The effect of temperature acclimation on NADP-dependent dehydrogenase activity in the carp liver and various mechanisms of its regulation

Acclimation of carp both to the temperature fall (from 20 to 5 degrees C) and rise (from 20 to 30 degrees C) induces an increase in activity of cytoplasmic liver NADPH-generating enzymes--glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDG) and malic-enzyme (ME) 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGDG) and NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP-IDG) activities are unchanged. Actinomycin D does not prevent cold activation of G6PDG but blocks activation of ME. "Warm" G6PDG has minimal Km value for glucose-6-phosphate and "warm" ME has minimal Km value for glucose-6-phosphate and "warm" ME has minimal Km value for malate at 25 degrees C "Cold" G6PDG and ME have the warmest Km values at 5 degrees C. Isozyme composition of cytoplasmic G6PDG (2 bands with Rf 0.16 and 0.20) does not change within the limits of 5-30 degrees C. The prolactin action on G6PDG and ME is similar to the effect of cold acclimation (activity increases Km value decreases, isozyme pattern (for G6PDG) remains unchanged). It is supposed that activation of G6PDG and ME during cold adaptation may be a result of the prolactin action on substrate-binding ability without changes in the enzyme biosynthesis and isozyme pattern.     

Allozyme polymorphism and phylogenetic relationships in Apis mellifera subspecies selectively reared in Poland and Bulgaria

The genetic variability of honey bee populations of three subspecies selectively reared in Poland (A. m. carnica and A. m. caucasica) and Bulgaria (A. m. macedonica-type rodopica) was studied using isoenzyme analysis of six enzyme systems (MDH-1, ME, EST-3, ALP, PGM and HK) corresponding to 6 loci. All loci were found to be polymorphic in the studied populations. Three alleles were detected at each locus: MHD-1 (MDH65, MDH80 and MDH100), Me (ME90, ME100 and ME106), EST-3 (EST94, EST100 and EST118), ALP (ALP80 ALP90 and ALP100), PGM (PGM80, PGM100 and PGM114) and HK (HK87, HK100 and HK110). The observed and expected heterozygosities (Ho and He) ranged from 0.196 (A. m. macedonica SM) to 0.265 (A. m. carnica MV) and from 0.224 (A. m. macedonica SM) to 0.273 (A. m. carnica GR), respectively. Allele frequencies of all loci were used to estimate Nei's (1972) genetic distance, which was found to range from 0.003 (between A. m. macedonica TR and SM and between A. m. carnica GR and MV populations) to 0.057 (between A. m. macedonica SM and A. m. caucasica populations). The estimated mean F(ST) value from allozyme data was 0.0364. A UPGMA dendrogram was obtained by genetic distance matrix methods; A. m. macedonica (type rodopica), A. m. carnica and A. m. caucasica populations represented different clades.     

ALLOZYME VARIATION AMONG POPULATIONS OF BIOMPHALARIA CAMERUNENSIS (BOETTGER, 1941) (GASTROPODA: PLANORBIDAE) IN CAMEROON

Allozyme electrophoresis was used to study genetic diversityamong populations of the freshwater, hermaphroditic snail Biomphalariacamerunensis in Cameroon. Five of 19 loci studied in 15 enzymesystems were polymorphic. Intrapopulation variation was evidentin 8 of 12 populations sampled and heterozygotes were presentin 6 of these. Two populations with large sampled sets werepanmictic. Although results for the remaining 4 populationswith heterozygotes present were inconclusive, our findings supportthe hypothesis that Biomphalaria are out-breeders. The allelesfor two loci, asparate aminotransferase-1 (AAT-1) and 6-phosphogluconatedehydrogenase (6-PGD), showed distribution patterns that suggestthey may be limited by climate or habitat. The slow migratingAAT-1 was the only allele found in the mountainous regions ofthe southwest. This region falls under the Cameroon-type climateand is the wettest region in the country. The faster allelewas restricted to the lowland rain forest of the south. For6-PGD the fast allele was found throughout the range of B. camerunensis,but the slower allele was found only in the mountainous regionswithin the Cameroon-type climate. (Received 27 April 1989; accepted 9 September 1989)     

Biochemical polymorphisms in muscle and liver extracts and in the serum of the rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri

The frequency of polymorphic phenotypes determined by starch gel electrophoresis from six enzyme systems was investigated on 664 rainbow trout (stock I) originating equally from six full-sib families. The enzyme systems studied were CA, AKP, G-6-PD, SOD, AEP, and 6-PGD.
On material deriving from six parental matings totalling 212 offspring (stock II) the mode of inheritance of the first four enzymes (AEP and 6-PGD were not polymorphic) and the additional systems IDH, PGM, Alb, and Psta, not analysed in stock I, were investigated.
The G-6-PD system showed no polymorphism in the family material. The CA, PGM, Alb, and Psta systems were easily identifiable. Their mode of inheritance with two alleles each can be considered as proven. For SOD three alleles, in four out of six possible progeny types, were found, for which the postulated mode of inheritance was confirmed.
For IDH the mode of inheritance found by Allendorff & Utter (1973) was confirmed. This pattern shows two disomic gene loci, one of which is monomorphic, while the other carries four different alleles.
The number of alleles and their mode of inheritance for the AEP system, which was not clearly identifiable, could not be elucidated.     

棉铃虫地理种群的等位酶变异

利用聚丙烯酰胺梯度凝胶电泳检测了棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera的13种等位酶：α-磷酸甘油脱氢酶(α-GPDH)、酸性磷酸酯酶(ACPH)、碱性磷酸酯酶(ALP)、醛氧化酶(AO)、酯酶(EST)、谷氨酸草酰乙酸转氨酶(GOT)、己糖激酶(HEX)、亮氨酸氨肽酶(LAP)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)、苹果酸酶(ME)、磷酸葡萄糖变位酶(PGM)和黄嘌呤脱氢酶(XDH),染色采用双染法。对其中9种等位酶的遗传变异进行了分析,包括13个位点,6个位点表现出多态性,7个位点是单态的,其中多态性位点比例为46.15%。AO、GOT、LAP、LDH、ME和XDH计算出棉铃虫的平均杂合度为0.1160,南京、成都、武穴、衡阳和哈密5个种群的平均遗传距离为0.0008～0.0293,平均遗传相似度为0.9707～0.992。棉铃虫种群内存在很高的遗传多态性,而已测定的种群间遗传分化程度较小,种群间没有基因交流的障碍。迁飞阻碍了不同地理种群间的遗传分化。     

On the allozyme differentiation of Carabus punctatoauratus Germar (Coleoptera, Carabidae)

The polytypic carabid Carabus punctatoauratus, which inhabits the northern chains of the middle and eastern Pyrenees, was investigated with respect to allozyme polymorphisms. Twenty-nine local populations distributed over nearly the entire range of the species were studied. Out of 18 enzymes tested, four were found to be polymorphic: aspartate aminotransferase-1 (AAT-1), an esterase (EST-X), gulcose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGD). The total number of allozymes detected was 7 for AAT-1, 14 for EST-X, 13 for GPE and 7 for 6-PGD; in local populatins, the sum of the number of allozymes varied from 7 to 24. With a few exceptions, the genotype frequencies of the local populations were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrum. In two loci (Est-x and Gpi) an allele frequency gradient along the WNW-ESE axis of the range was detected. Moreover, several alleles with a discontinuous spatial change of frequency were found. The peripheral populations studied (from the Massif du Ganigou in the east and from the Massif du Midi de Bigorre in the west) were substantially differentiated. On the other hand, populations distributed over the large central region of the species exhibited similar sets of allozymes. Thus, in the central region, a congruence int he degree of morphological and biochemical differentiation has not been found. However, in several cases, local populations obviously belonging to the same metapopulation showed significant differentiations, which seem to be caused by genetic drift. It is concluded that, in Carabus punctatoauratus, allozyme differentiations among local populations are usually trasient phenomena, whichare levelled agina by metapopulation dynamics (‘drift levelling’).     

Effects of prolactin and androgens on enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism in prostate of castrated bonnet monkeys Macaca radiata (Geoffroy).

Effects of prolactin (PRL), bromocriptine (Br), testosterone propionate (TP), dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and the combinations of these androgens with PRL/Br on the specific activities of caudal and cranial prostatic cellular enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism in castrated mature bonnet monkeys have been studied. Castration decreased all the enzymes studied such as hexokinase (HK), 6-phosphofructokinase (6-PFK), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-3-PD), pyruvate kinase (PK), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGD) in the cranial and caudal prostates. PRL elevated the activities of all the enzymes above normal except G-3-PD of cranial lobe. In the caudal lobe, PRL brought back the activities of HK, PFK, PK, G-6-PD to normal and 6-PGD above normal except G-3-PD. TP/DHT treatment increased all the enzymes in both the lobes. PRL given along with TP/DHT further enhanced the androgen action with regard to HK, PK, G-6-PD and 6-PGD of cranial and PFK, G-3-PD, PK, G-6-PD and 6-PGD of caudal lobe. Br treatment did not produce any alteration of these enzymes in both the lobes. In the cranial lobe, during Br+TP/DHT treatment, the stimulating effects of androgen were unaffected on all the enzymes except PK. On the other hand in the caudal, the stimulatory effects of androgens were affected and the activities of HK, PFK, PK and 6-PGD were significantly decreased. The present results suggest that PRL has a direct as well as a synergistic action with androgens on enzymes of EMP and HMP shunt in the prostates of monkeys.     

