流感通用疫苗的研究现状与展望

流感在全球范围内的不断暴发引起了世界的高度关注。预防流感最有效和最经济的手段是疫苗免疫。流感病毒的多宿主和高度变异性,使得流感疫苗的有效性受到限制。目前使用的疫苗只对与疫苗株相同或高度相近的病毒株具有保护效力。一旦变异较大或新亚型的流感病毒出现,现有疫苗就会失去其保护效力。因此,研制一种可抵御变异较大或不同亚型流感病毒的通用疫苗成为流感疫苗研究的热点。选择流感病毒的保守蛋白做抗原是研制流感通用疫苗的主要方法,已有至少3种流感通用疫苗进入临床研究阶段。改变疫苗免疫途径和免疫程序,也能提高疫苗的交叉免疫效果。本文对流感通用疫苗的研究进展进行了综述与展望。     

甲型流感病毒M2e通用疫苗的研究进展

流感严重地影响人们的身体健康和工作生活,给社会带来巨大经济损失。疫苗接种是预防流感的有效措施之一,市场上的流感疫苗包括流感灭活疫苗、减毒活疫苗和亚单位疫苗等。这些流感疫苗只能预防相同亚型流感病毒的感染,无法预防不同亚型流感病毒引起的季节性流感和流感大流行,因此迫切需要研发广谱的能预防不同亚型的甲型流感病毒感染的通用疫苗。在此简要介绍甲型流感病毒M2e通用疫苗的研究进展。     

人-禽双价流感新型DNA疫苗构建及免疫保护实验研究

流感病毒是威胁人类和动物健康的重要病原. 研究表明, 流感大流行株的形成与人流感和禽流感毒株基因重配密切相关. 因此在目前流感流行趋势下, 在人流感和禽流感疫苗开发中考虑对人流感和禽流感流行亚型进行共预防具有重要意义. 本研究针对人-禽多价流感疫苗进行了尝试, 构建了共表达H5亚型HA和H3亚型主要抗原区HA1的DNA疫苗pVAX1-H5/H3, 并进行了小鼠免疫攻毒研究. 结果表明, 攻毒前pVAX1-H5/H3有效诱导小鼠产生了针对 H5HA和H3HA1的体液抗体和细胞免疫应答. 当采用H5亚型和H3亚型流感病毒攻击时, pVAX1-H5/H3实验组小鼠对病毒攻击产生了抵抗作用, 显示了更快的体重回复及肺部病毒清除速度. 在H3亚型流感保护方面, pVAX1-H5/H3作用显著优于单表达H3HA1的pVAX1-H3. 结果证实, 共表达双亚型HA策略可对相关流感病毒攻击产生保护, 不同HA间未发现免疫干扰现象, 同时存在潜在的增益效果. 本研究为人-禽多价流感疫苗的研发奠定了基础.     

A型流感病毒M2蛋白疫苗的研究进展

目前用于免疫人群的流感疫苗多为三价灭活疫苗,包含A型流感病毒H1N1亚型、H3N2亚型和B型流感病毒。多年来的实践表明,三价灭活疫苗是有一定保护效果的。但是,由于流感病毒血凝素(HA)和神经氨酸酶(NA)经常发生抗原转变和抗原漂移,使其抗原性表现出很大的变异,所以根据流感疫情监测预测的疫苗株也很难产生最理想的保护效果。但流感病毒基质蛋白M2的膜外区氨基酸序列高度保守,有可能发展成为具有交叉保护能力的流感疫苗的候选抗原。该文就A型流感病毒基质蛋白M2疫苗的研究作一综述。1 A型流感病毒基质蛋白M2结构及功能流感病毒基因组RN…     

通用型流感疫苗的研究现状与展望

接种流感疫苗是预防和控制流感最为有效的措施。流感病毒由于其宿主多样、亚型众多,流感疫苗的有效性十分受限,同时由于其具有高度的变异性,一旦有较大的变异或新亚型的流感病毒出现,现有疫苗就会失效,因此研制能够通过免疫交叉反应对变异较大或多种亚型的流感病毒提供广泛保护的通用型流感疫苗迫在眉睫。     

利用马赛克策略设计靶向神经氨酸酶抗原的广谱流感疫苗

季节性流感病毒仍对全球公共卫生安全构成巨大威胁,对老人、儿童以及免疫功能低下人群的危害尤其严重。疫苗接种是目前应对季节性流感疫情重要手段,然而由于抗原转换和抗原漂移,常出现疫苗株与实际病毒流行株的不匹配现象,因此迫切需要开发一种安全高效的广谱流感疫苗来对抗季节性流感病毒和潜在的流感大流行。抗原设计是研发新型疫苗的关键前提,我们利用马赛克（mosaic）遗传算法设计研发了一种具有广谱抗原表位覆盖率的靶向流感病毒神经氨酸酶（Neuraminidase,NA）的新型抗原（Mosaic-NA）。该抗原在最大程度上涵盖了所有已报道甲型流感病毒的NA1蛋白与NA2蛋白序列中的细胞毒性T淋巴细胞（Cytotoxic T lymphocyte,CTL）抗原表位,并保留了天然蛋白空间构象。因此,这种新型抗原预期可有效诱导出靶向保守表位的CTL反应和抗体反应,从而为研发通用流感疫苗提供新思路和理论基础。     

