内毒素和降钙素原在妇科术后尿路感染中的鉴别诊断价值

目的评价中段尿内毒素和血清降钙素原在妇科术后不同种类细菌尿路感染中的鉴别诊断价值。方法收集临床1205例妇科术后患者中段尿进行细菌培养及内毒素检测,同时对患者进行血清降钙素原检测,比较结果对尿路感染的鉴别诊断价值。结果1205份标本中尿培养出阳性350例,感染率为29．04％,其中298例为均存在留置导尿管,而在剩余400例尿培养阴性的患者中仅仅120例留置导尿管。两组之间差异有统计学意义（χ2=26．78,P〈0．05）。其中革兰阴性杆菌189例（54％）,革兰阳性菌112例（32％）,真菌49例（14％）。在三组患者中,中段尿内毒素在革兰阴性菌引起的术后尿路感染较革兰阳性菌和真菌的患者中明显升高,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。而对于血清降钙素原在革兰阴性菌和革兰阳性菌感染的患者明显高于真菌尿路感染的患者,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。而在革兰阴性菌和革兰阳性菌感染的患者中差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论妇科术后尿路感染与留置导尿管密切相关,革兰阴性菌是引起妇科术后尿路感染的主要致病菌,中段尿内毒素有助于鉴别诊断出革兰阴性菌引起尿路感染,而血清PCT升高时则有助于排除真菌尿路感染。     

Epidemiology of urinary tract diseases in general practice

During a one-year morbidity survey of urinary tract diseases in general practice 741 cases were diagnosed. Only about half of all the patients with symptoms of urinary tract infection had significant bacteriuria. In young women urinary tract infections and symptoms from the urinary tract without bacteriuria—in particular urethritis—were found to predominate. In middle-aged women, the urinary tract symptoms were ascribed increasingly to genital prolapse, while incidence of urolithiasis was the highest in any group, and urinary tract infections became less frequent. The prevalence of urinary tract infection showed another increase in elderly women, and recurrent/chronic pyelonephritis, which occurs with a steadily increasing prevalence throughout all age groups, became common.In younger male urological patients diseases with symptoms of urinary tract infection without bacteriuria were predominant, whereas prostatitis and urinary tract infections were less frequent. In middle-aged men, urolithiasis was especially frequent, while an increasing proportion of elderly men had prostatic hypertrophy, urinary tract infections, and recurrent/chronic pyelonephritis.     

Bactofection with Toll-Like Receptor 4 in a Murine Model of Urinary Tract Infection

The role of innate immunity in the prevention of urinary tract infection is well-documented. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a major determinant of innate immune response. In an animal model of urinary tract infection, bactofection-mediated gene transfer of TLR4 was tested in a preventive approach. Bactofection with TLR4 reduced the colonization with uropathogenic Escherichia coli by 91% in the kidney and by 41% in the bladder. Reduced colonization was associated with lower oxidative stress and expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and myeloperoxidase in the kidney. Bactofection with TLR4 was successful in the prevention of ascending pyelonephritis. Further studies should focus on long-term effects, the dose response and the potential therapeutic use in models of chronic urinary tract infection.     

Virulence of a Proteus mirabilis ATF isogenic mutant is not impaired in a mouse model of ascending urinary tract infection

Proteus mirabilis, a common cause of urinary tract infection, produces a number of different fimbriae, including ambient temperature fimbriae (ATF). These fimbriae are optimally expressed at 23 degrees C and their contribution to urinary tract infection has so far remained unknown. In the present study, a clinical isolate of P. mirabilis and an isogenic allelic replacement mutant unable to express ATF were tested for their ability to cause infection in the ascending urinary tract infection model in mice. The atf mutant colonised the urinary tract as well as the wild-type strain and was also able to outcompete the wild-type strain in a co-challenge experiment. Different non-clinical P. mirabilis isolates showed a reactive AtfA band after Western blot analysis using a polyclonal rabbit AtfA antiserum. These data together suggest that ATF does not play a role in P. mirabilis urinary tract infection.     

医院内尿路感染致病菌变迁及其耐药性监测分析

目的调查院内尿路感染致病菌分布及耐药性变化情况.方法对我院1998年1月-2000 年12月医院内尿路感染患者分离的细菌菌株、真菌菌株及细菌耐药性进行回顾性调查.结果 医院内尿路感染仍以G 菌为主(39.9%),其次为真菌(32.9%),G+菌(27.2%);G -菌以大肠埃希菌为主(41.7%),G+菌以D组链球菌为主(50.3%),真菌以白色念珠菌为主(44.7%),与19 98年分离的菌株相比,2000年G 菌所占比例有下降趋势,而真菌由25.7%上升至36.6%(P< 0.05),3年间主要病原菌对常用抗生素的耐药率基本呈上升趋势.结论院内尿路感染致病菌正在发生变迁 ,耐药性严重,临床应重视病原学检查,开展细菌耐药性监测,合理使用抗生素.     

