铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜对巨噬细胞的免疫逃逸作用及机制

目的探讨铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜对巨噬细胞的免疫逃逸作用以及相关机制。方法用PMA刺激THP-1细胞获得巨噬细胞模型。用6孔板建膜法获得铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜菌。分别用铜绿假单胞菌的生物被膜菌和浮游菌感染巨噬细胞,观察巨噬细胞形态的变化,并检测巨噬细胞的细胞毒性和吞噬功能的变化。进一步用ELISA试剂盒检测感染的巨噬细胞培养上清中炎症细胞因子IL-1β的变化。结果成功构建巨噬细胞模型和铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜菌模型。与感染了浮游菌的细胞相比,感染了生物被膜菌的巨噬细胞形态变化小,释放的LDH降低,吞噬功能减弱,IL-1β的表达量减少。结论铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜菌可以逃逸巨噬细胞的免疫防御作用,其机制可能与降低巨噬细胞的炎症反应有关。     

A类Ⅰ型清道夫受体调节小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞抗肺炎克雷伯菌和铜绿假单胞菌感染

本研究旨在探讨A类Ⅰ型清道夫受体(scavenger receptor class A type Ⅰ,SR-AI)在呼吸道感染常见病原体肺炎克雷伯菌及铜绿假单胞菌感染过程中的免疫调节功能。以肺炎克雷伯菌和铜绿假单胞菌临床分离株与野生型小鼠和SR-AI~(-/-)小鼠腹腔原代巨噬细胞互作,研究SR-AI在吞噬和炎症反应中的作用。荧光染料染色菌体及检测胞内荧光强度,数据显示SR-AI敲除后巨噬细胞对肺炎克雷伯菌的吞噬能力下降,但对铜绿假单胞菌的吞噬能力升高。采用实时定量荧光聚合酶链反应检测相关炎症因子mRNA水平,发现SRAI敲除后肺炎克雷伯菌和铜绿假单胞菌刺激巨噬细胞引发的炎症反应均增强。结果表明,SR-AI参与巨噬细胞对肺炎克雷伯菌的吞噬,但不参与对铜绿假单胞菌的吞噬,且可能抑制了肺炎克雷伯菌和铜绿假单胞菌引发的炎症反应。     

铜绿假单胞菌Ⅲ型分泌系统的分子调控机制

铜绿假单胞菌是临床上重要的革兰氏阴性条件致病菌.通过Ⅲ型分泌系统,铜绿假单胞菌将其毒力因子注入到真核宿主细胞内部,逃避宿主巨噬细胞的吞噬降解,引起宿主相应的病理变化,是铜绿假单胞菌感染致病的重要原因.本文在简单介绍铜绿假单胞菌Ⅲ型分泌系统组成和功能的基础上,主要对调控T3SS基因转录表达的分子机制的研究进展进行综述和讨论.     

乳酸杆菌代谢产物对一些常见菌黏附阴道上皮细胞的抑制作用的初步探讨

目的 探讨乳酸杆菌代谢产物对大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和白色念珠菌黏附阴道上皮细胞的抑制作用.方法 刮取健康妇女阴道上皮细胞进行体外培养,观察在乳酸杆菌代谢产物的干预下大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和白色念珠菌黏附阴道上皮细胞的情况.结果 和结论 乳酸杆菌代谢产物能够明显抑制大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和白色念珠菌对阴道上皮细胞的黏附.     