Protein polymorphism in the fresh water snail Sernisulcospira libertina

To evaluate genetic variability in 19 population samples of the fresh water snail Semisulcospira libertina , 10 enzymes coded for by 13 presumptive gene loci were examined by starch gel electrophoresis. The mean proportion of polymorphic loci and the mean heterozygosity value estimated for the 19 samples were 0.199 and 0.063, respectively. The mean F statistics of Wright (1943) was estimated over the four polymorphic loci ( PGM, 6-PGD, MPI and PGI ) for the snail populations to be 0.3615.     

Protein polymorphism in the fresh water snail Semisulcospira libertina

To evaluate genetic variability in 19 population samples of the fresh water snail Semisulcospira libertina, 10 enzymes coded for by 13 presumptive gene loci were examined by starch gel electrophoresis. The mean proportion of polymorphic loci and the mean heterozygosity value estimated for the 19 samples were 0.199 and 0.063, respectively. The mean F statistics of Wright (1943) was estimated over the four polymorphic loci (PGM, 6-PGD, MPI and PGI) for the snail populations to be 0.3615.     

马铃薯叶甲属六个种的等位基因酶变异

用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳测定了马铃薯叶甲属(Leptinotarsa)六个种:马铃薯叶甲(L. decemlinecta)、胡颓子叶茄叶甲(L. texana)、柔毛茄叶甲(L. rubiginosa)、膜苞菊叶甲(L. lineolata)、蒺藜叶甲(L. peninsularis)和蒺藜四条叶甲(L. tlascalana)的等位基因酶变异.分析了14种同工酶(ACPH、ADH、AMY、FUM、GDH、GOT、IDH、HBDH、LAP、MDH、ME、PGM、SORDH和XDH)的17个座位.其中单型座位有9个,多型座位有8个,后者占47.1%.六个种的平均杂合度为0.091.其中最高的是膜苞菊叶甲0.154;最低的是蒺藜四条叶甲0.042.六个种彼此之间的遗传距(D)在0.129—0.573之间,说明这六个种的亲缘关系是很密切的.     

Allozyme Variability and Phylogenetic Relationships in Honey Bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Apis mellifera) Populations From Greece and Cyprus

Ten gene enzymic systems (alpha-GPDH, AO, MDH, ADH, LAP, SOD, ALP, ACPH, ME, and EST), corresponding to 12 genetic loci, were assayed from five Greek populations representing three subspecies of Apis mellifera, A. m. cecropia (Pthiotida, Kythira), A. m. macedonica (Macedonia), and the "Aegean race" of A. mellifera, which is supposed to be very similar to A. m. adami (Ikaria, Kasos), as well as a population from Cypus (A. m. cypria). ADH( *)-1, ADH( *)-2, and LAP( *) electrophoretic patterns discriminate the Cyprus population from the Greek populations. MDH( *)-1, EST( *)-3, SOD( *), ALP( *), and ME( *) loci were found to be polymorphic in almost all populations. The observed heterozygosity was found to range from 0.066 to 0.251. Allele frequencies of all loci were used to estimate Nei's genetic distance, which was found to range between 0.011 and 0.413 among the populations studied. UPGMA and neighbor-joining phylogenetic trees obtained by genetic distance matrix methods, as well as a Wagner tree based on the discrete character parsimony method, support the hypothesis that the most distant population is that from Cyprus. Our allozymic data support A. m. cypria as a distinct subspecies, but there was no allozymic support for the distinction of the other subspecies existing in Greece.     

Isozyme diversity in sour,sweet, and ground cherry

Thirty-six sour (Prunus cerasus L.), sweet (P. avium L.), and ground cherry (P. fruticosa Pall.) selections were evaluated for seven enzyme systems and principal coordinate analysis was used to examine isozyme divergence among these cherry species. The enzyme systems studied were phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI), isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), phosphoglucomutase (PGM), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGD), leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), shikimate dehydrogenase (SKDH), and malate dehydrogenase (MDH). The first principal coordinate, which accounted for 41% of the total variation, separated the diploid sweet cherry selections from the sour, ground, and sour x ground cherry tetraploids. An additional 86 selections were evaluated for up to six of the enzyme systems to determine the polymorphisms at the enzyme loci and the level of heterozygosity between the diploid sweet cherry and the tetraploid species and interspecific hybrids. 6-PGD was the most polymorphic enzyme exhibiting 16 patterns. The tetraploid cherry species were more heterozygous than the diploid sweet cherry with an average heterozygosity of 78% compared to 19% for the diploids.     