利用马赛克策略设计靶向神经氨酸酶抗原的广谱流感疫苗

季节性流感病毒仍对全球公共卫生安全构成巨大威胁，对老人、儿童以及免疫功能低下人群的危害尤其严重。疫苗接种是目前应对季节性流感疫情重要手段，然而由于抗原转换和抗原漂移，常出现疫苗株与实际病毒流行株的不匹配现象，因此迫切需要开发一种安全高效的广谱流感疫苗来对抗季节性流感病毒和潜在的流感大流行。抗原设计是研发新型疫苗的关键前提，我们利用马赛克（mosaic）遗传算法设计研发了一种具有广谱抗原表位覆盖率的靶向流感病毒神经氨酸酶（Neuraminidase,NA）的新型抗原（Mosaic-NA）。该抗原在最大程度上涵盖了所有已报道甲型流感病毒的NA1蛋白与NA2蛋白序列中的细胞毒性T淋巴细胞（Cytotoxic T lymphocyte,CTL）抗原表位，并保留了天然蛋白空间构象。因此，这种新型抗原预期可有效诱导出靶向保守表位的CTL反应和抗体反应，从而为研发通用流感疫苗提供新思路和理论基础。     

广谱流感疫苗的研究进展

广谱流感疫苗是指能够诱导针对流感病毒的广谱中和抗体或广谱的细胞免疫反应,从而保护动物或人类免受多数流感病毒毒株感染的疫苗。流感病毒广谱中和抗体的发现及机制研究为广谱流感疫苗的研发提供了新的思路。同时,流感病毒细胞免疫方面的研究进展、佐剂以及免疫策略等的研究进展都极大促进了广谱流感疫苗的研发。本文从以上几个方面介绍广谱流感疫苗的研究进展,并对未来的应用进行评价及展望。     

流感疫苗研制的新策略

流感病毒感染可引起急性呼吸道传染病,严重危害人类的健康与生命。疫苗免疫是防控流感的重要手段。目前广泛应用的传统灭活疫苗和减毒活疫苗,在预防流感中发挥了重要作用,但存在通用性差和免疫效率低等不足。研制更为安全高效特别是能针对多种流感亚型的新型广谱疫苗成为当前流感疫苗研究的热点。随着结构生物学和反向遗传生物学等新技术的迅速发展,一些新策略不断应用于新型流感疫苗的研究,显示出良好的应用前景。     

基于流行性感冒病毒保守区域的通用流行性感冒疫苗的研究进展

流行性感冒(流感)疫情频频暴发,严重危害人类健康和公共卫生。虽然接种流感疫苗能够起到有效的预防作用,但由于流感病毒易变异,使得流感疫苗只对疫苗株或与疫苗株高度相近的病毒株具有保护效果。因此,研制一种可抵御不同型或亚型流感病毒的通用疫苗成为流感疫苗研究的热点。现就基于流感病毒保守区域的通用流感疫苗的研究进展作一综述。     

Baculovirus Displaying Hemagglutinin Elicits Broad Cross-Protection against Influenza in Mice

The widespread influenza virus infection further emphasizes the need for novel vaccine strategies that effectively reduce the impact of epidemic as well as pandemic influenza. Conventional influenza vaccines generally induce virus neutralizing antibody responses which are specific for a few antigenically related strains within the same subtype. However, antibodies directed against the conserved stalk domain of HA could neutralize multiple subtypes of influenza virus and thus provide broad-spectrum protection. In this study, we designed and constructed a recombinant baculovirus-based vaccine, rBac-HA virus, that expresses full-length HA of pandemic H1N1 influenza virus (A/California/04/09) on the viral envelope. We demonstrated that repeated intranasal immunizations with rBac-HA virus induced HA stalk-specific antibody responses and protective immunity against homologous as well as heterosubtypic virus challenge. The adoptive transfer experiment shows that the cross-protection is conferred by the immune sera which contain HA stalk-specific antibodies. These results warrant further development of rBac-HA virus as a broad-protective vaccine against influenza. The vaccine induced protection against infection with the same subtype as well as different subtype, promising a potential universal vaccine for broad protection against different subtypes to control influenza outbreaks including pandemic.     

