-N＋N3^--N）,为31.34kg hm^-2,K元素为16.49kg hm^-2,Mg元素为8.11kg hm^-2,Na元素最少,为3.34kg hm^-2.     

茂兰喀斯特地区森林降水分配的水化学特征

于2007年9月—2009年8月对中国西南茂兰喀斯特地区亚热带常绿落叶阔叶混交林大气降水、林冠穿透雨和树干茎流进行观测,分析了各降水分配中的养分离子(Ca2+、Mg2+、K+、Na+、NH4+、SO42-、NO3-、Cl-)浓度动态变化规律及年养分元素输入量。结果表明:7—9月,林外雨、林冠穿透雨和树干茎流中各养分离子浓度相对较低,12月—翌年2月,各降水分配中各养分离子浓度相对较高;降水通过林冠或树干后,除了Na+浓度无显著变化外,NH4+浓度表现下降趋势,Ca2+、Mg2+、K+、Cl-、NO3-和SO42-均表现增加趋势;林外雨的养分元素输入量顺序为Ca2+SO42--SNH4+-NCl-K+Na+Mg2+NO3--N。在林冠穿透雨+树干茎流中的养分元素输入量顺序为K+Ca2+Cl-SO42--SMg2+NH4+-NNO3--NNa+。与非喀斯特地区相比,林外雨中的各养分离子浓度较低,林冠穿透雨、树干茎流中的K+、Ca2+、Mg2+增加幅度较大。总体来看,独特的立地特征决定了该地区Ca2+、Mg2+的积极参与生态系统养分循环和K+高效循环的特征。     

鼎湖山酸沉降背景下主要森林类型水化学特征初步研究

雨水的水质在通过森林后会发生变化．如果雨水是酸性的,这种变化会更加明显．通过一年多时间在鼎湖山主要森林类型采样分析发现,鼎湖山大气降水pH值低,酸雨频率高;阔叶林穿透雨pH值比大气降水高,树干径流和地表水pH值比大气降水低,土壤自然酸化非常严重;混交林穿透雨和地表水酸度比大气降水低,树干径流酸度则大于大气降水;针叶林穿透雨和树干径流都有进一步酸化趋势,但地表水pH值比大气降水高．3种林型比较,阔叶林林冠缓冲能力最强,针叶林土壤缓冲能力最大．3种林型,林内降水和地表水养分N、P、K、Ca、Mg和Na含量除N外都明显高于大气降水．各林型树干径流对养分富集能力强于穿透水,养分在大气降水中的浓度低于在地表水中的浓度．针叶林林内降水比混交林和阔叶林养分含量高,但地表水中养分浓度比后两者低．从地表水的养分浓度看,阔叶林和混交林养分亏损更为严重．     

鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林大气降雨、穿透雨和树干流的养分特征

对鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林大气降雨、穿透雨和树干茎流中的5种养分元素K、Ca、Mg、N、P进行了测定,结合水量分配规律,研究了森林降雨过程中养分在水相中的含量变化特征和输入规律。结果表明:(1)所有离子浓度均为大气降水穿透雨树干流,且增幅较大,而平均浓度以K+和总氮(TN)含量最高;总磷(TP)、磷酸盐(HPO42-)、总有机磷(TOP)含量均最低。(2)大气降雨中的离子平均浓度中以总有机氮(TON)的变异系数最大,为1.282;最小的是NO3-(0.502);穿透雨中变异系数最大的是TOP(2.357);最小的是TN(0.621)。树干流中各养分元素浓度与树种的相关性不显著(P0.05)。(3)季风常绿阔叶林树干流和穿透雨各养分对森林土壤的年输入量为TNK+Ca2+Mg2+TP,树干流和穿透雨对森林土壤层Ca2+的输入大于凋落物分解输入。因此,大气降雨是养分从林冠层转移到土壤层的重要因素。     

鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林大气降雨、穿透雨和树干流的养分特征研究

对鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林大气降雨、穿透雨和树干茎流中的5种养分元素K、Ca、Mg、N、P进行了测定,结合水量分配规律,研究了森林降雨过程中养分在水相中的含量变化特征和输入规律。结果表明：(1)所有离子浓度均为大气降水<穿透雨<树干流,且增幅较大,而平均浓度以K+和总氮(TN)含量最高;总磷(TP)、磷酸盐(HPO42-)、总有机磷(TOP)含量均最低。(2) 大气降雨中的离子平均浓度中以总有机氮(TON)的变异系数最大,为1.282;最小的是NO3-(0.502);穿透雨中变异系数最大的是TOP(2.357);最小的是TN(0.621)。树干流中各养分元素浓度与树种的相关性不显著(P>0.05)。(3) 季风常绿阔叶林树干流和穿透雨各养分对森林土壤的年输入量为TN>K+>Ca2+>Mg2+>TP,树干流和穿透雨对森林土壤层Ca2+的输入大于凋落物分解输入。因此,大气降雨是养分从林冠层转移到土壤层的重要因素。     

