CAREX GRACEII SP. N., CYPEROCARPUS ELIASII SP. N., CYPEROCARPUS TERRESTRIS SP. N., AND CYPEROCARPUS PULCHERRIMA SP. N. (CYPERACEAE) FROM THE MIOCENE OF NEBRASKA

Silicified achenes and some perigynia of four new sedges are described from the late middle or late Miocene Ash Hollow (Clarendonian or Hemphillian) and early middle Miocene Sheep Creek (Late Hemingfordian) Formations of Nebraska. Carex graceii, sp. n., Cyperocarpus terrestris, sp. n., and Cyperocarpus pulcherrima, sp. n., were collected from strata in Garden and Antelope Counties and Cyperocarpus eliasii, sp. n., was collected from strata in Sioux County. Certain of the newly discovered taxa exhibit considerable anatomical detail of the pericarp wall of the achene. In two taxa, Carex graceii and Cyperocarpus pulcherrima, the achene pericarp exhibits four topographic regions: a cuticle, an outer layer of pentagonally to hexagonally shaped epidermal cells containing silica bodies, a middle layer of sclerenchyma cells, and an inner layer of sclerenchyma cells whose long axes are perpendicular to the long axes of the cells of the middle layer. Similar pericarp anatomy was found in Cyperocarpus terrestris except that the inner layer was not observed. In the fourth taxon, Cyperocarpus eliasii, only an outer epidermal layer of elongate cells with small protuberances is preserved. The ultrastructure of the pericarp of the fossil taxa is similar to that of living forms. Associated flora and fauna indicate widespread savanna environments with significant riparian elements. This is the first systematic treatment of sedges from the Miocene of North America.     

CHARLIEA MANZANITANA,N. GEN., N. SP., AND OTHER ENIGMATIC PARALLEL-VEINED FOLIAR FORMS FROM THE UPPER PENNSYLVANIAN OF NEW MEXICO AND TEXAS

Charliea is a new genus (type-species: C. manzanitana), based on pinnately compound leaf material from the richly fossiliferous Virgilian (Upper Pennsylvanian) shales of the Kinney Brick Company quarry near Albuquerque, New Mexico. In several features Charliea resembles Russellites or a zamioid cycad. It has linear-oblong pinnae with broad, oblique attachment and a truncate tip, which is deeply incised to form two to four nearly equal lobes. The venation is simple, parallel, and sparingly dichotomous, each vein ending at the distal margin. The Kinney beds also contain Plagiozamites planchardi, another zamioid form with parallel-veined pinnae, differing from Charliea chiefly in having rounded tips and veins ending in the denticulate margins. An unnamed third form (genus B) in the Kinney beds has long, narrow pinnae with parallel veins and blunt tips; this strongly resembles the Mesozoic conifer Podozamites, but may just as well represent a cycadophyte. Another unnamed taxon (genus A), from an Upper Pennsylvanian deposit in Jack County, Texas, resembles genus B or Russellites in general shape and venation, but the critical distal margins are unknown. In their single-ordered parallel venation, these four foliar types contrast sharply with the two-ordered pinnate venation of most Pennsylvanian fern-like leaves, and seem to foreshadow Mesozoic morphologies. This tendency toward precocious evolution of parallel-veined foliar form in North America is also expressed by a single occurrence of the Asiatic, Permian genus Tingia in the Lower Pennsylvanian of Utah, and by the presence of the predominantly Triassic cycadeoid genus Pterophyllum in the Lower Permian of Texas.     

STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF CLEISTOIODOPHANUS CONGLUTINATUS GEN. & SP. N. (ASCOBOLACEAE)

Cleistoiodophanus represents a new coprophilous genus of the tribe Iodophaneae in the Ascobolaceae (Pezizales). The only species thus far discovered, C. conglutinatus, is described and illustrated. Aspects of its cytological development are described from cultures obtained from apothecia found on sheep dung near Gainesville, Florida. Plasmogamy occurs in acogonial coils, two or three cells of which give rise to ascogenous hyphae. Ascogonia are quickly enclosed by vegetative hyphae and the ascocarp continues in a cleistohymenial development. Unlike Iodophanus and related genera, the excipulum remains intact even after spore maturation and the asci push through the epihymenial regions to release spores. The asci are characteristically thickened at their apices, diffusely amyloid, and somewhat saccate. The asci are predominantly 8-spored, but have been found with four or 16 spores per ascus. A previously undescribed Oedocephalum imperfect stage was induced in culture.     

MORPHOLOGY AND SYSTEMATICS OF SCIUROTHAMNION STEGENGAE GEN. ET SP. NOV. (CERAMIACEAE,RHODOPHYTA) FROM THE INDO‐PACIFIC1

A new ceramiaceous alga, Sciurothamnion stegengae De Clerck et Kraft, gen. et sp. nov., is described from the western Indian Ocean and the Philippines. Sciurothamnion appears related to the tribe Callithamnieae on the basis of the position and composition of its procarps and by the majority of post‐fertilization events. It differs, however, from all current members of the tribe by the presence of two periaxial cells bearing determinate laterals per axial cell. Additionally, unlike any present representative of the subfamily Callithamnioideae, no intercalary foot cell is formed after diploidization of the paired auxiliary cells. The genus is characterized by a terminal foot cell (“disposal cell”), which segregates the haploid nuclei of the diploidized auxiliary cell from the diploid zygote nucleus. The nature of three types of foot cells reported in the Ceramiaceae (intercalary foot cells containing only haploid nuclei, intercalary foot cells containing haploid nuclei and a diploid nucleus, and terminal foot cells containing only haploid nuclei) is discussed.     

