Age and variability in the inguinal lymph nodes of adult humans]

Lymphatic nodes on the anterior surface of the femur, in the region of the femoral triangle were studied in 56 corpses of humans of either sex from 31 to 82 years of age, dead of accidental causes or of diseases not related to lymphatic nodes. The investigation was carried on by the method of interstitial and direct injection of the Gerota's mass to some regions of foot skin, external genitalia and the skin of the anterior wall of the abdomen. It has been established that the size of inguinal lymphatic nodes (both superficial and profound) in humans of either sex, are in direct dependence on the age of the person. The amount of inguinal lymphatic nodes in young people prevails over that in old people. The external diameter of the afferent and efferent vessels in elderly humans is greater than in young ones. The amount of afferent lymphatic vessels to inguinal lymphatic nodes in most cases prevails over the amount of efferent ones, independent of age and sex. The external diameter of the former is greater than that of the latter.     

Age and features of the construction and cellular composition of superior tracheobronchial lymph nodes in adult humans]

Age peculiarities in composition of the upper tracheobronchial lymph nodes have been studied in 60 corpses at the age of 16-70 years. Cause of death has not been connected with diseases of blood, lymphatic system or thoracic origins. Routine histological and morphometric methods have been applied. Certain age-dependent rearrangement in the connective tissue stroma, trabecular vegetations and differences in correlations of structural components have been noted. A rather essential volumetric increase of the medullary substance takes place at the level of hilus of the lymph node. Cellular composition of the lymph nodes is greatly polymorphous but is more or less constant for each age group. The number of macrophages containing carbon pigment is increasing with age.     

Anatomy of lymph nodes situated adjacent to the axilla in adult humans]

In 50 right and 50 left upper extremities examined in adult persons of both sex at the age of 28-90 years, delto-thoracic lymph nodes were revealed in 30% (right) and in 22% (left), and interthoracic lymph nodes--in 6% (right) and in 12% (left). The lymph nodes in question were revealed by the method of section after interstitial injection of Gerota's blue intradermally to fingers, palm, back of the hand deltoid area, lateral thoracic surface (at the level of the 6th intercostal space) and to the external part of the mammary gland. Injection was also performed into lymphatic vessels revealed by means of the interstitial injection. The delto-thoracic nodes were stated to situate in both the delto-thoracic sulcus and the delto-thoracic triangle. These vessels are situated along the course of the lateral collector of the free upper extremity. Deferent vessels of the delto-thoracic nodes flow into the apical axillary lymph nodes, into the deep and superficial cervical nodes, into the interthoracic lymph nodes and also into the subclavicular or into the jugular vein near a corresponding venous angle. Interthoracic lymph nodes, situated between musculus pectoralis major and minor, get their lymphatic vessels from lateral, inferior and central axillary nodes, from delto-thoracic nodes and also those lymphatic vessels that go from the mammary gland area. Deferent vessels of the interthoracic nodes flow into the apical axillary nodes.     

Cellular composition of the deep cervical and apical axillary lymph nodes in mature and aged humans]

Quantitative investigation of the cellular composition of follicles, cortical plato and myelinated strands of the regional lymphatic nodes in man has shown the lymphocytes (small, medium-size and large) to be prevailing cellular elements in all structural components of the node. Among them there are many small lymphocytes. In myelinated strands there are more reticular, plasma, mast cells and macrophages than in the cortical plato of the lymphatic node. The follicles of the lymphatic nodes are more homogeneous structural components. They consist mainly of lymphocytes. The cellular composition of profound cervical and apical axillary lymphatic nodes is different in the quantitative contact of cellular elements. It also changes depending on age and symmetry.     

Comparative characteristics of the number of axillary lymph nodes in the right and left upper extremities of adult humans]

The aim of the work was to deside whether there exists any regular difference in the number of axillary lymph nodes in the right and left upper extremities of the adult person depending on sex and age. Right and left axillary lymph nodes were studied in 32 female and 34 male corpses at the age of 28--90 years according to age periods suggested by V. V. Bunak (1965). It was stated that there were no statistically important sex and age differences.     

Anatomo-topographic studies of the esophagogastric junction in humans

By means of histo-topographical sections 80 preparations of the distal end of the esophagus and the cardia of the stomach have been studied. The blocks have been cut in the frontal and horizontal planes. Certain variability in thickness of the circular layer of the EGP muscle membrane has been revealed. Presence of the EGP sphincter has been proved morphologically. The maximal thickness of the EGP sphincter is observed in stomachs of the greatest dimensions and vice versa, the minimal one--in stomachs of the least dimensions. The maximal manifestation of the sphincter has been described in the preparations of the stomachs which have the form of a stocking, and the minimal--the form of a horn. The maximal manifestation of the EGP sphincter is demonstrated at 26 up to 60 years of age. The most often occurring places of the EGP sphincter localization have been determined: they are in the region of the esophageal foramen of the diaphragm and the abdominal part of the esophagus.     