铜绿假单胞菌菌苗对尿路感染的免疫功能调节

铜绿假单胞菌菌苗是一种新型的细菌性免疫调节剂。用其治疗反复发作性尿路感染 ,其中体液免疫检测结果实验组治疗后的广谱抗体效价比治疗前的广谱抗体效价提高 8～ 6 4倍 ,细胞免疫的检测中T细胞亚群中各项指标治疗前后均有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 1)。提示 ,该菌苗是通过调整患者自身的体液免疫和细胞免疫功能 ,从而达到治疗效果     

乳酸杆菌代谢产物对引起阴道炎常见细菌的抑制作用的初步探讨

目的探讨乳酸杆菌代谢产物对临床常见引起阴道炎的大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、白色念珠菌、伤寒杆菌和肠球菌的抑菌作用。方法采用营养琼脂平板培养基定量涂菌,国际标准药敏杯给药的药敏试验法,检测乳酸杆菌代谢产物对大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、白色念珠菌、伤寒杆菌和肠球菌的抑菌环的大小。结果乳酸杆菌代谢产物对大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和伤寒杆菌有明显的抑菌作用,对肠球菌、白色念珠菌无抑菌作用。结论在临床上可应用乳酸杆菌及其制剂调节阴道微生态平衡,治疗细菌性阴道炎。     

戴氏虫草抗紫外线及对巨噬细胞吞噬功能影响

采用孔雀绿比色法研究了戴氏虫草菌丝体水提物在体外对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬功能的影响,同时采用紫外线辐射的方法测定了其对金黄色葡萄 球菌,大肠埃希氏菌,铜绿假单胞菌,枯草芽胞杆菌抗紫外线辐射的保护效应,其结果表明：戴氏虫草菌丝体水提物在较高浓度下能够抑制小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬功能,但在较低浓度下却能拮抗氧化可的松对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬功能的抑制,对金黄色葡萄球菌,大肠埃希氏菌,铜绿假单胞菌,枯草芽胞杆菌抗紫外线辐射具有一定的保护效应。     

铜绿假单胞菌感染的非抗生素治疗研究进展

铜绿假单胞菌是引起多种人体感染的常见致病菌,目前主要采用抗生素治疗铜绿假单胞菌感染.由于铜绿假单胞菌能对多种抗生素产生抗性,导致传统的抗生素治疗面临非常大的挑战.因而铜绿假单胞菌感染的非抗生素治疗方法受到了广泛重视,并取得了可喜的研究进展.本文从抗原抗体免疫疗法、噬菌体疗法、抗毒力因子疗法三个方面就铜绿假单胞菌的非抗生...     

铜绿假单胞菌家兔肺部感染模型的建立与评价

目的:建立铜绿假单胞菌(PA,又名绿脓杆菌)肺部感染动物模型,并从病理学及细菌学、影像学等方面进行评价,研究铜绿假单胞菌对肺组织的致病作用。方法:24只健康清洁级新西兰大白兔随机分成2组,实验组采用经皮气管穿刺法,隔日注入铜绿假单胞菌反复感染家兔,对照组施以生理盐水。接种后隔日一次行胸部CT扫描。比较二组家兔的体温、血象及肺组织匀浆菌落计数;观察病理组织改变及胸部CT影像学变化。结果:注菌组家兔白细胞总数显著升高,肺组织匀浆菌落计数显著高于对照组。CT表现为双侧多发斑片状模糊影,部分可见实变及脓肿灶。大体标本可见家兔肺部结节、脓肿及出血灶,病理学镜下观察发现注菌组家兔肺组织内多个脓肿灶形成,大量中性粒细胞浸润,肺泡腔内大量渗出,部分出血,肺泡壁充血及肺水肿。随着注菌次数增多及时间推移,逐渐出现如肺泡间隔增厚、肉芽肿形成、实变等慢性肺部炎症的病理表现。结论:使用经皮气道穿刺法接种铜绿假单胞菌至新西兰兔肺部,可成功建立兔铜绿假单胞菌肺部感染模型。     