贵州省喀斯特地区原始林水化学特征

降水是森林生态系统的一个主要的养分输入源,观测并分析降水化学对于准确地估算森林生态系统养分循环的养分元素浓度与量显得极为重要。对贵州省茂兰国家自然保护区原始林森林群落2007年9月-2008年8月的降水进行定位观测与分析。结果表明:(1)在林外雨、林内雨、树干流和溪流水中,除了Na+之外,pH值与大部分的养分元素的浓度表现出明显的季节变化,冬季与早春浓度较高,夏季浓度较低。这与各季节的降雨量不同而导致浓度稀释或者浓缩有关。(2)大气降雨通过林冠的过程中,养分元素的浓度出现了较大的变化,林内雨与树干流中的浓度基本高于大气降雨;养分元素变化中,浓度差异较大的元素是K+、Mg2+和Ca2+,K+在林内雨和树干流的浓度分别是大气降雨的14倍和21倍;Mg2+浓度分别为大气降雨的12倍和9倍;Ca2+浓度分别为大气降雨的4倍和3倍,这与大气降雨通过林冠,与树体的养分交换以及树体养分的溶脱有关。(3)通过林内雨,树干流输入样地较多的养分元素是K+和Ca2+,分别是35.8kg.hm-.2a-1和31.5kg.hm-.2a-1;通过溪流水输出的元素中,较多的是Ca2+和Mg2+,分别是-547.4kg.hm-.2a-1和-144.5kg.hm-.2a-1;其次是SO24-,而Na++K++NH4+-N总量不足阳离子总量的1%,Cl-+NO3-总量不足阴离子总量的1%。这可能与母岩风化是碳酸岩类岩石风化有关。(4)年养分的垂直移动量特征显示,土壤0cm到土壤5cm的养分元素量变化较明显,无机态N量的变化可能跟微生物的氮固定、无机化或者植被的吸收有关。(5)研究地的年间养分元素量收支分别为N2.9kg.hm-.2a-1;K25.2kg.hm-.2a-1;Ca-547.4kg.hm-.2a-1;Mg-144.5kg.hm-.2a-1;Na-4.0kg.hm-.2a-1;Cl2.5kg.hm-.2a-1和SO24-S-5.9kg.hm-2.a-1。在年间养分的输入与输出中,无机态N跟K+显示正收支,Ca2+、Mg2+为负收支,而Na+、Cl-相对较稳定。     

鼎湖山针阔叶混交林水文学过程中总有机碳动态

2002年7月～2003年7月对鼎湖山针阔叶混交林生态系统水文学过程中总有机碳(TOC)总量和浓度进行了初步研究.结果表明,观测期间,林外大气降水输入的TOC总量为41.80kg·hm^-2·yr^-1,地表径流和地下水(50 cm土壤渗透水)输出分别为17.54和1.80kg·hm^-2·yr^-1,输入输出之差为22.4kg·hm^-2·yr^-1,系统TOC为正平衡.各类型水中TOC总量月动态基本上与大气降水月动态变化趋势一致.大气降水的TOC平均浓度为3.4 mg·L^-1.经过森林林冠淋洗和树干淋溶后,穿透雨和树干流中TOC的平均浓度分别比大气降水中TOC浓度增加了.10倍和7.39倍.地表径流、25 cm和50 cm土壤渗透水中TOC平均浓度分别为12.72、7.905和3.0 mg·L^-1.穿透雨和树干流中TOC浓度的月变化相似,生长季初(3月),TOC浓度开始增加,9月后逐渐下降,12月又有所回升.降水量较大的月份地表径流中TOC浓度较高.25 cm和50 cm土壤渗透水中TOC浓度无明显的月变化规律.不同树种树干流中TOC浓度差异很大.大气降水、穿透雨、25 cm和50 cm土壤水中TOC浓度随降水量的增加而规律性递减,树干流和地表径流中TOC浓度与大气降水量之间无明显相关关系;除树干流和土壤水外,水文过程各分量水中TOC浓度随着大气降水强度的变化呈现规律性波动.     

南亚热带三种主要森林降雨及其再分配过程中的养分差异规律

马尾松林、针阔叶混交林和季风常绿阔叶林是南亚热带鼎湖山地区由演替初期到成熟森林过程的典型代表,对3种林地的降雨量及其再分配过程进行观测,并测定该过程中养分(N、P、K、Ca、Mg)浓度。结果表明,大气降雨经过冠层再分配后,除Ca外,各养分浓度在穿透雨和树干流中都有所增加,树干流增加的幅度更大。穿透雨中Ca元素浓度低于大气降水,这一现象在3种林型均有表现。穿透雨和树干流中养分浓度在演替系列上没有显示出一致的规律,但比较不同演替阶段的输入量可以看出,树干流养分输入量随演替进行呈增加趋势。经过冠层作用后,雨水带来的养分输入量大于凋落物分解输入量,这种现象在马尾松林和混交林尤为明显。表明大气降雨不仅促使养分元素从冠层向地表迁移,而且提供了演替初期植物生长所需的重要养分。     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

Scurvy in capybaras bred in captivity in Argentine

In order to determine if the absence of vitamin C in the diet of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) causes scurvy, a group of seven young individuals were fed food pellets without ascorbic acid, while another group of eight individuals received the same food with 1 g of ascorbic acid per animal per day. Animals in the first group developed signs of scurvy-like gingivitis, breaking of the incisors and death of one animal. Clinical signs appeared between 25 and 104 days from the beginning of the trial in all individuals. Growth rates of individuals deprived of vitamin C was considerably less than those observed in the control group. Deficiency of ascorbic acid had a severe effect on reproduction of another population of captive capybaras. We found that the decrease in ascorbic acid content in the diet affected pregnancy, especially during the first stages. The results obtained suggest that it is necessary to supply a suitable quantity of vitamin C in the diet of this species in captivity.     

Changes in lactate dehydrogenase activity in chicken tissues in hyperthyreosis in ontogenesis

The lactate dehydrogenase activity in reactions of lactate oxidation and synthesis was studied in subfractions of the chicken brain, heart and liver at the embryonal, early postembryonal and adult stages of development after thyroxine administration. It has been shown that during embryogenesis thyroxine predominantly enhanced the rate of lactate oxidation in the mitochondrial tissues. A marked increase in the lactate synthesis was found in cytoplasm of the adult chicken tissues. Specificity of enzyme activity alterations was detected in the chicken brain during ontogenesis after thyroxine administration.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.