Regional features of the cellular composition of different zones of lymph nodes in the adult human

The amount of plasma cells is connected with intensity of humoral immunological reactions. In people died an accidental death, the amount of immature plasma cells is the least in the axillary and the greatest--in the mesenteric nodes, especially in the thymus-independent zone. The amount of lymphoblasts and large lymphocytes, reflecting intensity of the humoral and cellular immune reactions, is also the greatest in the mesenteric lymph nodes, both in the thymus-dependent and in the thymus-independent zone. In all probability, the intensity of the immunological processes is minimal in the axillary, it is middle in the iliac and cervical and it is maximal in the mesenteric lymph nodes. In each case it is probably connected with peculiarities of antigenic composition of the lymph inflow. The mesenteric lymph nodes are on the way of the foreign protein getting into the intestine. This is evidently reflected by the highest content of immature plasma cells, lymphoblasts and large lymphocytes in them.     

Anatomy of the lymph vessels and nodes of the head and neck in green marmosets]

In 50 mature green monkeys, the lymphatic system of the skin on the hairy part of the skull (occipital, parietal, frontal) and on the face was studied. The lymphatic vessels of cranial and cervical organs flow into submental, submandibular (anterior, medial, posterior) lymph nodes and into profound cervical (cranial, medial, caudal) lymph nodes. Lymph nodes together with efferent lymphatic vessels form lymph collectors of the neck which follow the blood vessels branching: superficial jugular, profound jugular and paratracheal network.     

Anatomo-topographic characteristics of the masseter muscle]

The musculus masseter, ensuring movements of the mandible, displace the osseous pieces at its fracture up/down in the lateral and medial sides. Morphometrical investigation of the musculi depressores++ mandibulae has been performed. As a whole 33 corpses (29-78 years of age) of normosthenic++ complexion have been studied. The measurements have been performed by means of a special compasses and a ruler with an approximation to 1 mm and 1 degree. The length of the digastric muscle belly is 55.3 +/- 1.1 mm. The length of the geniohyoid muscle is 44.5 +/- 0.9 mm. The distance between the centers, where the digastric muscle are fixed on the hypoglossal bone is 46.1 +/- 1.1 mm, and on the mandible--25 +/- 9 mm. The width of fixation of the musculus mylohyoideus on the mandible is 52.6 +/- 1.2 mm. The angles between the masseter muscles, the mandibular body and the occlusive plane have also been determined.     

Pathomorphologic characteristics of the regional lymph nodes in hydronephrosis]

The dependence of pathomorphological changes in the regional lymphatic ganglia of the dog's kidney upon the duration of experimental hydronephrosis is shown. The development of necrosis in some of them points out indirectly to the participation of the renal lymphatic system in carrying off the urine saturated with toxic products persisting in it for a long period. Increased dilatation of intermediate and medullary sinuses is connected with continuous inflow of the lymph that contributes to its congestion and then leads to the retrograde flow. A mechanical obstraction appears on the way of lymph and this fact aggravates mechanical insufficiency of the lymph circulation. At the same time this particular case is lymphogenic sclerosis, which is induced by acumulation of disturbed metabolism products in the intermediate tissue brought by the lymph.     

Morpho-functional changes in the lymph nodes during fever reaction]

Lymph nodes (mesenteric, popliteal, cervical) of rabbits in fever reaction of different duration have been studied in our work. As a whole morpho-functional changes in lymph nodes in fever reaction indicate the increase of their functional activity: hyperplasia of lymphatic substance with the growth of lymphocytes number and slightly differentiated lymphoid cells in follicles and paracortical zone, hyperplasia of pulposus bands, the signs of macrophagal reaction and plasmatization of lymph nodes are to be observed and all these create prerequisites for the increase of tensity of cellular and humoral immunity. Simultaneously the signs of destruction of cellular elements--lymphocytolysis in the porta tract and the growth of number of PAS-positive cells in the parenchyma of the nodes take place.     