基于血凝素(HA)的新型流感疫苗研究进展

新型广谱流感疫苗是预防和控制不断变异的流感病毒的重要手段。血凝素(HA)是流感病毒表面的糖蛋白,具有免疫原性,但其变异性强,是A型流感病毒发生抗原变异的主要原因。近年来研究发现,HA存在保守的恒定区,可诱导机体产生流感病毒特异性广谱中和抗体,拮抗多种流感病毒的感染。因此,如何采取不同策略和方法,研发基于HA的新型疫苗成为流感防治研究的重点。就基于HA的新型流感疫苗研究进展作一综述。     

MHC Class I-Presented T Cell Epitopes Identified by Immunoproteomics Analysis Are Targets for a Cross Reactive Influenza-Specific T Cell Response

Influenza virus infection and the resulting complications are a significant global public health problem. Improving humoral immunity to influenza is the target of current conventional influenza vaccines, however, these are generally not cross-protective. On the contrary, cell-mediated immunity generated by primary influenza infection provides substantial protection against serologically distinct viruses due to recognition of cross-reactive T cell epitopes, often from internal viral proteins conserved between viral subtypes. Efforts are underway to develop a universal flu vaccine that would stimulate both the humoral and cellular immune responses leading to long-lived memory. Such a universal vaccine should target conserved influenza virus antibody and T cell epitopes that do not vary from strain to strain. In the last decade, immunoproteomics, or the direct identification of HLA class I presented epitopes, has emerged as an alternative to the motif prediction method for the identification of T cell epitopes. In this study, we used this method to uncover several cross-specific MHC class I specific T cell epitopes naturally presented by influenza A-infected cells. These conserved T cell epitopes, when combined with a cross-reactive antibody epitope from the ectodomain of influenza M2, generate cross-strain specific cell mediated and humoral immunity. Overall, we have demonstrated that conserved epitope-specific CTLs could recognize multiple influenza strain infected target cells and, when combined with a universal antibody epitope, could generate virus specific humoral and T cell responses, a step toward a universal vaccine concept. These epitopes also have potential as new tools to characterize T cell immunity in influenza infection, and may serve as part of a universal vaccine candidate complementary to current vaccines.     

Expression and Characterization of Recombinant,Tetrameric and Enzymatically Active Influenza Neuraminidase for the Setup of an Enzyme-Linked Lectin-Based Assay

Developing a universal influenza vaccine that induces broad spectrum and longer-term immunity has become an important potentially achievable target in influenza vaccine research and development. Hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) are the two major influenza virus antigens. Although antibody responses against influenza virus are mainly directed toward HA, NA is reported to be more genetically stable; hence NA-based vaccines have the potential to be effective for longer time periods. NA-specific immunity has been shown to limit the spread of influenza virus, thus reducing disease symptoms and providing cross-protection against heterosubtypic viruses in mouse challenge experiments.The production of large quantities of highly pure and stable NA could be beneficial for the development of new antivirals, subunit-based vaccines, and novel diagnostic tools. In this study, recombinant NA (rNA) was produced in mammalian cells at high levels from both swine A/California/07/2009 (H1N1) and avian A/turkey/Turkey/01/2005 (H5N1) influenza viruses. Biochemical, structural, and immunological characterizations revealed that the soluble rNAs produced are tetrameric, enzymatically active and immunogenic, and finally they represent good alternatives to conventionally used sources of NA in the Enzyme-Linked Lectin Assay (ELLA).     

由乙肝病毒核心蛋白(HBc-VLP)递载的流感通用疫苗Flu@uV设计构建、表征及初步活性研究

目的:构建以HBc为载体的甲型流感病毒HA和M2e流感通用疫苗(Flu@uV),利用大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)表达系统,进行初步的蛋白表达及纯化。在此基础上,构建DNA流感通用疫苗。方法:利用全基因合成的序列为模板,成功构建HA-M2e-HBc、M2e-HBc、HBc、3M2e-HBc和3HA-3M2e-HBc基因的重组质粒,并在大肠杆菌中表达,经SDS-PAGE、Western blot和电镜检测其表达。将纯化的蛋白与弗氏佐剂共同免疫小鼠,取小鼠外周血进行流式细胞分析。通过荧光分析和Western blot初步验证DNA流感通用疫苗在人源胚胎肾细胞(HEK293T)中的表达情况。结果:成功表达纯化了HA-M2e-HBc、M2e-HBc、HBc和3M2e-HBc四种蛋白,经电镜观察到30nm左右的蛋白纳米颗粒样结构。小鼠外周血流式细胞分析显示HBc和3M2e-HBc可以增加小鼠的免疫力,而HA-M2e-HBc和M2e-HBc对小鼠免疫力的提高没有影响。通过荧光检测和Western blot检测说明DNA流感通用疫苗在真核细胞中成功表达。结论:成功构建HBc与甲型流感病毒HA和M2e的病毒样颗粒,为流感通用疫苗的研制奠定了重要基础。     