Immunological approach to the pathogenetical role of Escherichia coli adhesive factor "119" in a suckling mouse urinary tract model

In the course of urinary tract infections, suckling mice with maternal anti-pilus ("119") immunity showed a massive protection against a 119+ strain of Escherichia coli. Animals could be protected against urinary tract infection by giving pilus antibody or pilus vaccine shortly after the infection. Results showed the importance of adhesive pili in initiating the urinary tract infection by E. coli.     

Chromosomal and plasmid encoded drug resistances of a <Emphasis Type="Italic">Klebsiella pneumoniae</Emphasis> UTI 2 strain isolated from urine of a post-operative patient

The multi drug resistance Klebsiella pneumoniae in urinary tract infection is a common clinical problem in developing country like India. Use of random antibiotics, resulting multi drug resistance development, creates difficulties for treatment. In our present study, we investigated a strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae UTI 2 with multiple drug resistance, which was isolated from urine of a post operative woman patient (50 years) suffering from urinary tract infection with high fever. This strain is resistant to 36 antibiotics and sensitive to cefotaxime (Ce) and imipenem (I). After curing of plasmids, we observed that, 55% of drug resistant loci of K. pneumoniae UTI 2 are chromosomal and 40% are plasmid encoded. The organism is sensitive to 5% of drugs tested, i.e. Ce and I. This study contributes to understand the drug resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae, which will enable better clinical management of catheter-associated urinary tract infections, a major health problem.     

Community behavior and amyloid-associated phenotypes among a panel of uropathogenic E. coli

Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) are the major causative agents of urinary tract infection and engage in a coordinated genetic and molecular cascade to colonize the urinary tract. Disrupting the assembly and/or function of virulence factors and bacterial biofilms has emerged as an attractive target for the development of new therapeutic strategies to prevent and treat urinary tract infection, particularly in the era of increasing antibiotic resistance among human pathogens. UPEC vary widely in their genetic and molecular phenotypes and more data are needed to understand the features that distinguish isolates as more or less virulent and as more robust biofilm formers or poor biofilm formers. Curli are extracellular functional amyloid fibers produced by E. coli that contribute to pathogenesis and influence the host response during urinary tract infection (UTI). We have examined the production of curli and curli-associated phenotypes including biofilm formation among a specific panel of human clinical UPEC that has been studied extensively in the mouse model of UTI. Motility, curli production, and curli-associated biofilm formation attached to plastic were the most prevalent behaviors, shared by most clinical isolates. We discuss these results in the context on the previously reported behavior and phenotypes of these isolates in the murine cystitis model in vivo.     

Retrospective study of children with renal scarring associated with reflux and urinary infection.

OBJECTIVE--To review the histories of children with bilateral renal scarring and severe vesicoureteric reflux to determine whether an improvement in early management might reduce the risk of scarring. DESIGN--Retrospective study of medical records and discussion with parents. SETTING--Outpatient departments of two teaching hospitals. PATIENTS--52 children aged 1-12 years participating in a randomised comparison of medical and surgical management. All had a history of symptomatic urinary tract infection. Two thirds presented with fever and two with hypertension or renal failure. In only one out of 32 children examined by antenatal ultrasonography was an abnormality suspected. RESULTS--There was delay in diagnosis or appropriate imaging or effective treatment of urinary infection in 50 of the 52 children. In 41 there was delay in diagnosis; there was delay in treating a confirmed infection in 45; no antibacterial prophylaxis was prescribed before imaging in 28; and investigation of the urinary tract was delayed in 33. The severity of scarring was significantly related to delay in diagnosis (chi 2 for trend 7.43, P = 0.01). Four children of mothers known to have reflux nephropathy were not investigated until they developed urinary tract infection. CONCLUSIONS--Efforts to reduce the incidence and severity of renal scarring should be directed towards rapid diagnosis and effective early management of urinary tract infection in infancy and childhood. Siblings and offspring of known patients with severe reflux nephropathy should be investigated for reflux.     

