绿色屋顶径流调控研究进展

绿色屋顶在屋顶径流调控方面发挥着重要作用,能够有效减少径流量、延缓产流时间、降低径流峰值和改善径流水质.本文从绿色屋顶的分类及界定、绿色屋顶对径流的调控机制、绿色屋顶对径流量和水质的调控作用及其影响因素等方面阐述了国内外的研究现状,并从绿色屋顶植物的选择、高效绿色屋顶构建模式筛选、绿色屋顶径流调控规律研究、绿色屋顶截流能力的价值评估、绿色屋顶径流污染物的源 汇解析及缓解措施等方面提出了绿色屋顶径流调控的研究趋势,以期为城市绿色屋顶的建设提供理论和方法支持.     

上海地区屋顶绿化植物调查研究

报道了上海地区屋顶绿化植物种类,结果为用于屋顶绿化的植物材料共43科90属.通过调查及分析,屋顶绿化植物在特殊的环境条件下己形成自己的形态特征并具有重要的生态功能.     

广州市屋顶自然生长的植物

本文报道了广州市屋顶自然生长的植物种类调查结果,共记录维管植物49科109属128种.通过调查及分析,推荐16种有较好屋顶绿化潜力的物种.     

湿热地区简单式屋顶绿化的截流雨水效应

城市内涝是困扰各大城市的环境问题,其主观原因是来自迅速增加的城市不透水面.国外运用屋顶绿化作为截留雨水的措施得到广泛实践,而屋顶绿化滞留雨水能力随气候条件的变化而变化.湿热气候区具有气温高、湿度高、雨量大的气候特点,在此气候条件下探讨屋顶绿化截留雨水的效能具有重要意义.本研究以在夏季雨热同期的广州市为例,搭建3个简单式屋顶绿化测试平台,通过13个月试验期的气象观测和数据测定推算其截留雨水的效能.结果表明: 基质厚度30、50和70 mm简单式屋顶绿化的降雨滞留率分别为27.2%、30.9%和32.1%,平均峰值减少量为18.9%、26.2%和27.7%.广州市建成区面积1035.01 km²,屋顶面积约占37.3%,假设在此区域推行30 mm厚度基质的屋顶绿化,小、中、大雨的总迟滞比率分别为72.8%、22.6%和17.4%,以此推算得出可滞留雨水体积达14317×10⁴ m³,说明简单式屋顶绿化的截留雨水效应具有巨大潜力.本研究结果可为湿热气候区城市缓解城市内涝、建设海绵城市的构想提供参考.     

屋顶绿化生态系统调节服务与政策效应研究综述

屋顶绿化作为基于自然解决方案的一种生态战略,可以有效缓解城市的一系列生态环境问题。为了更好的挖掘屋顶绿化在城市生态系统中的应用潜力,需要从屋顶绿化生态系统调节服务出发,全面且定量地认识屋顶绿化与城市生态系统的关联机制。阐述了屋顶绿化的构成要素,屋顶绿化生态系统调节服务的内在机制;回顾了屋顶绿化生态系统主要调节服务与政策推动建设效果;从屋顶绿化推行制约因素及生态系统调节服务研究等方面进行了展望。目前,屋顶绿化研究主要侧重于环境调节服务。在水环境调节方面,当前多针对屋顶绿化的水环境调节功能开展研究,还需进一步从屋顶绿化生态系统水循环的角度探究,明确屋顶绿化在什么条件下是径流的污染源。在热环境调控方面,多数研究集中在量化屋顶绿化对城市热环境的影响,而驱动屋顶绿化降温效应的内在机制与城市热环境调节服务之间的定量联系还尚需深入研究。在建筑能耗方面,目前仍然缺乏建筑物的能源性能建模所需的屋顶绿化物理参数,需要基于长时间观测数据构建能量传输模型,从建筑-基质-植被-大气耦合的角度,综合研究屋顶绿化能量流动的过程与机制,明晰屋顶绿化与裸露屋顶之间的能量流动差异。在政策推动效应方面,我国屋顶绿化政策类型相对单一,缺乏覆盖整个屋顶绿化生命周期的推广政策。建议多维度、大范围的推动屋顶绿化建设,以期更好的改善城市生境。     