铜绿假单胞菌和白假丝酵母的跨界相互作用

铜绿假单胞菌和白假丝酵母(又称白念珠菌)这两种条件致病菌可共存于人体。两者间存在复杂的相互关系,即跨界相互作用。铜绿假单胞菌抑制白念珠菌形态转换,抑制其生物膜形成并毒杀其菌丝;白念珠菌则抑制铜绿假单胞菌绿脓素形成并抑制其丛集运动。跨界相互作用可能存在3种机制:信号转导通路、生物膜和毒力因子。铜绿假单胞菌通过信号分子N-3-氧代十二烷酰-L-同型丝氨酸内酯(3-oxo-C12-HSL)抑制白念珠菌形态转换,而白念珠菌通过信号分子法呢醇抑制铜绿假单胞菌绿脓素生成和丛集运动,即存在信号分子介导的跨界相互作用。跨界相互作用影响铜绿假单胞菌和白念珠菌各自的致病性。如能充分利用跨界相互作用,将有助于优化治疗的选择。     

Results of using polyvalent Pseudomonas aeruginosa vaccine in children with burns by various medical centers

Polyvalent Pseudomonas aeruginosa vaccine, prepared at the Institute of Hematology from 10 hospital strains isolated from burn wounds, was administered to 32 children with extensive and deep burns. The vaccine was well tolerated. The vaccine produced a high degree of the immunity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. Agglutinin serum titre increased significantly. Vaccination either prevented or inhibited the infection of burn wounds with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in all immunized children. The symptoms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection usually disappeared following one or two vaccinations. Bacteriemia caused by P. aeruginosa was not observed in 31 out of 32 children. In the remaining child transient bacteriemia was noted. No septicemia caused by P. aeruginosa was seen. Due to the high efficiency of the polyvalent P. aeruginosa vaccine all burned children with burns exceeding 10% of the total body surface should by vaccinated to prevent the life-threatening infections with Pseudomonas aeruginosa.     

Protective activity of thymosin against opportunistic infections in animal models

Animal models for opportunistic infections were developed by using mice immunosuppressed by 5-FU. These mice were susceptible to various microorganisms, while normal mice had greater tolerance to such microbial infections. In these models, thymosin alpha 1 was found to protect mice against lethal infections with Candida albicans, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Serratia marcescens when it was administered during 5-FU treatment prior to the infections. Thymosin alpha 1 was effective in some infections at 0.4-400 micrograms/kg/day IP, about 1/100 of the dose required for thymosin fraction 5. Activity was also demonstrated against L-monocytogenes and Ps. aeruginosa by counting the viable bacteria in the liver after infection. The protective activity against Candida, elimination of which macrophages were essential, was abrogated by anti-thymocyte serum and/or carrageenan, indicating that thymosin alpha 1 serves to maintain the functions of macrophages by reducing the damage to T cells by 5-FU. On the other hand, the activity against Pseudomonas infection was not affected by anti-thymocyte serum or carrageenan. It is probable that thymosin alpha 1 also exerts its effect on neutrophils without participation of T cells and macrophages.     

Protective effect of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rG-CSF) against various microbial infections in neutropenic mice.

Protective effect of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rG-CSF) on microbial infections was studied in cyclophosphamide (CPA)-induced neutropenic mice. The neutropenic mice showed severely decreased resistance against systemic infections of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. When such mice were injected subcutaneously with rG-CSF on four consecutive days beginning the day after CPA injection, the decreased anti-microbial resistance of the mice was restored to the level of that in normal mice. The anti-infective effect of rG-CSF was dose-dependent and the 50% effective doses (ED50) in various microbial infections tested were 1-10 micrograms/kg/day. The results suggest that rG-CSF is useful for protection of neutropenic patients from microbial infections.     