泌尿系感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的了解深圳市人民医院泌尿系感染病原菌的分布及耐药性,为临床医师合理使用抗菌药物提供科学依据。方法对655株泌尿系统感染病原菌进行常规鉴定,用k-B法或ATB-FUNGUS 3对其进行药敏试验。结果病原菌构成比前5位分别为大肠埃希菌（37.9%）、假丝酵母（18.0%）、肠球菌（13.1%）、肺炎克雷伯菌（6.6%）、铜绿假单胞菌（6.3%）。病原菌对各种抗菌药物产生了不同程度的耐药,肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率为14.3%～26.8%。结论深圳市人民医院泌尿系感染病原菌主要以大肠埃希菌、假丝酵母和肠球菌等为主,病原菌对抗菌药物已产生了一定的耐药性,应加强监测与控制。     

人体泌尿系微生物感染与耐药及宿主状态分析

目的了解泌尿系感染常见病原细菌和真菌分布、耐药性及宿主相关状态,为理解相关微生物感染影响因素及临床合理用药提供资料和依据。方法对门诊及住院患者中段尿培养分离的179株病原细菌和真菌进行微生物学鉴定和K-B法药敏试验,同时记录门诊和住院的菌株相关的泌尿系感染患者情况。结果泌尿系感染微生物以大肠埃希菌居首位,占62.4%,其次为真菌和肠球菌,各占12.4%、14.0%。药敏结果显示,大肠埃希菌产ESBLs占62.2%;肠杆菌科细菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南的敏感率为100%,其次敏感性较好的为氨基糖苷类阿米卡星、头孢头霉类头孢西丁及第三代头孢类头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、头孢他啶,敏感率均大于80%。革兰阳性球菌万古霉素敏感率为100%,对呋喃妥因敏感率为70.8%。大肠埃希菌感染率与患者的身体状态和行为具有显著的相关性(P<0.01)。结论革兰阴性杆菌是泌尿系感染的主要病原菌,机体免疫状态低下、不洁等生活行为与尿路微生物感染密切相关,但与耐药性不相关。维护机体正常免疫力、注意合适的生活行为,对预防泌尿道病原细菌与真菌的感染十分重要。     

Urinary tract infections in children. An update.

Urinary tract infection is a common and frequently recurring condition in children. The susceptibility of the host, the presence of urinary tract abnormalities, and the virulence of the urinary pathogens are of primary importance in the development of the infection. Renal parenchymal scarring, hypertension, and renal insufficiency are well-established complications of the infection in children. To reduce the risk of renal damage, diagnosis and treatment must be prompt. The diagnosis demands radiologic evaluation of the urinary tract in all boys, all children younger than 5 years, all patients with voiding dysfunction, and school-aged girls with recurrent infection to identify those patients with vesicoureteral reflux, obstruction, or other urinary tract abnormalities. Both voiding cystourethrography and renal ultrasonography are the initial examinations to use to determine the next appropriate study. Children with vesicoureteral reflux or with recurrent urinary tract infections should receive prophylactic antibiotic therapy and should be observed closely to prevent renal scarring.     

Development of renal scars in children: missed opportunities in management. South Bedfordshire Practitioners' Group.

OBJECTIVE--To assess the antecedent medical care of children with renal scars. DESIGN--Retrospective study of both general practice and hospital records. SETTING--12 Group practices in south Bedfordshire and the radiology and paediatric outpatient departments of a district general hospital. SUBJECTS--23 Children with renal scars (six boys, 17 girls) from the 12 group practices, identified from outpatient, radiology, and general practice records. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Number of children in whom a diagnosis of urinary tract infection had been made without prior examination of a mid-stream specimen of urine; number of children who had had a confirmed urinary tract infection that had not been investigated further; number who had experienced delays in investigation or referral; and number who had received inadequate follow up. RESULTS--In all, 11 of the children had received suboptimal medical care, but the management of the other 12 could not have been better. The most common error was failure to investigate possible urinary tract infections, but follow up of confirmed infections was also inadequate. These problems occurred in hospital as well as in general practice. CONCLUSION--Opportunities for intervention had been missed in nearly half of this sample of children with renal scars.     

Struvite calculus in the vagina of a bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)

On 27 January 2000, a struvite calculus was observed in the vagina during necropsy of a 138-cm-long female bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) collected from the Stono River, South Carolina (USA). Vaginal calculi have been reported in other species of cetaceans but not in bottlenose dolphins. Urinary tract infection might have been an underlying cause of the calculus. While urinary tract inflammation was not detected by light microscopic evaluation of sections of the urinary tract, it is conceivable that sufficient time had lapsed following voiding of the calculus through the urethra for urinary tract infection to have resolved. To further define the prevalence and significance of urolithiasis, prosectors of dead stranded marine mammals are encouraged to closely observe their urinary and genital tracts for calculi and to submit them for quantitative analysis.     

