谷氨酸对原代培养海马神经元的兴奋特性

目的:探索谷氨酸对培养大鼠海马神经元的兴奋特性.方法:分离及培养1日龄SD大鼠海马神经元,第9～15 d用膜片钳检测不同浓度谷氨酸对神经元兴奋特性,包括细胞膜电位、去极化/动作电位的影响.结果:谷氨酸降低海马神经元静息膜电位,诱发去极化/动作电位,高浓度谷氨酸处理组神经元的静息膜电位比低浓度组降低显著;100μmol/L谷氨酸长时间处理组的神经细胞膜电位显著低于短时间处理组.结论:谷氨酸对海马神经元兴奋性有浓度和时间依赖性.     

鼠神经生长因子联合神经节苷脂钠注射液对癫痫大鼠认知功能、血清NSE及海马神经元的影响及机制分析

摘要 目的：探讨鼠神经生长因子联合神经节苷脂钠注射液对癫痫大鼠认知功能、血清NSE及海马神经元的影响。方法：选择SD雄性大鼠50只,随机分为5组,包括空白组、模型组、A组、B组、C组。空白组大鼠腹腔注射等容量的生理盐水,其余组使用腹腔注射氯化锂-毛果芸香碱的方法建立癫痫大鼠模型。空白组、模型组大鼠用微量注射器注射20 μL无菌生理盐水,A组同时间点给大鼠腹腔注射2000 AU/kg鼠神经生长因子;B组同时间点给大鼠腹腔注射20 μL神经节苷脂钠;C组给大鼠腹腔注射2000 AU/kg鼠神经生长因子联合20 ?滋L神经节苷脂钠。进行Morris水迷宫试验、空间探索试验,检测血清NSE水平与海马神经组织的神经元,检测血清NSE水平、海马神经组织的神经元存活率及核因子kB p56、TLR-4、MyD88蛋白水平。结果：模型组第1、2、3、4、5 d时的游泳总距离、逃避潜伏期较其他四组高,空白组较A组、B组、C组高,B组、A组较C组高（P<0.05）,B组、A组对比无差异（P>0.05）;模型组的平台穿越次数、探索有效时间比率较空白组、A组、B组、C组低,空白组较A组、B组、C组低,B组、A组较C组低（P<0.05）,B组、A组对比无差异（P>0.05）;模型组的血清NSE水平、核因子kB p56、TLR-4、MyD88蛋白水平较空白组、A组、B组、C组低,海马组织中神经元存活率较高,空白组较A组、B组、C组低,海马组织中神经元存活率较高,B组、A组较C组低,海马组织中神经元存活率较高（P<0.05）,B组、A组的NSE水平、海马组织中神经元存活率、核因子kB p56、TLR-4、MyD88蛋白水平对比无差异（P>0.05）。结论：鼠神经生长因子联合神经节苷脂钠注射液可改善癫痫大鼠的认知功能,减轻海马组织炎症反应,可能与其可降低血清NSE及海马组织核因子kB p56、TLR-4、MyD88水平有关。     

灯盏花素含药血清对谷氨酸致原代海马神经元损伤的影响

目的:从细胞水平研究注射用灯盏花素对谷氨酸致大鼠原代海马神经元损伤的保护作用及其作用机制。方法:采用中药血清药理学方法,制备含药血清;原代培养大鼠乳鼠大脑海马神经元并经鉴定后,以谷氨酸复制损伤模型,以5%含药血清干预,在透射电镜下及经碘化丙啶和Hoechst33342双染后荧光显微镜下观察海马凋亡神经元的形态学变化,并进行检测:MTT法测定细胞存活率,生化法检测LDH漏出率、丙二醛(MDA)含量、细胞释放的NO量、细胞内tNOS活性和iNOS活性。结果:灯盏花素高、低剂量组均能明显增加海马神经元存活率,而LDH漏出率、丙二醛(MDA)含量、一氧化氮释放、总一氧化氮合酶活性和诱导型一氧化氮合酶活性(p<0.05,p<0.01)明显降低。结论:灯盏花素对谷氨酸致原代培养大鼠海马神经元损伤具有保护作用,其作用机制可能与其能改善能量代谢、稳定细胞膜、抗脂质过氧化、降低一氧化氮合酶的活性、减少一氧化氮释放有关。     

