卡泊芬净联合复方磺胺甲噁唑治疗艾滋病合并肺孢子菌肺炎

目的探讨卡泊芬净联合复方磺胺甲噁唑(TMP-SMX)治疗艾滋病合并肺孢子菌肺炎(PCP)的疗效。方法回顾性总结分析9例艾滋病合并肺孢子菌肺炎的临床资料,包括临床特点及诊疗经过。结果 9例患者临床诊断PCP成立,经卡泊芬净联合TMP-SMX抗PCP治疗后,除1例死亡(老年患者合并慢性支气管炎病史)外,其余8例均得到满意疗效。结论卡泊芬净联合TMP-SMX治疗艾滋病合并PCP,可达到良好的治疗效果。     

艾滋病合并卡氏肺孢菌性肺炎临床探讨

目的 探讨艾滋病患者中卡氏肺孢菌性肺炎的临床特征、诊断方法及治疗预防措施.方法 对36例艾滋病患者合并卡氏肺孢菌性肺炎病例资料进行回顾性描述和分析.结果 艾滋病患者CD4+T淋巴细胞低于200/μL时,易发生卡氏肺孢菌性肺炎机会感染.36例患者临床表现为发热、咳嗽、气促、低氧血症、呼吸衰竭,7例找到肺孢子菌包囊,确诊PCP,其余29例为临床诊断.通过复方磺胺甲恶唑联合卡泊芬净并辅以糖皮质激素治疗,取得较好疗效,9例痊愈,27例症状明显好转,无死亡病例.结论 艾滋病患者若出现快速进展的低氧血症伴CD4+T淋巴细胞低于200/μL及乳酸脱氢酶升高者应警惕卡氏肺孢菌性肺炎,早期诊断、早期应用以复方磺胺甲恶唑联合卡泊芬净为基础的综合治疗是提高生存率的关键.     

肺孢子菌肺炎诊治的研究进展

目的综述肺孢子菌肺炎(PCP)病原诊断和治疗的研究进展。方法通过文献检索和分析,总结PCP诊治研究进展。结果 PCP的临床诊断主要依据患者存在免疫缺陷或免疫功能低下的基础状况以及典型临床和影像学表现来进行,确诊有赖于病原学检查。近年来研究表明PCR技术和血清1,3-β-D葡聚糖检测(G试验)有助于PCP早期诊断以及区分肺孢子菌定植和感染。复方磺胺甲噁唑(SMZco)是治疗PCP的首选用药,卡泊芬净近年来也联合应用于PCP的治疗,但其应用价值仍待进一步研究。结论 PCP的诊断仍以临床诊断为主,治疗上仍以SMZco为首选,探索PCP早期诊断技术和提高重症患者救治成功率是今后研究的重点。     

肺孢子菌肺外感染的临床表现和诊治研究进展CSCD

肺孢子菌肺炎(Pneumocystis pneumonia,PCP)是HIV患者最常见的机会性感染,临床上肺外组织肺孢子菌感染少见且容易误诊,多为个案报道。本文通过文献检索和分析,总结宿主肺外感染肺孢子菌的临床表现及诊治结果。结果表明肺外孢子菌感染的临床表现多不典型,但可以累及单个或多个系统,PCR技术及宏基因检测可有助于早期诊断并提高重症患者救治的成功率。治疗上仍以复方磺胺甲噁唑治疗为首选,尽早识别肺孢子菌肺外感染和提高多系统受累患者的救治受到临床关注。     

艾滋病合并卡氏肺孢子菌肺炎并发呼吸衰竭21例临床分析

本研究旨在分析并发呼吸衰竭的艾滋病(acquired immune deficiency syndrome,AIDS)合并卡氏肺孢子菌肺炎(Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia,PCP)患者的临床特点、影像学表现以及治疗情况。回顾性分析我院呼吸内科和感染科2016年1月至2016年7月确诊的AIDS合并PCP患者中以呼吸衰竭为首发症状的21例患者的临床资料,包括病史、体征、实验室检查、胸部CT检查、治疗及预后等资料,并进行分析和总结。21例患者中氧合指数(oxygenation index,OI)大于300 mm Hg 3例,201~300 mm Hg 9例,101~200 mm Hg 7例,小于100 mm Hg 2例。主要治疗措施:21例患者均口服复方磺胺甲噁唑(compound sulfamethoxazole,SMZco)(100%),18例给予糖皮质激素(85.7%),16例给予呼吸机辅助呼吸(76.2%),其中无创呼吸机11例,有创呼吸机5例,观察无创通气治疗前及治疗后2 h、24 h、72 h OI的变化情况,治疗24 h、72 h后OI均较治疗前明显改善(p0.05),而且治疗后72 h OI较治疗后2 h进一步改善(p0.05)。21例患者中16例病情得到明显缓解,2例病情恶化死亡,3例自动出院,死亡患者OI均在100 mm Hg以下。AIDS合并PCP常有典型的临床特点、实验室指标与胸部影像学表现,血气分析能够帮助判断病情严重程度,尽早明确诊断并给予SMZco治疗,对于吸氧后OI仍然在300 mm Hg以下的患者应给予糖皮质激素及呼吸支持治疗,大部分可临床缓解。     