驼背鲈不同组织5种同工酶表达的差异

运用聚丙烯酰胺垂直梯度凝胶电泳法研究了驼背鲈(Cromileptes altivelis)6种组织(肌肉、心脏、肝脏、肾脏、脑、脾脏)中的5种同工酶(酯酶、乳酸脱氢酶、苹果酸脱氢酶、苹果酸酶、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶),并对其同工酶位点及其酶谱表型进行了分析。结果表明,驼背鲈的5种同工酶系统具有不同程度的组织特异性。酯酶检测到3条酶带,由3个基因座位编码。乳酸脱氢酶检测到5条酶带,由3个基因座位编码,其中C位点具有组织特异性。苹果酸脱氢酶检测到3条酶带,由1个基因座位编码,6组织均有相同的3条酶带,组织差异性不显著,而且只发现了上清液型,线粒体型的苹果酸脱氢酶没有发现。苹果酸酶有4条酶带,由2个基因座位编码。天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶在6种组织都有发现,只有一条酶带。     

Electrophoretic pseudopolymorphism: the role of modifications illustrated by proteolysis

The term "pseudopolymorphism" refers to a situation, where there is no simple correspondence between genotype and phenotype: a single genotype may be moulded into several phenotypes. It is known that broad substrate specificity of enzymes may be one of the causes for pseudopolymorphism. This article deals with the other cause for this phenomenon--a consequence of post-translation modifications, such as limited proteolysis. Variability of some enzymes of grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella Val. (Pisces, Cyprinidae) was studied by gel electrophoresis. It was found that variability of isozyme patterns of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH), malic enzyme (ME) and esterase (EST) is connected with the differences in protease activity of grass carp liver homogenates. The fish isozyme patterns of high (and, partially, intermediate) proteinase activity had some anomalies: displacement of fractions, one or several additional fractions, decreased activity of single fractions or the whole spectrum. In some cases, this variability looked like a classical polymorphic system specified by two alleles of one locus. The effect of enzymes' and proteins' modifications on electrophoretical pseudopolymorphism is discussed.     

Hormonal regulation of malic enzyme and glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase expression in fetal brown-adipocyte primary cultures under non-proliferative conditions.

The expression of malic enzyme and glucose-6-phosphate (Glc6P) dehydrogenase was investigated in primary cultures of fetal brown adipocytes after the prolonged presence (6 d or 10 d) of various hormones under non-proliferative conditions. The presence of triiodothyronine for 6 d and 10 d resulted in maturation of the triiodothyronine regulatory mechanism of malic-enzyme expression at the mRNA level. However, triiodothyronine had no effect on Glc6P dehydrogenase expression. Insulin increased malic-enzyme and Glc6P dehydrogenase expression at the mRNA and protein level after 6 d and 10 d of culture. The joint presence of triiodothyronine and insulin produced an additive effect on malic-enzyme expression at the mRNA and protein level after 6 d and 10 d of culture, by two independent mechanisms. Noradrenaline prevented the effect at the protein level after 6 d, but not after 10 d, probably due to loss of the beta-adrenergic response of brown adipocytes after prolonged culture. Triiodothyronine overexpressed the Glc6P dehydrogenase mRNA induced by the presence of insulin at 6 d and 10 d of culture. There was no adrenergic regulation of Glc6P dehydrogenase expression in cultured fetal brown adipocytes, regardless of the time of culture.     

The molecular mechanism underlying the “rare allele phenomenon” in a subspecific hybrid zone of the California field mouse,Peromyscus californicus

Natural hybrid zones are known to have unusually high levels of novel or otherwise rare electrophoretic variants (the rare allele phenomenon). These variant alleles are most likely the result either of high levels of unique mutations in hybrids or of intragenic recombination between divergent alleles from the parental populations. This study uses DNA sequence comparisons to determine which process has produced a rare allele of the 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) gene in a subspecific hybrid zone of the California field mouse (Peromyscus californicus).About 70% of the coding sequence of 6-PGD was cloned and sequenced from three alleles, including two widespread alleles and one rare allele unique to hybrid populations. Sequence comparisons among the three alleles reveal no patterns that would indicate that the variant was formed by intragenic recombination. Instead, the unique allele of 6-PGD studied seems to have developed by the accumulation of base substitutions, which supports the hypothesis of increased mutation rates in hybrids.     