城市区域绿色屋顶普及对水量水质的影响

绿色屋顶是城市降雨径流管理的主要措施之一,为了解绿色屋顶普及对城市流域降雨径流量和径流水质的影响,本文以重庆大学虎溪流域为研究载体,评估了绿色屋顶规模化应用与流域降雨产流和径流水质的响应关系.结果表明： 在城市流域进行屋面绿化有助于消减降雨径流以及产污负荷,且屋顶绿化规模和空间分布情景影响降雨径流水质.在屋顶占城市区域总面积的比例为25%、降雨持续时间15 min、降雨强度14.8 mm·h^-1的条件下,当区域内屋顶全部绿化时,峰值降雨径流降低5.3%,降雨径流总量降低31%;总悬浮物（TSS）、总磷（TP）、总氮（TN）的污染负荷分别降低40.0%、31.6%、29.8%,峰值浓度分别降低21.0%、16.0%、-12.2%,平均浓度分别降低13.1%、0.9%、-1.7%;随屋顶绿化率的增加,TSS、TP浓度消减率有所提高,而TN浓度消减率则呈降低趋势,靠近流域总出水口进行屋面绿化,更有利于径流水质的改善.     

高度城市化地区既有建筑屋顶绿化建设潜力评析——以上海中心城区为例

广泛的屋顶绿化是改善城市生态环境的重要举措。为探求中国高度城市化地区屋顶绿化建设推广的可行途径,综述了国外先进国家的屋顶绿化建设历程以及针对既有建筑的拓展型屋顶绿化的建设难点,并以中国屋顶绿化发展较早的上海为例,对其中心城区（即上海市外环线以内的区域,总面积约667.80km2）既有建筑的屋顶绿化进行了适建性评估。国外屋顶绿化建设领先的国家大多经历了从鼓励到强制、从新建建筑到既有建筑的历程;针对既有建筑的拓展型屋顶绿化的建设更具技术挑战性,必须进行构造创新、基质优化、植物精选和成本控制;上海已率先发布屋顶绿化建设的强制性政策,相关技术研发已有相当基础,但推广建设类型仍有局限,拓展型屋顶绿化极具建设潜力。     

醴陵市绿色屋顶生态系统服务潜力评估及规划

近年来,生态系统服务评估逐渐地被运用到城市绿色基础设施的规划建设当中,发掘能提供高生态效益的绿色屋顶潜力区域是增加城市生态空间有效途径.以提供城市空气净化、雨水截留、生物栖息地、热环境调节四个方面的生态服务为目标,借助GIS平台确定醴陵市绿色屋顶生态空间潜力区域并提出规划策略,为醴陵市以绿色屋顶形式完善城市生态空间结构...     

城市屋顶绿化资源潜力评估及绿化策略分析——以深圳市福田中心区为例

屋顶绿化是现代城市改善生态环境条件,缓解高密度建成区人为活动负面影响的重要策略选择。以深圳市福田中心区为工作区,利用高精度遥感数据结合设计资料查询和实地调查构建基础数据源;在总结国内外研究成果的基础上,筛选适宜的屋顶绿化约束影响因子,构建资源潜力评估方法;对工作区进行城市屋顶绿化资源潜力评估和绿化策略探讨。结果表明:(1)建筑年代、承重结构、屋顶属性、屋顶小气候是城市屋顶绿化4个方面的主要适建要素,其所涵盖的建筑年代、建筑结构、屋面构造、屋顶功能、屋顶坡度、设备面积、建筑高度和遮荫状况等8个影响因子是决定城市屋顶绿化资源潜力的关键性指标;(2)把城市屋顶绿化纳入城市生态结构和功能建设的整体考虑中,积极开展资源评估、规划研究和配套管理政策建设是推进我国城市屋顶绿化发展重要任务;(3)深圳市中心区现状屋顶绿化率仅9%,剩余构筑物中有51%适合进行全部或部分屋顶绿化覆盖,今后应考虑采取强制、引导和鼓励等不同政策手段,选择适宜的绿化技术方案,对于现有以及正在建设的并且条件适宜的构筑物进行屋顶绿化。     

