超声引导下股动脉假性动脉瘤内凝血酶注射加加压治疗的应用价值

目的：评价超声引导下股动脉假性动脉瘤瘤腔内注射凝血酶加加压治疗在治疗医源性股动脉假性动脉瘤中的应用价值。方法：在彩色多普勒超声引导下,采用20 G穿刺针经皮穿刺,对30例经股动脉介入治疗术后形成的股动脉假性动脉瘤患者行瘤腔内注射凝血酶封闭治疗同时行加压压迫治疗,凝血酶浓度为200 U/ml,总量均≤500 U,压迫治疗力量以病人能耐受,足背动脉搏动可触及为标准,加压时间为24小时。结果：30例患者均1次治疗成功,术中及术后无并发症发生,术后随访3个月无复发。结论：超声引导下股动脉假性动脉瘤瘤腔内注射凝血酶加加压治疗在治疗医源性股动脉假性动脉瘤中具有创伤小,操作简便,疗效确切的优点,可作为经股动脉介入治疗术后形成的假性动脉瘤的首选治疗方法。     

OPERATIONS ON LARGE ARTERIES—Application of Recent Advances

With the use of anticoagulants to prevent recurrence of thrombosis it is now possible to open a major artery which has been occluded by a thrombus, remove the thickened lining with the clot and restore the continuity of the vessel. Free vein grafts have been used successfully to replace arterial segments in the extremities. Vein inlay grafts are preferred in dealing with aneurysms of the abdominal aorta. The aneurysmal wall can be used to support the venous segments.It has been possible to by-pass aneurysms of the abdominal aorta by anastomosing the splenic artery to the left iliac artery. The use of the left superficial femoral artery as a by-pass to supply blood to the right leg is described.     

Preventing fat embolism syndrome (FES) in implantation of cemented hip endoprosthesis shafts with a trans-prosthetic drainage system (TDS)]

In vitro studies with the transprosthetic drainage system (TDS) have revealed a reduction in intrafemoral pressure in cemented total hip prosthesis. The aim of the present study was to establish whether the incidence of fat embolic syndrome (FES) is also reduced. Ten patients underwent standardized cemented total hip replacement using TDS under standardized general anaesthesia. The usual peri-operative monitoring measures were extended to include cardiopulmonary monitoring (pulmonary artery catheter, intra-arterial blood pressure) and two-dimensional transoesophageal echocardiography. Previous studies had reported an increased risk for fat embolic syndrome with conventional, and even with vacuum cementing techniques. Our recorded cardiopulmonary data and the data provided by two-dimensional transoesophageal echocardiography show a significant reduction in pulmonary embolism with TDS. This technique can be recommended in particular for high-risk patients (osteoporosis, elderly patients) and the implantation of long femoral stems. On the basis of the clinical data, a new femoral stem allowing the use of the TDS technique is being developed.     

EVERSION ENDARTERECTOMY: A NEW APPLICATION OF AN OLD TECHNIQUE

Restoration of arterial flow to a severely ischemic extremity remains a major challenge in vascular surgery. The procedure of choice for limb salvage is a bypass utilizing reversed saphenous vein. When the saphenous vein is unsuitable or unavailable, the surgeon must turn to endarterectomy of the femoral and popliteal systems or synthetic, composite, heterologous, autologous, or homologous grafts. To avoid the problems associated with these techniques and to improve the results of limb salvage, we have revived and modified the technique of superficial femoral artery eversion endarterectomy and combined it with other reconstructive techniques in an effort to salvage the severely ischemic lower extremity. Of 38 patients treated for incapacitating claudication or severe limb ischemia during a one-year period, six patients had an unsuitable saphenous vein for the proposed reconstruction. Five of these patients underwent superficial femoral eversion endarterectomy. These six patients have 100% patency at follow-up seven months to one year postoperatively. Our experience with these six patients, including angiographic follow-up, will be presented.     

The False Aneurysm

The clinical course of 18 patients with 25 false aneurysms is reviewed. In recent years false aneurysm has been most commonly seen as a complication of arterioplastic procedures in which prosthetic arterial grafts were used. The use of indwelling needles or cannulae, particularly in patients with a wide arterial pulse pressure, can also lead to the formation of false aneurysms. In the groin, a false aneurysm is frequently mistaken for an abscess. Early diagnosis and operative repair are essential to reduce the incidence of further complications.     