中国矩织蛾属三新种记述(鳞翅目:织蛾科)(英文)

本文报道了分布于我国黑龙江省的短织蛾属ExaeretiaStainton三新种：大颚突短织蛾Exaeretiamagnignathasp．nov,双颚突知织蛾Exaeretiabignathasp.nov．和纹矩织蛾Exaeretiaexornatasp．nov,并绘制了雌雄外生殖器特征图。模式标本保存在陕西师范大学动物研究所。     

THREE NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS EXAERETIA (LEPIDOPTERA:OECOPHORIDAE) FROM CHINA

Abstract  Three species of the genus Exaeretia Stainton are fully described as new to science in this paper. They are : Exaeretia magnignatha sp. nov., Exaeretia bignatha sp. nov. and Exaeretia exornata sp. nov. The genitalia of the new species are illustrated.     

PERIASTRON RETICULATUM UNGER AND AEROCORTEX KENTUCKIENSIS,N. GEN. ET SP., FROM THE NEW ALBANY SHALE OF KENTUCKY

Segments of anatomically preserved axes of the Lower Mississippian genus, Periastron, are analyzed in detail, and new features of histology and the pattern of vascular bundles are described. The name P. perforatum is shown to be a synonym of P. reticulatum. Division and fusion of vascular bundles in the axis result in variation in both their number (5–10) and form (in transverse section, from circular to elongate). In none of the 13 specimens studied is there any evidence of traces to lateral appendages, providing, with other evidence, support for the position that Periastron represents the petiole of a large leaf. Aerocortex kentuckiensis, a new name, is established for two specimens that resemble Periastron but which differ from it in being characterized by 2–4 vascular bundles in contrast to the 5–10 (or 11?) of Periastron, and by having centrally, rather than peripherally, located secretory ducts. Aerocortex and Periastron might represent, respectively, proximal and distal regions of a petiole.     

TRILOBOXYLON ASHLANDICUM GEN. AND SP. N. FROM THE UPPER DEVONIAN OF NEW YORK

A new taxon is described from the Upper Devonian, Oneonta formation in the northern Cats-kills of New York. Triloboxylon gen. n. is represented by petrifactions showing two orders of branching. The main axis bears branches spirally and the latter bear the ultimate appendages spirally. Ultimate appendages branch dichotomously twice, in one plane. Primary xylem of the main axis and branches is three-armed with mesarch protoxylem extending in a continuous band within each arm. Primary xylem of the ultimate appendage is terete and dichotomizes twice. Metaxylem elements are characterized by scalariform and circular-bordered pitting on all walls. The cortex is composed entirely of isodiametrical parenchyma cells. Triloboxylon is compared with other genera with three-lobed protosteles. Its possible affinity with the Aneurophytales is shown. The morphological nature of the “frond” of the Aneurophytales and the possibility that the group possesses the morphological equivalent of simple leaves are discussed.     

中国斑织蛾属二新种记述：鳞翅目：织蛾科

本文记述在陕西省秦岭采到的斑织蛾属２新种：秦岭斑织蛾Ｒｉｐｅａｃｍａ ｑｉｎｌｉｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ和佛平斑织蛾Ｒｉｐｅａｃｍａ ｆｏｐｉｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,并附有雌、雄外生殖器特征图,模式标本存西北林学院。     

THALASSOCHYTRIUM GRACILARIOPSIDIS (CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA), GEN. ET SP. NOV., ENDOSYMBIOTIC IN GRACILARIOPSIS SP. (RHODOPHYCEAE)

Thalassochytrium gracilariopsidis gen. et sp. nov. is an endosymbiotic, polycentric, zoosporic fungus that infected cultures of the red alga Gracilariopsis sp. Based on the posteriorly uniflagellate zoospore and the platelike cristae of the mitochondria, the fungus is placed in the Chytridiomycota. Ultrastructurally, the fungal zoospore is distinguished by the anterior position of the kinetosome, a unique microbody-lipid globule complex, an electron-opaque helix associated with the kinetosome and lipid globules, and a beaked nucleus. Zoospores are positively phototactic, and the unusual helix might constitute part of the photosensory apparatus. Zoospores lack certain taxonomically important structures, such as a rumposome, props, a nonflagellated kinetosome, and flagellar roots. The organism does not fit into any described genus, and the features of its zoospore differ from those of any described order. The fungal thallus is polycentric with multinucleate, septate hyphae. Haustoria form within the algal cells. The fungus does not appear to cause major harm to its host and seems to be host specific. However, during intense sporulation of the fungus, degradation of host chloroplasts was observed in medullary cells.