米卡芬净单药或联合治疗肺孢菌肺炎7例疗效及安全性分析

<正>肺孢菌肺炎(PCP,Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia)是由耶氏(早前称为卡氏)肺孢子菌引起的一种机会性感染性真菌性肺病。复方磺胺甲噁唑/甲氧嘧啶(SMZ/TMP)由于价格低廉、疗效确切是PCP治疗的一线用药,但其胃肠道副作用大,肝肾功能损害和骨髓毒性等原因,有时导致治     

成人血液病合并肺孢子菌肺炎9例临床分析

目的研究成人血液病患者发生肺孢子菌肺炎(PCP)的临床特点、高危因素、治疗方式、预后及预防措施。方法对2014年1月～2019年7月我院血液科收治的成人血液病患者中确诊为PCP者的临床表现、实验室检查、影像学特点、治疗及转归进行总结及讨论。结果 9例发生PCP患者中8例为血液系统恶性肿瘤,7例为接受异基因造血干细胞移植术后患者,移植术后合并PCP的中位时间为8个月;9例患者中8例均合并巨细胞病毒血症,其中4例为多重感染;所有病例发病期间均有发热,7例伴有咳嗽咳痰;9例患者血清1-3-β-D葡聚糖(104.3～1377.1)pg/mL,中位数为293.3 pg/mL,较参考值偏高;影像学表现以弥漫性斑片影和磨玻璃影为主,严重时可出现结节及胸腔积液;给予TMP/SMZ联合伏立康唑或卡泊芬净或单用卡泊芬净治疗后8例好转,1例死亡。结论成人血液病并发PCP进展较快,常合并多重感染;发热、咳嗽是成人血液病合并PCP主要的临床表现;影像学双侧斑片样肺炎改变,血清1-3-β-D葡聚糖浓度升高对PCP诊断具有指导意义,肺泡灌洗液中查见肺孢子菌是诊断的金标准;对于高危患者应予以抗PCP预防用药,合并PCP的血液病患者早期抗PCP治疗是降低死亡率和改善预后的关键。     

侵袭性肺曲霉病10例临床分析

目的:提高对侵袭性肺曲霉病(IPA)的认识,早期诊断、早期治疗.方法:回顾性对我院10例侵袭性肺曲霉病的临床资料并进行分析.结果:10例患者均符合侵袭性肺曲霉病的诊断,6例患者通过纤支镜活检确诊,4例通过刷检及痰培养结果临床诊断,纤支镜下主要表现为粘膜充血水肿、息肉样肿物或伪膜性气道支气管炎,经伊曲康唑口服治疗,10例患者均能达到临床治愈.结论:侵袭性肺曲霉病症状不典型,纤支镜检查对早期诊断有重要意义,对于轻中症患者,伊曲康唑口服治疗经济有效.     

中枢神经系统奴卡菌感染诊治分析附一例鼻疽奴卡菌脑脓肿

目的:了解中枢神经系统(CNS)奴卡菌感染的临床特点、诊治方法及预后。方法:对青岛大学附属医院收治的1例脑奴卡菌感染病例进行报道,并检索相关文献报道的脑奴卡菌感染共31例,对以上32例进行回顾性分析。结果:32例患者中,22例存在基础疾病,18例有糖皮质激素或免疫抑制剂治疗史。主要临床表现为头痛,发热,恶心、呕吐,口齿不清,意识障碍,肢体功能障碍等。7例接受复方磺胺甲噁唑单药治疗,17例接受复方磺胺甲噁唑联合其他抗生素治疗,8例接受喹诺酮类、氨基糖苷类、β-内酰胺类等联合治疗。23例好转或治愈,9例死亡。结论:免疫功能低下是中枢神经系统奴卡菌病的危险因素;奴卡菌培养阳性是确诊该病的惟一方法;应及早应用磺胺类药物,必要时结合外科手术治疗。     