Operations on large arteries; application of recent advances

With the use of anticoagulants to prevent recurrence of thrombosis it is now possible to open a major artery which has been occluded by a thrombus, remove the thickened lining with the clot and restore the continuity of the vessel. Free vein grafts have been used successfully to replace arterial segments in the extremities. Vein inlay grafts are preferred in dealing with aneurysms of the abdominal aorta. The aneurysmal wall can be used to support the venous segments. It has been possible to by-pass aneurysms of the abdominal aorta by anastomosing the splenic artery to the left iliac artery. The use of the left superficial femoral artery as a by-pass to supply blood to the right leg is described.     

人工髋关节置换术在320 例股骨头缺血性坏死中的治疗体会

目的：探讨人工髋关节置换术在治疗股骨头缺血性坏死（ANFH）中的临床疗效。方法：选择2007 年2 月-2011 年2 月我院收 治的320 例（340 髋）股骨头缺血性坏死患者,均采用人工髋关节置换术对患者进行治疗,其中160 例（172 髋）患者应用骨水泥型 假体进行治疗,另外160 例（168）患者采用非骨水泥型假体进行治疗。采用Harris评分对患者手术前后的髋关节功能情况进行评 价,并比较骨水泥治疗组和非骨水泥治疗组的临床疗效。结果：患者均获得随访,随访时间为3～18 个月。全部患者手术后的 Harris评分明显高于手术前,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。骨水泥治疗组和非骨水泥治疗组在术后出血量、术后Harris 评分及住 院时间方面的差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,但非骨水泥治疗组的并发症发生率明显低于骨水泥治疗组（P<0.05）。结论：采用人工 髋关节置换术治疗ANFH疗效显著,能明显改善患者的生活质量,骨水泥型假体与非骨水泥型假体的治疗效果相当,应根据患者 的具体情况进行合理的选择。     

膝部骨折合并腘动脉损伤23例临床分析

目的：回顾性分析膝部骨折合并腘动脉损伤的治疗方法和效果。方法：23例膝部骨折合并腘动脉损伤的患者,其中肢体严重缺血患者（远端动脉搏动消失,皮温下降,皮肤花斑或者苍白）13例,部分缺血患者（远端动脉搏动减弱,或者消失但有毛细血管充盈征）10例。腘动脉修复方法：端端吻合术4例,修补术5例,切开取栓术3例,对侧大隐静脉移植修复术10例。修复顺序：先修复血管再固定骨折8例,先固定骨折再修复血管14例,处理骨折前先建立临时性动脉内分流10例。结果：肢体存活19例,截肢4例。截肢者均为严重缺血患者,其中1例患者因严重骨折和广泛软组织损伤合并急性肾功能衰竭行I期截肢,3例患者因术后反复感染（1例合并肾功能不全）行Ⅱ期截肢。严重缺血的患者只有3/13例完全恢复,而部分缺血的患者有6/10例完全恢复。血管再通时间≥8h的患者只有4/13例完全恢复,而血管再通时间〈8h的患者有5/9完全恢复。结论：膝部骨折合并腘动脉损伤时,肢体缺血程度和缺血时间是影响患者康复的重要因素,术后感染仍是造成截肢的主要原因。     

Functional properties of fresh and cryopreserved carotid and femoral arteries,and of venous and synthetic grafts: comparison with arteries from normotensive and hypertensive patients