白色念珠菌粘附口腔粘膜上皮细胞配体的初步研究

目的：研究白色念珠菌对口腔粘膜上皮细胞的粘附配体,方法：采用体外法测定白色念珠菌对口腔上皮细胞的粘附数量,结果：D－甘露糖预作用于上皮细胞之后,可以使白色念珠菌粘附下降,刀豆素A及绿慕安预作用于白色念珠菌,可以减少白色念珠菌对上皮细胞的粘附,结论：白鬼念珠菌粘附感染与其表面甘露糖结构有关。     

Increase of resistance to Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in mice caused by Staphylococcus aureus]

In our study of opportunistic pathogens, we have some indication that Staphylococcus aureus can increase resistance in mice against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Intraperitoneal injections of sublethal doses of S. aureus had a protective effect in mice against lethal doses of P. aeruginosa, more so if living and coagulase-positive S. aureus strains were injected. This protective effect was obtained both with laboratory and freshly isolated hospital strains. The interval between these infections can be extended from 2 h up to 1 week and it is still possible to observe the resistance phenomenon. The increased resistance was accompanied by a decrease in viable units of P. aeruginosa in the peritoneal cavity of mice 6 h after the injection of this species. There was no protection by S. aureus against Candida albicans in similar experimental conditions. These observations indicate that intermicrobial ecology, understood here as the previous presence of another species in a host, may be a significant factor in the resistance to infection with opportunistic pathogens such as P. aeruginosa.     

Sepsis induces early alterations in innate immunity that impact mortality to secondary infection

Sepsis, the systemic inflammatory response to microbial infection, induces changes in both innate and adaptive immunity that presumably lead to increased susceptibility to secondary infections, multiorgan failure, and death. Using a model of murine polymicrobial sepsis whose severity approximates human sepsis, we examined outcomes and defined requirements for survival after secondary Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia or disseminated Listeria monocytogenes infection. We demonstrate that early after sepsis neutrophil numbers and function are decreased, whereas monocyte recruitment through the CCR2/MCP-1 pathway and function are enhanced. Consequently, lethality to Pseudomonas pneumonia is increased early but not late after induction of sepsis. In contrast, lethality to listeriosis, whose eradication is dependent upon monocyte/macrophage phagocytosis, is actually decreased both early and late after sepsis. Adaptive immunity plays little role in these secondary infectious responses. This study demonstrates that sepsis promotes selective early, impaired innate immune responses, primarily in neutrophils, that lead to a pathogen-specific, increased susceptibility to secondary infections.     

240例住院患者痰液分离菌的回顾性分析

目的 了解我院住院患者痰液分离菌种类,探讨有效预防和控制呼吸道感染的措施。方法 对我院2005年1～12月住院患者所发生的240例住院感染细菌进行回顾性分析。结果 痰液的病原菌主要有大肠埃希菌、白假丝酵母、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍氏不动杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌等;除大肠埃希菌的检出率(23．94％)较高外,真菌也有较高的检出率(22．54％);真菌已成为基层医院呼吸道感染的重要致病菌。结论 加强基层医院医务人员医院感染管理知识的培训,高度重视病原学监测,合理使用抗生素是当前预防基层医院呼吸道真菌感染的关键。     

Anti-Candida resistance in the mouse brain and effect of intracerebral administration of interleukin 1

The effects of intracerebral and intravenous Candida albicans infection on experimental meningo-encephalitis in mice were compared. Naive mice inoculated with two C. albicans strains of different pathogenicity (highly virulent CA-6 and poorly virulent PCA-2) were more resistant to infection when the yeasts were inoculated by the intracerebral rather than the intravenous route. In immunized mice, in which systemic immunity had been induced by long-term colonization with low-virulence PCA-2 cells, increased intracerebral resistance to challenge with virulent Candida was observed at about two weeks post-infection. In contrast, the inoculation of PCA-2 cells directly into the brain resulted in early, long-lasting activation of local microbicidal mechanisms against intracerebral challenge with CA-6, Staphylococcus aureus or Aspergillus fumigatus. Increased local anti-Candida resistance was also observed upon intracerebral injection of human recombinant interleukin 1. These data suggest that, in addition to the intracerebral expression of systemic antifungal immunity, microbial mechanisms may be locally activated in the brain, possibly through release of endogenous interleukin 1.