Quantitative topochemistry of rat liver enzymes during postnatal development in relation to activity-rest cycle

A quantitative histochemical method (Trident) has been adapted to measure the activities of 4 enzymes, succinate dehydrogenase (SD), isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICD), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGD), within the liver acini of the rat during the postnatal developmental period. Quantitative changes of these enzymes in livers of rats of 25 g and 50 g body weight were studied, with particular emphasis on the activity-rest cycle. The results indicate a time-dependent heterogeneous distribution of enzymes along the acinar zones and the pattern of localization is age-dependent. When the mean enzyme activity from each group in relation to the time of the day are compared, a mirror image of each other could be seen. In general, a high enzyme activity has been observed during the resting phase in 25-g rats and low in 50-g rats. During the developmental period, the mean ICD activity is diminished, whereas G6PD and 6-PGD are augmented, and SD activity remains unchanged.     

Genetics of the native inhabitants of the Caucasus: distribution of various immunological and biochemical markers in North Osetiia and Checheno-Ingushety

The distribution of genetic markers of blood groups (AB0, Rhesus, MNSs, P, Duffy, Kell-Cellano), plasma proteins (Hp, Gc, C'3, Tf) and red-cell enzymes (Glo-1, AcP, EstD, 6-PGD, PGM1) as well as ABH-secretion has been studied among 6 native populations of North Osetia and Checheno-Ingushety. Distribution of gene frequencies in populations of North-Osetians, Chechenians, Ingushians and other Caucasian ethnic groups was comparatively studied.     

Production and characterization of intergeneric somatic hybrids through protoplast electrofusion between potato (Solanum tuberosum) and Lycopersicon pennellii

Mesophyll protoplasts of Lycopersicon pennelli Corr., a wild relative of tomato, were electrofused with those from a dihaploid potato clone, cv Nicola, with the objectives of transferring saline tolerance from L. pennellii to cultivated potato. 150 calli were selected from the fusion experiments, finally giving 2 hybrid shoots. Their hybrid nature was verified by examining isoenzyme patterns for esterases (EST), peroxidase (PRX), phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGD), and glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT). The hybrid plants had an intermediate morphology, and grew vigorously in vitro. When transplanted to soil, they were less vigorous, due to difficulties in rooting, but were still capable of flowering, and forming short stolons and mishaped tubers, probably resulting from the effects of gene dosage due to the novel association of two genomes from a tuberizing (potato) and a non tuberizing species (L. pennellii). The characteristics of such mishaped tubers provided strong evidence of a hybrid nature for the selected plants. The hybrid plants were highly sterile, producing only 3–7% viable pollen. Tests for salt tolerance showed that the growth of the somatic hybrid plants was reduced by 50% as for L. pennellii, whilst potato did not grow at all under saline conditions.Abbreviations MS Murashige and Skoog basal medium - 2,4-d 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid - NAA -naphthaleneacetic acid - IAA indole-3-acetic acid - BAP 6-benzylaminopurine - PEG polyethylen glycol 6,000 - MES 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid - AC alternating current - EST esterases - PRX peroxidase - 6-PGD phosphogluconate dehydrogenase - GOT glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase - FDA fluorescein diacetate     

汉族9个人群AcP_1、EsD及6-PGD的遗传多态性

用淀粉凝胶电泳法对我国汉族９个人群的红细胞酸性磷酸酶（ＡｃＰ１）、酯酶Ｄ（ＥｓＤ）、及６－磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶（６－ＰＧＤ）的遗传多态性进行了研究。研究结果表明：兰州、呼和浩特、哈尔滨、西安、郑州、成都、贵阳、漳州、梅州等９市汉族人群的ＡｃＰＢ１基因频率依次为０．７９２９、０．８１６７、０．７９３８、０．８１３１、０．８０８８、０．８００５、０．７８９６、０．７７９４和０．７６７５;ＥｓＤ１基因频率依次为０．６４７３、０．６１４８、０．６４４３、０．６４３９、０．６４７５、０．６３０５、０．６２８７、０．５９０７和０．５８２５;６－ＰＧＯＡ基因频率依次为０．８８８１、０．９１４３、０．９３３０、０．９３１８、０．８７５６、０．９２１２、０．９１８８、０．９４６１和０．９３７５。ＥｓＤ１基因频率在中国南、北方人群间有差异,北方人群的ＥｓＤ１频率高于南方人群,随着北纬纬度由高向低,汉族人群ＥｓＤ１频率也随着从北向南降低。在中国汉族人群中,ＥｓＤ基因及６－ＰＧＤ基因分化比较显著,而ＡｃＰ基因分化则不显著