The ideal arterial graft must share identical functional properties with the host artery. Surgical reconstruction of the common carotid artery (CA) is performed in several clinical situations, using expanded polytetrafluoroethylene prosthesis (ePTFE) or saphenous vein (SV) grafts. At date there is interest in obtaining an arterial graft that improves the results of that nowadays available. The use of a fresh or cryopreserved/defrosted artery appears as an interesting alternative. However, if the fresh and cryopreserved/defrosted arteries allow an adequate viscoelastic and functional matching with the host arteries needs to be established. The aims were to compare the viscoelastic and functional performance of: (1) conduits used in CA reconstruction (SV and ePTFE) with those of the fresh and cryopreserved/defrosted CA and femoral arteries (FA), and (2) normotensive and hypertensive patients’ arteries with those of the arterial substitutes in vitro analyzed. Pressure, diameter and wall thickness of the CA were recorded in 15 normotensive and 15 hypertensive patients (in vivo studies), and in SV, fresh and cryopreserved/defrosted CA and FA (obtained from 15 donors), and ePTFE segments (in vitro studies). From stress–strain relationship we calculated elastic and viscous modulus, and the characteristic impedance. The local buffer and conduit functions were quantified as the viscous/elastic quotient and the inverse of the characteristic impedance. Fresh and cryopreserved/defrosted CA and FA were more alike, both in viscoelastic and functional levels, respect to normotensive and hypertensive patients’ arteries, than the ePTFE and SV grafts. CA and FA cryografts could be considered an important alternative for carotid reconstruction.     

Simulation of human atherosclerotic femoral plaque tissue: the influence of plaque material model on numerical results

Background

Due to the limited number of experimental studies that mechanically characterise human atherosclerotic plaque tissue from the femoral arteries, a recent trend has emerged in current literature whereby one set of material data based on aortic plaque tissue is employed to numerically represent diseased femoral artery tissue. This study aims to generate novel vessel-appropriate material models for femoral plaque tissue and assess the influence of using material models based on experimental data generated from aortic plaque testing to represent diseased femoral arterial tissue.

Methods

Novel material models based on experimental data generated from testing of atherosclerotic femoral artery tissue are developed and a computational analysis of the revascularisation of a quarter model idealised diseased femoral artery from a 90% diameter stenosis to a 10% diameter stenosis is performed using these novel material models. The simulation is also performed using material models based on experimental data obtained from aortic plaque testing in order to examine the effect of employing vessel appropriate material models versus those currently employed in literature to represent femoral plaque tissue.

Results

Simulations that employ material models based on atherosclerotic aortic tissue exhibit much higher maximum principal stresses within the plaque than simulations that employ material models based on atherosclerotic femoral tissue. Specifically, employing a material model based on calcified aortic tissue, instead of one based on heavily calcified femoral tissue, to represent diseased femoral arterial vessels results in a 487 fold increase in maximum principal stress within the plaque at a depth of 0.8 mm from the lumen.

Conclusions

Large differences are induced on numerical results as a consequence of employing material models based on aortic plaque, in place of material models based on femoral plaque, to represent a diseased femoral vessel. Due to these large discrepancies, future studies should seek to employ vessel-appropriate material models to simulate the response of diseased femoral tissue in order to obtain the most accurate numerical results.

     

Design of intramedullary prostheses to prevent bone loss: predictions based on damage-stimulated remodelling

The adaptation of bone around intramedullary fixated prostheses, such as the femoral component of the hip joint or the radial component of the elbow joint, is well documented in follow-up studies. Bone adaptation takes the form of proximal bone atrophy accompanied, in some cases, by distal bone hypertrophy. A mechanistic model has been formulated to predict bone adaptation based on the concept that the continuous processes of damage and repair regulate bone adaptation. We apply the model to investigate the significance of two features of intramedullary prosthesis design on bone adaptation: prosthesis Young's modulus and the presence of a prosthesis collar. Results, as well as indicating some characteristics of accumulative-damage stimulated bone adaptation, predict that a low Young's modulus stem will very much reduce the extent of bone loss whereas the presence of a collar will have no significant effect. The results predict that a collarless low stiffness prosthesis is one possible approach for improving the secondary stability of intramedullary-fixated orthopaedic implants.     

Comparison of Invasive Blood Pressure Measurements from the Caudal Ventral Artery and the Femoral Artery in Male Adult SD and Wistar Rats

Background and Purpose

Studies have suggested that the caudal ventral artery is a potential site for continuous arterial blood pressure monitoring in rats. However, the agreement of mean arterial pressure values between the femoral artery and the caudal ventral artery has not been investigated. This study was performed to identify whether the caudal ventral artery could be safely used for continuous blood pressure monitoring as an alternative site to the femoral artery.