Microscopic structure of the mesenteric lymph nodes of monkeys]

The structure and cytoarchitectonics of mesenterial lymph nodes were studied in thin histological sections by different methods. Under study were 5 rhesus monkeys and 3 hamadryas baboons. The square surface of different structural elements of the nodes (the cortical and medullary substances, follicles, the connective tissue framework, sinuses) occupied by them in sections was calculated and the amount of cellular elements was determined (%). Comparison of the data obtained in rhesus monkeys and baboons speaks of certain species-specific features of the organs under study. The morphological picture of lymph node sections in baboons (as compared with rhesus monkeys) might suggest earlier ageing of nodes in baboons.     

Cytologic features of metastatic papillary thyroid carcinoma in cervical lymph nodes

OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the cytologic characteristics of metastatic papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) in cervical lymph nodes and the differences in cervical lymph nodes from those of stage I (intrathyroidal) PTC. STUDY DESIGN: Forty-seven cases of papillary thyroid carcinoma with cervical lymph node metastasis (group A) and 38 cases of intrathyroidal papillary carcinoma (group B) were included in this study. Preoperative fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) examination was performed on enlarged cervical lymph nodes (47 cases, group A) and enlarged thyroid nodules (13 cases, group A, and 38 cases, group B). All the cases were surgically excised and pathologically verified. The cytologic smears were reviewed and analyzed. RESULTS: The cytologic characteristics of metastatic PTC in cervical lymph nodes displayed a higher frequency of foamy macrophages (51.1% vs. 26.3%) and a lower frequency of distinct cell borders (38.3% vs. 71.1%) than those of stage I PTC. Metastatic PTC in cervical lymph nodes also had a higher frequency of cystic degeneration (44.7% vs. 5.3%) than intrathyroidal lesions. In 1 of the 47 cases with lymph node metastasis, the aspirate contained macrophages but no tumor cells. CONCLUSION: FNAC was useful in the diagnosis of metastatic PTC in cervical lymph nodes. However, because cystic degeneration appeared frequently, FNAC combined with thyroid ultrasonography to find the primary lesion is necessary in this situation.     

Late effect of carbon disulfide on the lymph nodes in rats]

Cell composition of the cortical plateau, medullary cords and lymphoid nodules++ has been determined in 180 Wistar rats in 2 weeks, 1 and 3 months after inhalation of carbon disulfate vapour for 2, 7 and 14 days in a maximum permissible concentration (1 mg/m3) and in the control group. In 2 weeks after cessation of the vapour inhalation activity of lymphocytopoiesis, blastopoiesis, cell differentiation decreases, macrophagal and plasmocytic reactions are weakly manifested. In 1 month certain signs of compensatory-adaptive reaction are noted; they are seen as increasing proliferative processes and activation of cell differentiation in the lymphoid nodules++ and a sharp plasmatization of the medullary cords. In 3 months after the experiment retardation of lymphocytopoiesis is still definitely manifested in the cortical plateau and medullary cords and essential destructive processes are observed against the background of local increase of the functional activity of the lymphoid nodules++.     

Individual and sex variation in the inguinal lymph nodes in man]

Under investigation were the lymph nodes on the anterior surface of the femur in the area of the femural triangle in 96 preparations of lower extremities of corpses of people of either sex in the age from 31 to 82 years. The Gerota's mass was injected into the skin of feet, external genitalia and the skin of the lower part of the anterior wall of the abdomen. It was established that the total amount of the inguinal lymph nodes in men was greater than in women, the size of the superficial nodes in women was greater than of those in men, while the size of profound lymph nodes in men was greater than in women. The amount of the inguinal lymph nodes was proportional to the Skerly's index and the dimensions were inversely proportional to their amount. The amount of inguinal lymph nodes in persons of either sex of a dolichomorphic type of figure was greater than in persons of a brachymorphic type. The dimensions of the nodes in persons of brachymorphic type of figure were predominant.     

The anatomy and topography of the human axillary lymph nodes]

The anatomy and topography of the right and left axillary nodes were studied by the method of polychrome injections in 25 corpses of adult people dead from trauma or illnesses not related to lesions of axillary lymph nodes. Injections were made into the skin of fingers, palm and back of the hand, in the delta-shaped area, lateral surface of the chest and exterior half of the mamillary gland and also immediately into the lymph vessels of the upper extremity found with the help of interstitial injections. Detailed data on the topography of axillary lymph nodes relative to the walls, blood vessels and nerves of the axillary fossa were obtained, and the relations between the nodes were specified. From the topography of the axillary lymph nodes under study and approaching the lymph vessels as well as from literature data it is expedient to divide the axillary lymph nodes into 6 groups: lateral, medial, posterior, inferior, central and apical.