不同气候区绿色屋顶蒸散发模拟研究

蒸散发过程决定绿色屋顶雨水滞留能力的恢复,进而影响绿色屋顶径流调控功能。基于水量平衡原理和Penman-Monteith公式,利用北京市实验绿色屋顶气象和蒸散发连续监测数据,构建并验证绿色屋顶水文过程模型,模拟分析不同气候区城市绿色屋顶蒸散发变化规律。结果表明：(1)该模型能较准确模拟绿色屋顶蒸散发量,率定和检验期的Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数分别为0.6385和0.6014,决定系数(R²)分别为0.7191和0.6168;(2)基质厚度相同的情况下,从半干旱区(兰州)、半湿润区(北京)到湿润区(武汉和广州),绿色屋顶日平均实际蒸散发量呈增加趋势;(3)增加基质厚度可提升绿色屋顶最大雨水滞留能力,进而增加绿色屋顶实际蒸散发量,但基质厚度对绿色屋顶蒸散发量的影响存在阈值,在兰州、北京、武汉和广州,当基质厚度分别超过10 cm、17 cm、24 cm和25 cm时,绿色屋顶的日平均实际蒸散发量变化不再明显。此外,不同气候区城市绿色屋顶的日平均实际蒸散发量也存在阈值,广州绿色屋顶日平均实际蒸散发量的阈值依次高于武汉、北京和兰州。本研究有望为我国不同气候区绿色屋...     

On the origin of the Hirudinea and the demise of the Oligochaeta

The phylogenetic relationships of the Clitellata were investigated with a data set of published and new complete 18S rRNA gene sequences of 51 species representing 41 families. Sequences were aligned on the basis of a secondary structure model and analysed with maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood. In contrast to the latter method, parsimony did not recover the monophyly of Clitellata. However, a close scrutiny of the data suggested a spurious attraction between some polychaetes and clitellates. As a rule, molecular trees are closely aligned with morphology-based phylogenies. Acanthobdellida and Euhirudinea were reconciled in their traditional Hirudinea clade and were included in the Oligochaeta with the Branchiobdellida via the Lumbriculidae as a possible link between the two assemblages. While the 18S gene yielded a meaningful historical signal for determining relationships within clitellates, the exact position of Hirudinea and Branchiobdellida within oligochaetes remained unresolved. The lack of phylogenetic signal is interpreted as evidence for a rapid radiation of these taxa. The placement of Clitellata within the Polychaeta remained unresolved. The biological reality of polytomies within annelids is suggested and supports the hypothesis of an extremely ancient radiation of polychaetes and emergence of clitellates.     