Methods

Rats were randomized into four groups: Sprague Dawley rats under normothermia; Wistar rats under normothermia; Sprague Dawley rats under hypothermia; Wistar rats under hypothermia. Each rat underwent simultaneous monitoring of blood pressure using femoral artery and caudal ventral artery catheterization during a stable hemodynamic state and three periods of acute severe hemodynamic changes. The effects of rat strain, rectal temperature, experimental time course and hemodynamic factors on pressure gradients, the concordance of mean arterial pressure values between the femoral artery and the caudal ventral artery, and the rates of distal ischemia after surgery were determined.

Results

There was a significant difference in the rate of distal ischemia between femoral and caudal ventral arteries after catheterization (25% vs 5%, P<0.05). The overall mean gradient and the mean gradient under a steady hemodynamic state were 4.9±3.7 mm Hg and 5.5±2.5 mm Hg, respectively. The limits of agreement (bias±1.96 SD) were (−2.5 mm Hg, 12.3 mm Hg) and (-0.5 mm Hg, 10.5 mm Hg), respectively. Although the concordance decreased during the first 30 sec of each period of severe hemodynamic changes, the degree of agreement was acceptable regardless of the effects of rat strain and rectal temperature.

Conclusions

Based on the degree of agreement and the safety of catheterization, the caudal ventral artery may be a preferred site for continuous arterial blood pressure monitoring without acute severe hemodynamic changes.     

Dissecting aneurysm as a cause of acute non-traumatic ischemia of the lower limbs]

The results of the treatment the acute non-traumatic ischemia of the lower limbs caused by dissecting aneurysm are discussed. Out of 726 analysed patients 8 of them suffered from dissecting aneurysm, i.e. 1.1%. Dissecting aneurysm was more frequent in male patients. All patients with lower limbs ischemia caused by the dissecting aneurysm were operated. Vascular prosthesis was used in 6 cases, and restoration of arterial patency in 2 cases. Seven patients died during the early postoperative period and one was released home with proper blood flow.     

Ultrasound screening for clinically occult abdominal aortic aneurysm.

In a review of the records of 74 patients who had undergone repair of an abdominal aortic aneurysm at a community hospital between 1977 and 1983 we found that the aneurysm had been undiagnosed before rupture in 35%; these patients had an operative death rate of 50%, whereas elective repair carried a death rate of 4%. The characteristic patient was an obese man over the age of 55 years with hypertension, coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease or peripheral vascular disease. Ultrasound examination was performed in 45 patients with these characteristics, and six aneurysms were diagnosed. Either surgery or computed tomography confirmed the diagnosis. The rate of false-negative results was estimated by review of the charts of 100 men over the age of 55 years who had undergone abdominal ultrasonography for other indications: no undetected aneurysms were discovered over 3 years of follow-up. Routine screening in this high-risk group would improve the rate of diagnosis of this potentially fatal condition before rupture and offer the patient the lower mortality rate associated with elective surgery.     

Anthrax Toxin Receptor 1 Is Essential for Arteriogenesis in a Mouse Model of Hindlimb Ischemia

Anthrax toxin receptor 1/tumor endothelial marker 8 (Antxr1 or TEM8) is up-regulated in tumor vasculature and serves as a receptor for anthrax toxin, but its physiologic function is unclear. The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of Antxr1 in arteriogenesis. The role of Antxr1 in arteriogenesis was tested by measuring gene expression and immunohistochemistry in a mouse model of hindlimb ischemia using wild-type and ANTXR1^-/- mice. Additional tests were performed by measuring gene expression in in vitro models of fluid shear stress and hypoxia, as well as in human muscle tissues obtained from patients having peripheral artery disease. We observed that Antxr1 expression transiently increased in ischemic tissues following femoral artery ligation and that its expression was necessary for arteriogenesis. In the absence of Antxr1, the mean arterial lumen area in ischemic tissues decreased. Antxr1 mRNA and protein expression was positively regulated by fluid shear stress, but not by hypoxia. Furthermore, Antxr1 expression was elevated in human peripheral artery disease requiring lower extremity bypass surgery. These findings demonstrate an essential physiologic role for Antxr1 in arteriogenesis and peripheral artery disease, with important implications for managing ischemia and other arteriogenesis-dependent vascular diseases.     