垂体腺苷酸环化酶激活肽减轻谷氨酸对海马神经元的损伤并抑制胞内钙升高

对原代培养７～９ｄ的海马神经元给予谷氨酸处理,２４ｈ后,神经元的存活率降低。预先给予垂体腺苷酸环化酶激活肽（ＰＡＣＡＰ）能显著减少谷氨酸引起的海马神经元死亡。谷氨酸呈剂量依赖性增加海马神经元细胞内钙离子含量,ＰＡＣＡＰ能抑制谷氨酸引起的海马神经元细胞内钙离子浓度的升高,特异性ＰＡＣＡＰ Ⅰ型受体拮抗剂ＰＡＣＡＰ ６－３８能完全阻断ＰＡＣＡＰ减轻谷氨酸所致海马神经元损伤及降低谷氨酸所致神经元细胞内钙     

锌离子调节皮质酮对原代培养大鼠海马神经元的损伤

探讨皮质酮对原代培养大鼠海马神经元的损伤效应及锌的调节作用。用原位染色和RT-PCR方法,分别检测神经元的损伤情况及NMDA受体三种亚基(NRl、NR2A、NR2B)mRNA的表达。皮质酮(5μmol／L)作用2,4h可明显降低海马神经元的存活率,导致神经元凋亡,并随着作用时间的延长而加重;锌离子明显影响皮质酮对海马神经元的损伤效应：同时加入皮质酮和低、中浓度Zn^2 (10、100μmol／L),可明显降低神经元凋亡率,而加入高浓度Zn^2 (250μmol／L)则加重神经元损伤。皮质酮作用24h后,海马神经元NRl、NR2BmRNA的表达水平增高,而同时加入低、中浓度Zn^2 (10、100μmol／L)的海马神经元NRl、NR2BmRNA表达水平与对照组接近;NR2AmRNA表达无明显变化。这些结果表明,锌对皮质酮所致应激损伤的调节具有双向性;NMDA受体亚基水平的变化可能是其中重要环节之一。     

吗啡对大鼠海马神经元突触传递的作用及机制探讨

目的 :从离子通道角度研究吗啡对中枢神经系统兴奋性及抑制性突触传递的作用并探讨其机制。方法 :　原代培养新生Wistar大鼠的海马神经元。采用膜片钳技术研究吗啡对其兴奋性及抑制性突触后电流及谷氨酸诱发电流的影响。结果 :①吗啡可明显增强海马神经元兴奋性突触传递 ,加吗啡后自发兴奋性突触后电流 (sEPSC)的发放频率增加了 ( 2 0 7.8± 2 0 .9) %。此作用可被阿片受体阻断剂纳洛酮阻断 (P <0 .0 1) ;②吗啡对微小兴奋性突触后电流 (mEPSC)的发放频率及谷氨酸诱发电流的幅度没有明显影响 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;③吗啡可明显抑制神经元自发抑制性突触后电流 (sIPSC) ,纳洛酮可拮抗吗啡作用 (n =13 ,P <0 .0 1)。结论 :实验结果提示吗啡对海马神经元的兴奋作用不是由于吗啡直接作用于兴奋性氨基酸—谷氨酸突触传递过程 ,而是可能由于抑制了抑制性中间神经元 ,间接产生的兴奋作用。     