On the ontogeny of the haptor and the evolution of the Monogenea

Data on the ontogeny of the posterior haptor of monogeneans were obtained from more than 150 publications and summarised. These data were plotted into diagrams showing evolutionary capacity levels based on the theory of a progressive evolution of marginal hooks, anchors and other attachment components of the posterior haptor in the Monogenea (Malmberg, 1986). 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks are assumed to be the most primitive monogenean haptoral condition. Thus the diagrams were founded on a 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hook evolutionary capacity level, and the evolutionary capacity levels of anchors and other haptoral attachement components were arranged according to haptoral ontogenetical sequences. In the final plotting diagram data on hosts, type of spermatozoa, oncomiracidial ciliation, sensilla pattern and protonephridial systems were also included. In this way a number of correlations were revealed. Thus, for example, the number of 5 + 5 marginal hooks correlates with the most primitive monogenean type of spermatozoon and with few sensillae, many ciliated cells and a simple protonephridial system in the oncomiracidium. On the basis of the reviewed data it is concluded that the ancient monogeneans with 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks were divided into two main lines, one retaining unhinged marginal hooks and the other evolving hinged marginal hooks. Both main lines have recent representatives at different marginal hook evolutionary capacity levels, i.e. monogeneans retaining a haptor with only marginal hooks. For the main line with hinged marginal hooks the name Articulon-choinea n. subclass is proposed. Members with 8 + 8 hinged marginal hooks only are here called Proanchorea n. superord. Monogeneans with unhinged marginal hooks only are here called Ananchorea n. superord. and three new families are erected for its recent members: Anonchohapteridae n. fam., Acolpentronidae n. fam. and Anacanthoridae n. fam. (with 7 + 7, 8 + 8 and 9 + 9 unhinged marginal hooks, respectively). Except for the families of Articulonchoinea (e.g. Acanthocotylidae, Gyrodactylidae, Tetraonchoididae) Bychowsky's (1957) division of the Monogenea into the Oligonchoinea and Polyonchoinea fits the proposed scheme, i.e. monogeneans with unhinged marginal hooks form one old group, the Oligonchoinea, which have 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks, and the other group form the Polyonchoinea, which (with the exception of the Hexabothriidae) has a greater number (7 + 7, 8 + 8 or 9 + 9) of unhinged marginal hooks. It is proposed that both these names, Oligonchoinea (sensu mihi) and Polyonchoinea (sensu mihi), will be retained on one side and Articulonchoinea placed on the other side, which reflects the early monogenean evolution. Except for the members of Ananchorea [Polyonchoinea], all members of the Oligonchoinea and Polyonchoinea have anchors, which imply that they are further evolved, i.e. have passed the 5 + 5 marginal hook evolutionary capacity level (Malmberg, 1986). There are two main types of anchors in the Monogenea: haptoral anchors, with anlages appearing in the haptor, and peduncular anchors, with anlages in the peduncle. There are two types of haptoral anchors: peripheral haptoral anchors, ontogenetically the oldest, and central haptoral anchors. Peduncular anchors, in turn, are ontogenetically younger than peripheral haptoral anchors. There may be two pairs of peduncular anchors: medial peduncular anchors, ontogentically the oldest, and lateral peduncular anchors. Only peduncular (not haptoral) anchors have anchor bars. Monogeneans with haptoral anchors are here called Mediohaptanchorea n. superord. and Laterohaptanchorea n. superord. or haptanchoreans. All oligonchoineans and the oldest polyonchoineans are haptanchoreans. Certain members of Calceostomatidae [Polyonchoinea] are the only monogeneans with both (peripheral) haptoral and peduncular anchors (one pair). These monogeneans are here called Mixanchorea n. superord. Polyonchoineans with peduncular anchors and unhinged marginal hooks are here called the Pedunculanchorea n. superord. The most primitive pedunculanchoreans have only one pair of peduncular anchors with an anchor bar, while the most advanced have both medial and lateral peduncular anchors; each pair having an anchor bar. Certain families of the Articulonchoinea, the Anchorea n. superord., also have peduncular anchors (parallel evolution): only one family, the Sundanonchidae n. fam., has both medial and lateral peduncular anchors, each anchor pair with an anchor bar. Evolutionary lines from different monogenean evolutionary capacity levels are discussed and a new system of classification for the Monogenea is proposed.In agreeing to publish this article, I recognise that its contents are controversial and contrary to generally accepted views on monogenean systematics and evolution. I have anticipated a reaction to the article by inviting senior workers in the field to comment upon it: their views will be reported in a future issue of this journal. EditorIn agreeing to publish this article, I recognise that its contents are controversial and contrary to generally accepted views on monogenean systematics and evolution. I have anticipated a reaction to the article by inviting senior workers in the field to comment upon it: their views will be reported in a future issue of this journal. Editor