艾滋病合并肺部感染12例临床分析

目的:探讨艾滋病(AIDS)合并肺部感染的临床特点、实验室检查及影像学特征。方法:回顾性分析我院2008年1月-2012年4月期间确诊的12例AIDS合并有肺部感染患者的病例资料。结果:发病以男性为主(11例),临床症状以发热、咳嗽、胸闷等为主,实验室检查血沉明显增快、中性粒细胞升高,2例合并有梅毒螺旋体感染,5例合并有乙肝病毒感染,1例合并丙肝病毒感染,氏肺孢子虫肺炎发生率41.67%(5/12);影像学检查主要表现为双肺弥漫性病变,肺门部位为主的毛玻璃样改变。结论:AIDS合并肺部感染患者早期不易诊断,应进一步提高对AIDS的临床症状及影像学认识提高对AIDS的早期诊断率,如存在高危因素者应及时进行艾滋病病毒抗体检测以明确诊断。     

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and AIDS

An infection with Pneumocystis carinii with clinical symptoms of pneumonia is particularly frequent in patients with AIDS. The authors discuss current knowledge on Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, including clinical course, possibility of diagnosis, and chemotherapy in patients with AIDS.     

Serum lactic dehydrogenase predicts mortality in patients with AIDS and Pneumocystis pneumonia.

Serum lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) activity was compared with mortality in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia during the first four days of admission to assess the test''s predictive value. In 30 admissions, 29 patients who survived an episode of Pneumocystis pneumonia had a mean LDH value of 385 IU, with five values greater than 520 IU. Eight with pneumonia who died had a mean value of 926 IU: all had values higher than 520 IU. The mean LDH values for 20 patients with AIDS (35 admissions) who survived and 4 who died of non-Pneumocystis disease were 240 IU and 350 IU, respectively; these patients were the control population. The positive and negative predictive values for survival using 520 IU as the threshold are 61% and 100%. Thus, LDH measurements in the first days of admission for P carinii pneumonia predict mortality and are useful in guiding future management.     

Open-label efficacy and safety trial of 42 days of 566C80 for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in AIDS patients.

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia continues to be a cause of morbidity and mortality in AIDS patients. Current therapies have a high rate of toxicity and failure. Compound 566C80 is a 1-4,hydroxynaphthoquinone with potent antiprotozoal activity which shows good efficacy and safety in 21-day treatment trials of P. carinii pneumonia (PCP) in AIDS patients. Because there is a generally high recurrence rate after treatment of PCP and there may be a possible advantage in decreasing the P. carinii burden in the lung with extended anti-Pneumocystis therapy, we performed an open label-trial of the safety and efficacy of 42-day therapy with 566C80 for PCP in AIDS patients. Ten patients were enrolled and one was lost to follow-up. Eight of the remaining nine patients successfully completed 42 days of therapy with minimal toxicity. This trial suggests that 566C80 for 42 days can be an effective, safe, and well-tolerated oral therapy for PCP in AIDS patients.     

Effect of nicotine on lung S-adenosylmethionine and development of Pneumocystis pneumonia

Because S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) is required by Pneumocystis carinii in vitro, Pneumocystis infection depletes plasma AdoMet of rats and humans, nicotine reduces AdoMet of guinea pig lungs, and smoking correlates with reduced episodes of Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) in AIDS patients, we tested the effect of nicotine treatment on PCP using a rat model. Intraperitoneal infusion of 400 microg of R-(+) nicotine kg(-1) h(-1) intraperitoneal for 21 days caused a 15-fold reduction in lung AdoMet although neither plasma nor liver were changed. Infusion of 4 and 400 microg kg(-1) h(-1) into immunosuppressed rats, beginning when rats were inoculated with P. carinii, caused 85 and 99.88% reductions, respectively, in P. carinii cysts at sacrifice 21 days later; P. carinii nuclei were reduced by 91.2 and >99.99%, respectively. This effect was reversed by concomitant administration of AdoMet with nicotine. Treatment with AdoMet alone increased infection intensity. We conclude that AdoMet is a critical and limiting nutrient for Pneumocystis thus can serve as a therapeutic target for PCP. Regarding the mechanism, nicotine treatment caused no change in rat lung activity of AdoMet synthesizing methionine ATP transferase activity nor was there any evidence of increased AdoMet utilization for methylation reactions. Except of a doubling of putrescine, nicotine treatment also did not change lung polyamine content. However, key polyamine anabolic and catabolic enzymes were upregulated, and there were corresponding changes in polyamine metabolic intermediates. We conclude that chronic nicotine treatment increases lung polyamine catabolic/anabolic cycling and/or excretion leading to increased AdoMet-consuming polyamine biosynthesis and depletion of lung AdoMet.     

The impact of concomitant viral pathogens on the course of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.