利多卡因和硫喷妥钠对培养的大鼠海马脑片神经元损伤的影响

目的 :观察利多卡因和硫喷妥钠对生后 2 2d大鼠培养海马脑片的实验型缺血后神经元损伤的影响。方法 :将培养的SD大鼠海马脑片实验型缺血 (缺氧缺糖 ) 1 0min ,给药组在缺血前 1 0min给予 1 0nmol/L、1 0 0nmol/L的利多卡因或 2 50nmol/L、60 0nmol/L的硫喷妥钠 ,缺血后换用正常培养基继续培养 7d ,并用荧光染料PropidiumIo dide(PI)连续观察海马CA1区和齿状回神经元的损伤。结果 :缺血后第 1d缺血组即出现神经元损伤高峰 ,CA1区和齿状回的PI指数显著增加 (P <0 .0 1 ) ;直至缺血后第 7d其损伤指数仍显著高于缺血前水平 (P <0 .0 1 )。两浓度的利多卡因和硫喷妥钠均可降低缺血后CA1区和齿状回神经元损伤的程度 (P <0 .0 1 ) ,并可将CA1区和齿状回的神经元损伤高峰推迟至缺血后第 3d。结论 :利多卡因和硫喷妥可减轻缺血后海马CA1区和齿状回的神经元损伤 ,推迟神经元的损伤高峰。     

硬膜外皮质电刺激治疗急性颅脑脑损伤的初步实验研究

目的:探讨硬膜外皮质电刺激(EECS)对急性颅脑脑损伤(ACCI)后的影响.方法:SD大鼠24只,随机分为A组(假损伤组),B组(损伤组)和C组(治疗组),侧方液压打击损伤(LFPI)大鼠脑组织建立ACCI模型后,C组给予硬膜外电刺激治疗.术后24小时处死动物,检测A组脑组织含水量、血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)含量与B、C组上述指标的差异.结果:与A组相比,B组与C组脑组织含水量明显增加(P＜0.01),与B组相比,C组大鼠脑含水量减少(P＜0.05),差异有统计学意义;与A组相比.B组与C组大鼠血清NSE明显增加(P＜0.01),与B相比,C组大鼠大鼠血清NSE明显减少(P＜0.01),差异有统计学意义.结论:EECS可减轻ACCI后脑水肿,降低血清NSE水平,从而起到脑保护的作用.     

何首乌苷通过激活BDNF/TrkB信号通路拮抗H2O2诱导的大鼠海马神经元氧化损伤

探讨脑源性神经营养因子/酪氨酸激酶受体B(BDNF/TrkB)信号通路激活参与何首乌苷(PMG)对过氧化氢(H2O2)诱导神经元氧化应激损伤的保护作用。实验采用神经元原代培养,建立大鼠乳鼠海马神经元氧化应激损伤模型。实验结果显示高浓度的H2O2与MTT测定的细胞存活率降低相关,选择细胞存活率在40%~50%之间的200μmol/LH2O2浓度作为氧化应激损伤的实验浓度。与模型组相比,PMG预处理组(200μmol/L)可抑制H2O2诱导的神经元损伤(P<0.001)。TUNEL和β-微管蛋白III荧光染色显示PMG保护H2O2诱导的神经细胞损伤,明显降低细胞凋亡率(P<0.001),细胞骨架形态恢复正常。与PMG+H2O2预处理组相比较,当加入BDNF/TrkB信号转导通路阻断剂K252a后,PMG+H2O2+K252a组神经元细胞存活率大幅度下降(P<0.01),细胞骨架形态呈损伤状态。同时,我们发现PMG预处理恢复H2O2诱导的BDNF和P-TrkB的低表达水平,并且用K252a阻断BDNF/TrkB信号传导抑制了PMG对BDNF和P-TrkB表达水平的影响(P<0.01)。综上所述,何首乌苷可能通过激活BDNF/TrkB信号转导通路及维护神经元骨架的完整,实现对大鼠海马神经元氧化应激损伤的拮抗作用。     

CNTF对烧伤大鼠血清引起大鼠海马神经元细胞毒性的影响

应用整体和离体神经元培养,观察CNTF对烧伤大鼠海马神经元及烧伤血清引起海马神经元损伤的影响,结果表明,大鼠烧伤后海马组织神经元数目减少,NO含量升高;烧伤大鼠血清可引起培养的海马神经元细胞存活率下降,培养液中NO含量升高;CNTF能降低烧伤大鼠海马组织中NO的含量,保护海马神经元,并能提高培养的海马神经元的存活率,减少培养液中NO含量,其作用呈剂量依赖性;CNTF对神经元存活率的影响与NO含量呈显著负相关,提示CNTF对烧伤大鼠血清引起的海马神经元损伤有保护作用,其作用机制可能是通过抑制NO的神经毒性。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.