11 例锁骨下动脉瘤腔内介入治疗体会

目的：总结锁骨下动脉瘤腔内介入治疗的经验。方法：11 例锁骨下动脉瘤,其中7 例真性动脉瘤4 例假性动脉瘤,均采用覆 膜支架腔内隔绝术进行治疗。结果：本组11 例患者腔内介入治疗成功率100%,共置入覆膜支架12 枚,无严重并发症发生,均痊 愈出院。经平均32.5 个月随访,全部患者无明显内漏发生,无动脉瘤复发,除3 例患者出现覆膜支架内轻度狭窄（<30%）外,余介 入治疗患者的锁骨下动脉血流均通畅。结论：腔内覆膜支架隔绝术治疗锁骨下动脉瘤是一种安全、有效的治疗手段。     

新型非骨水泥柄设计特征及临床应用效果

目的:探讨一种新型的适合于儿童的非骨水泥固定型股骨柄设计特征,并通过随访获得其临床效果。方法:选取2010年9月~2013年4月在我科植入新型非骨水泥股骨柄的6名儿童患者,其中男1例,女5例;年龄8.5±3.2岁(5~11岁)。病理诊断结果骨肉瘤患者5例,恶性神经鞘瘤患者1例;右股骨下端患者5例,左股骨下端患者1例;其中一例患者术前有病理骨折。6例患者在我科行双动半膝关节置换术,其中股骨下端均采用了新型非骨水泥假体柄。采用Enneking骨肌肉肿瘤置换后下肢功能评定标准对患肢行功能评价,影像学重点评估股骨柄在髓腔放置位置是否得当、股骨柄假体有无松动、有无应力遮挡、骨溶解等现象,并测量术后患者患肢短缩畸形数据。结果:6例患者随访时间32个月(14~54个月),除1例5岁女童术前肢体条件较差在术后14个月行膝关节融合手术,其余无翻修病例,置换关节均无感染、折断等现象。MSTS评分21.33分;射线片示所有患者股骨髓腔内假体柄放置位置满意,股骨侧及胫腓骨侧假体周围未见骨溶解。结论:新型非骨水泥固定型股骨柄设计合理,早期稳定性可,后期可取得满意的生物固定效果。     

Murine Model of Hindlimb Ischemia

In the United States, peripheral arterial disease (PAD) affects about 10 million individuals, and is also prevalent worldwide. Medical therapies for symptomatic relief are limited. Surgical or endovascular interventions are useful for some individuals, but long-term results are often disappointing. As a result, there is a need for developing new therapies to treat PAD. The murine hindlimb ischemia preparation is a model of PAD, and is useful for testing new therapies. When compared to other models of tissue ischemia such as coronary or cerebral artery ligation, femoral artery ligation provides for a simpler model of ischemic tissue. Other advantages of this model are the ease of access to the femoral artery and low mortality rate.In this video, we demonstrate the methodology for the murine model of unilateral hindimb ischemia. The specific materials and procedures for creating and evaluating the model will be described, including the assessment of limb perfusion by laser Doppler imaging. This protocol can also be utilized for the transplantation and non-invasive tracking of cells, which is demonstrated by Huang et al.¹.     

A Rapid Method of Obtaining Epidermal Peels in Plants by Treatment with Cupric Sulphate and Hydrochloric Acid

In a microsurgical study currently in progress, the need arose to prepare accurately oriented longitudinal sections of artery 1 mm in external diameter. The specimens were rats' common femoral arteries which had been subjected to division and microsuture anastomosis. We wanted to see the extent of any narrowing at the site of the microsurgical repair or histological changes on either side of the repair, and to relate such changes to possible causes of surgical trauma.     

Femoral Hernia in the Female

A study of 384 consecutive femoral herniorrhaphies performed upon female patients admitted to Shouldice Hospital, Toronto, during a 19-year period was carried out. Its main purpose was to describe the techniques used and to evaluate the results obtained. A careful 10-year follow-up plan for all cases existed.Two hundred and ninety-three operations were performed for the repair of simple femoral hernia; 91 were performed for the repair of femoral hernia which had developed following an initial ipsilateral inguinal or femoral repair performed previously, either in this hospital or elsewhere.The basic repair was subinguinal. Four modifications are described, one entirely subinguinal and three combined with exploration of the inguinal canal.The recurrence rate for simple femoral hernia in the female was 1.3% and for “recurrent” femoral hernia in the female, 5.5%.