A large retrospective study was conducted to evaluate the impact of culturing cytomegalovirus from the respiratory secretions of AIDS patients with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Pneumocystis carinii was found in 220 (67%) of 327 episodes and cytomegalovirus was found in 106 (48%) of the P. carinii-positive patients. Cytomegalovirus-positive and -negative patients were similar at baseline and had a similar number of hospital days, but had a lower incidence of early deterioration in oxygenation, fewer intensive-care days, were less frequently intubated, and had a higher 30-day survival. The better short-term outcome of cytomegalovirus positive patients observed in this study may relate to the immunosuppressive effects of cytomegalovirus.     

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: detection of parasites in sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid by monoclonal antibodies.

Diagnosis of pneumocystis pneumonia is based on identifying Pneumocystis carinii cytochemically in material from the lung. The silver methenamine staining methods most commonly used are technically difficult and lack specificity. The diagnostic value of immunocytological identification of the parasite was evaluated by using mouse monoclonal antibody 3F6, specific for human pneumocystis, to identify P carinii in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and sputum by immunofluorescence and was compared with that of other variables. Bronchoalveolar lavage was performed on 25 patients positive for HIV antibody with clinically suspected pneumocystis pneumonia and 40 patients negative for HIV antibody who presented with interstitial disorders of the lung. Lavage fluid showed pneumocystis only in the patients positive for antibody, the parasite being detected in 19 by immunofluorescence and in 17 by a modified silver methenamine staining method. Chest x ray films obtained at the time of bronchoscopy showed interstitial or alveolar shadowing in 17 of the 19 patients, but clinical symptoms and the presence of antibodies to pneumocystis did not seem to be predictive. Sputum samples were collected during 43 episodes of clinically suspected pneumocystis pneumonia in patients positive for HIV antibody. Pneumocystis was detected consistently more commonly by immunofluorescence than the silver strain in sputum collected routinely and induced by inhalation of saline. In 17 patients bronchoalveolar lavage followed sputum collection, and the sensitivity of detection of pneumocystis in immunofluorescence in sputum compared with lavage fluid was 57% (8/14). Immunofluorescence was suitable for specimens fixed in ethanol and seemed highly specific and more sensitive than the standard cytochemical methods for identifying pneumocystis.     

Cytology of extrapulmonary Pneumocystis carinii infection in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

Rare cases of extrapulmonary Pneumocystis carinii (EPPC) have been seen in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). We report seven such diagnoses of nonpulmonary P carinii (PC) from four AIDS patients between 1986 and 1989. The specimens included fine needle aspirate of liver, spleen, periarticular tissue and pleura as well as ankle fluid, pleural fluid and ascites. In some, but not all, cases the patients had concurrent or previous episodes of PC pneumonia. In all cases the typical granular, eosinophilic aggregates of PC cysts were noted on routine Papanicolaou staining, leading to the definitive detection of PC cysts with Grocott silver stain. In most cases, evidence for granulomalike and neovascularized tissue reaction was present in cytologic material. One specimen demonstrated concurrent acid fast bacilli. In the setting of AIDS, cytology of effusions and masses should include an evaluation for EPPC.     

Cytologic diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii infection by bronchoalveolar lavage in acquired immune deficiency syndrome

Twenty-six patients with pulmonary infiltrates and suspected acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) underwent 29 fiberoptic bronchoscopies, including bronchoalveolar lavage. Seventeen of the 18 patients (94.4%) shown to have Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia were diagnosed by examination of the bronchoalveolar lavage specimen. Minor complications occurred in 7 of 29 total bronchoscopies and included transient fever and hypoxemia. Bronchoalveolar lavage is a safe, easy and effective procedure for making the diagnosis of P. carinii pneumonia in patients at high risk for AIDS and should be included routinely when performing fiberoptic bronchoscopy.     

Examination of Induced Sputum In the Diagnosis of Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia

The results of the examination of sputum induced by the inhalation of nebulized hypertonic saline in the diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) are presented. In suspected cases of PCP in patients who were either HIV antibody positive or were receiving immunosuppressive therapy, 46 induced sputum specimens were stained using both Grocott's modified Gomori methenamine silver nitrate (GMS) and immunofluorescence staining. In 12 specimens P. carinii cysts were detected by both methods, in four specimens by GMS staining only and in five specimens by immunofluorescence only. The sensitivity of induced sputum examination in the detection of P. carinii cysts was increased by using both of these staining methods on each sputum specimen and the need for more invasive methods of diagnosis was reduced.     

Occurrence of Pneumocystis carinii in Canine Distemper

Pneumocystis carinii is a eukaryotic opportunistic pathogen causing pneumonia (PCP) in immunosuppressed patients. It is best known in human medicine as a pathogen of AIDS pa-tients and in immunosuppressed transplant and cancer patients (Waltzer 1993).