Common Complications of Hysterectomy

Some of the common complications associated with abdominal and vaginal hysterectomy, performed in a teaching hospital, are reviewed. Case records of 284 abdominal hysterectomies and 101 vaginal hysterectomies are analyzed.The incidence of blood transfusion and of urinary tract infection was greater following vaginal hysterectomy than abdominal hysterectomy. The morbidity rate of vaginal hysterectomy was two and a half times as great as that of abdominal hysterectomy. Neither the age of the patient nor the factor of previous abdominal or major gynecological surgery influenced the morbidity of vaginal hysterectomy.It is apparent that the preoperative recognition and treatment of urinary tract infection and anemia should reduce the incidence of postoperative morbidity and the use of postoperative blood transfusion in both abdominal and vaginal hysterectomy.     

泌尿系细菌L型感染致病性临床研究

目的探讨泌尿系反复感染致病菌的发病特点及细菌L型感染的致病性,为临床诊治提供科学依据。方法将127例清洁中段尿培养确诊的反复发作肾盂肾炎患者,根据致病菌分为细菌型组、细菌伴L型组和细菌L型组,健康体检者为对照组,分析4组患者尿N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)、尿视黄醇结合蛋白(RBP)水平变化。结果泌尿系感染各组尿NAG和尿RBP较正常对照组均有不同程度升高,差异有非常显著性(P0.01),单纯细菌L型感染患者较细菌型及细菌伴L型患者稍低,但细菌型、细菌伴L型及细菌L型3组之间差异无显著性(P0.05)。结论细菌L型在泌尿道感染反复发作中占重要地位,泌尿系细菌L型感染具有致病性。     

The antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin protects the urinary tract against invasive bacterial infection

The urinary tract functions in close proximity to the outside environment, yet must remain free of microbial colonization to avoid disease. The mechanisms for establishing an antimicrobial barrier in this area are not completely understood. Here, we describe the production and function of the cathelicidin antimicrobial peptides LL-37, its precursor hCAP-18 and its ortholog CRAMP in epithelial cells of human and mouse urinary tract, respectively. Bacterial contact with epithelial cells resulted in rapid production and secretion of the respective peptides, and in humans LL-37/hCAP-18 was released into urine. Epithelium-derived cathelicidin substantially contributed to the protection of the urinary tract against infection, as shown using CRAMP-deficient and neutrophil-depleted mice. In addition, clinical E. coli strains that were more resistant to LL-37 caused more severe urinary tract infections than did susceptible strains. Thus, cathelicidin seems to be a key factor in mucosal immunity of the urinary tract.     

Mutator phenotype confers advantage in Escherichia coli chronic urinary tract infection pathogenesis

It has been suggested that mutator phenotype could be associated with an increase in virulence, but to date experimental evidences are lacking. Epidemiological studies have revealed that urinary tract infection isolates encompass the highest proportion of mutator strains within the Escherichia coli species. Using the uropathogenic strain CFT073 and its mutS- mutator mutant, we show that the mutator strain is selected in vitro in urine and in the late stages of infection in a mouse model having urinary tract infection. Thus, we report that, under specific conditions, i.e., urinary tract infection, the mutator phenotype may confer an advantage in pathogenesis.     

Clinical importance of significant asimptomatic bacteriuria in newborns and infants during early postnatal period

The aim of the study was to detect newborns at risk for developing renal impairment, and to point out the importance of significant asimptomatic bacteriuria in perinatal period and early infancy. Severe urinary tract anomalies are very often accompanied only by asimptomatic bacteriuria in perinatal period. Three urinalysis ware done after delivery. 212 newborns with significant asimptomatic bacteriuria underwent ultrasound examination, and were followed up to three months. Those with normal findings and with passing bacteriuria in the first 2 months were excluded. Group of 52 newborns underwent radioisotope examination. Frequency of urinary tract anomalies in newborns was 34.6%. Increased risk for renal impairment had children with urinary tract anomalies in close family, urinary tract infection or bacteriuria, EPH gestosis and prepartal symptoms of febrile infection in mother, children with IUGR, strangulated umbilical cord, prolonged jaundice and attacks of peripheral cyanosis in perinatal period.     

Urinary tract infection caused by Hansenula anomala

A case of urinary tract infection due to Hansenula anomala is reported. The infection occurred in a cadaver kidney transplant patient who was receiving immuno-suppression therapy. Survey of the literature revealed that human infections due to this organism are rare and its causal relationship in urinary tract infection has not been previously reported.