Return of inactivated whole-virus vaccine for superior efficacy

The swine, influenza, H1N1 outbreak in 2009 highlighted the inadequacy of the currently used antibody-based vaccine strategies as a preventive measure for combating influenza pandemics. The ultimate goal for successful control of newly arising influenza outbreaks is to design a single-shot vaccine that will provide long-lasting immunity against all strains of influenza A virus. A large amount of data from animal studies has indicated that the cross-reactive cytotoxic T (Tc) cell response against conserved influenza virus epitopes may be the key immune response needed for a universal influenza vaccine. However, decades of research have shown that the development of safe T-cell-based vaccines for influenza is not an easy task. Here, I discuss the overlooked but potentially highly advantageous inactivation method, namely, γ-ray irradiation, as a mean to reach the Holy Grail of influenza vaccinology.     

Intranasal immunization with H5N1 vaccine plus Poly I:Poly C12U, a Toll-like receptor agonist, protects mice against homologous and heterologous virus challenge

The avian H5N1 influenza virus has the potential to cause a new pandemic. Since it is difficult to predict which strain of influenza will cause a pandemic, it is advantageous to produce vaccines that confer cross-protective immunity. Mucosal vaccine administration was reported to induce cross-protective immunity by inducing secretion of IgA at the mucosal surface. Adjuvants can also enhance the development of fully protective mucosal immunity. Here we show that a new mucosal adjuvant, poly I:poly C12U (Ampligen), a Toll-like receptor 3 agonist proven to be safe in a Phase III human trial, is an effective adjuvant for H5N1 influenza vaccination. Intranasal administration of a candidate influenza vaccine with Ampligen resulted in secretion of IgA, and protected mice that were subsequently challenged with homologous A/Vietnam/1194/2004 and heterologous A/HK/483/97 and A/Indonesia/6/2005 virus.     

通用流感疫苗研究进展

流感是一种对人类危害极大的传染病,接种疫苗被认为是预防流感的最有效手段。目前所用的流感疫苗主要是根据现行流行株的减毒或灭活病毒疫苗及基于流感血凝素和神经氨酸酶设计的重组蛋白质疫苗。但流感病毒变异大,易逃逸机体免疫监视,有效的疫苗须不断分离新流行株和不断更新疫苗免疫原。为解决这一问题,很多科学家一直在研究基于病毒高度保守性蛋白质、能够预防所有流感病毒毒株、可诱导持久保护性免疫的通用流感疫苗。我们对基于基质蛋白M2、核蛋白等的通用流感疫苗做一简要综述。     

A reassortment-incompetent live attenuated influenza virus vaccine for protection against pandemic virus strains

Although live-attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIV) are safe for use in protection against seasonal influenza strains, concerns regarding their potential to reassort with wild-type virus strains have been voiced. LAIVs have been demonstrated to induce enhanced mucosal and cell-mediated immunity better than inactivated vaccines while also requiring a smaller dose to achieve a protective immune response. To address the need for a reassortment-incompetent live influenza A virus vaccine, we have designed a chimeric virus that takes advantage of the fact that influenza A and B viruses do not reassort. Our novel vaccine prototype uses an attenuated influenza B virus that has been manipulated to express the ectodomain of the influenza A hemagglutinin protein, the major target for eliciting neutralizing antibodies. The hemagglutinin RNA segment is modified such that it contains influenza B packaging signals, and therefore it cannot be incorporated into a wild-type influenza A virus. We have applied our strategy to different influenza A virus subtypes and generated chimeric B/PR8 HA (H1), HK68 (H3), and VN (H5) viruses. All recombinant viruses were attenuated both in vitro and in vivo, and immunization with these recombinant viruses protected mice against lethal influenza A virus infection. Overall, our data indicate that the chimeric live-attenuated influenza B viruses expressing the modified influenza A hemagglutinin are effective LAIVs.     

Development of a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-based, broadly protective influenza vaccine

The current vaccination strategy against influenza is to induce production of antibodies directed against the surface antigens of these viruses. However, frequent changes in the surface antigens of influenza viruses allow them to avoid antibody-mediated immunity. On the other hand, it is known that cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) populations directed against internal antigens of influenza A virus are broadly cross-reactive to influenza virus subtypes. The present authors have previously demonstrated that antigens chemically coupled to the surface of liposomes made using unsaturated fatty acids are cross-presented by APCs via MHC class I to CD8(+) T cells and induce antigen-specific CTLs. Based on this finding, a liposome vaccine that is capable of inducing CTL response against internal antigens of influenza viruses and removing virus-infected cells in the host has been developed. The CTL-based liposomal technique might be applicable for developing vaccines against influenza and other viruses, such as hepatitis C, HIV, and severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus, which frequently change their surface antigenic molecules.