Postmarital residence and biological variation at Pueblo Bonito

Although the social organization of many of the present-day pueblos of the American Southwest is well-described in the anthropological literature, many aspects of prehistoric Puebloan social organization have received limited attention since initial investigations of postmarital residence in the 1960s and 1970s. This paper examines postmarital residence at the Chaco Canyon great house of Pueblo Bonito, using biological data. Our findings are inconsistent with the previously well-accepted hypothesis that the Pueblo II and Pueblo III occupants of the San Juan Basin conformed to a socially prescribed pattern of matrilocal residence with matrilineal descent. Univariate variance differences for nine craniometric variables indicate a pattern of increased female variability consistent with patrilocal/bilocal residence. The results of multivariate determinant ratio analyses are in agreement with the univariate results, suggesting the possibility of a patrilocal or bilocal residence preference at Pueblo Bonito. These findings are inconsistent with the notion that the female-based system of matrilocal residence with matrilineal descent observed among the present-day Western Pueblos was the ancestral Anasazi condition.     

Finger and palmar dermatoglyphics in Seminole Indians of Florida

Hand prints of 146 Florida Seminoles were obtained at the Brighton, Big Cypress and Dania reservations and at the Indian Agency in Dania. Comparisons with other tribes of North American Indians (Comanche, Arapahoe, Navaho, Hopi and Pueblo) reveal similarities with respect to fingerprint indices, frequencies of patterns in all palmar areas, and transverseness of palmar ridges. Comparisons of Seminoles and other North American tribes with the Mayans of southern Mexico and Guatamala show striking differences in pattern frequencies in the thenar/first interdigital area of the palm. Among North American Indians, the frequency varies from 18.49% among Seminoles to 28.5% among Navahoes, whereas all Mayan tribes which have been studied range between 40 and 50%. Pattern frequencies are higher in the thenar/first interdigital area than in the hypothenar area among all Amerindians who have been tested. This trend is the reverse of that found in other racial groups. North, Central and South American Indians are similar with respect to relatively high finger pattern indices, low frequencies of patterns in the hypothenar area, low frequencies of accessory triradii in the interdigital areas and moderately transverse palmar ridges.     

Sedentism,Social Change,Warfare, and the Bow in the Ancient Pueblo Southwest

In the ancient American Southwest, use of the bow developed relatively rapidly among Pueblo people by the fifth century AD. This new technology replaced the millennia‐old atlatl and dart weaponry system. Roughly 150 years later in the AD 600s, Pueblo socioeconomic organization began to evolve rapidly, as many groups adopted a much more sedentary life. Multiple factors converged to allow this sedentary pattern to emerge, but the role of the bow in this process has not been fully explored. In this paper, we trace the development of the bow and discuss its role as sedentism emerged and social changes occurred in ancient Puebloan society from the fifth through seventh centuries AD.     

Native Language Teachers in a Struggle for Language and Cultural Survival

Language shift among New Mexico Pueblo Indians threatens the loss of their oral-based cultures. Language revival for many Pueblos has resulted in school programs in which students are easily accessible and teachers are accountable to tribes rather than the state. Finding "Pueblo space" for the Native language in school, where it was previously targeted for extinction, poses unique challenges. Personal histories and ethnographic interviews provide language teacher perspectives on teaching in four separate school programs.     

Infant and juvenile growth in ancestral Pueblo Indians

The present study examines patterns of infant and juvenile growth in a diachronic sample of ancestral Pueblo Indians (AD 1300-1680) from the American Southwest. An assessment of growth patterns is accompanied by an evaluation of pathological conditions often considered to be indicators of nutritional deficiencies and/or gastrointestinal infections. Growth patterns and the distribution of pathological conditions are interpreted relative to culturally relevant age categories defined by Puebloan rites of passage described in the ethnographic literature. A visual comparison of growth distance curves revealed that relative to a modern comparative group our sample of ancestral Pueblo infant and juveniles exhibited faltering growth beginning soon after birth to about 5 years of age. A comparison of curves describing growth relative to adult femoral length, however, indicated reduced growth occurring later, by around 2 years of age. Similar to previous studies, we observed a high proportion of nonsurvivors exhibiting porotic cranial lesions during the first 2 years of life. Contrary to expectations, infants and juveniles without evidence of porotic cranial lesions exhibited a higher degree of stunting. Our study is generally consistent with previous research reporting poor health and high mortality for ancestral Pueblo Indian infants and juveniles. Through use of a culturally relevant context defining childhood, we argue that the observed poor health and high mortality in our sample occur before the important transition from young to older child and the concomitant initial incorporation into tribal ritual organization.     

Hopi Indians, "cultural" selection,and albinism

The incidence of albinism in Hopi Indians has been estimated as approximately 1 in 200 individuals. It has been suggested that "cultural" selection as the result of a mating advantage of males with albinism has been important in the maintenance of this high incidence. To examine this hypothesis quantitatively, a model that includes male-mating advantage, mutation, and viability selection is analyzed. In order to play an important role in the maintenance of the high incidence of albinism, the necessary mating advantage of males with albinism appears unrealistically high. However, if the extent of viability selection against individuals with albinism is not as large as previously assumed, the necessary amount of mating advantage is not as high. Other related aspects are also discussed here, such as the type of albinism in Hopi Indians and its impact, the conditions for a polymorphism with male-mating advantage and viability selection, and the time necessary to change the incidence of albinism either by the relaxation or institution of male-mating advantage.     

Complete detection of mutations in cystic fibrosis patients of Native American origin

An increased incidence of cystic fibrosis (CF) has been reported in some populations of Native Americans of the Southwest such as the Pueblo, which is a genetic isolate. As the most common mutation found in Caucasians (F508) was absent and only one chromosome carried the G542X mutation, we decided to analyze the entire coding sequence of the CFTR gene in eight Pueblo CF patients. We have identified four different mutations: G542X, R1162X, 3849+10kbCT, and D648V that account for these 16 haplotypes. The R1162X was found on 11 chromosomes. Using intragenic microsatellites, we have compared the haplotypes of those chromosomes to those of Italian origin where the R1162X mutation was initially reported. These haplotypes turned out to be identical, suggesting a common origin and an admixture with Italian or Spanish settlers, followed by typical founder effect. In contrast the 3849+10kbCT mutation, which was found on three chromosomes, is associated with different haplotypes than those on chromosomes carrying the same mutation in Caucasians. A novel mutation, D648V, observed on one chromosome has not been found outside the Pueblo population.     

Hopi Dictionary/Hopìikwa Lavàytutuveni: A Hopi-English Dictionary of the Third Mesa Dialect

Hopi Dictionary/Hopìikwa Lavàytutuveni:. Hopi-English Dictionary of the Third Mesa Dialect. The Hopi Dictionary Project. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1997. 900 pp.     

近二十年来罗布泊地区生态环境研究综述

随着近期我国"一带一路"生态文明建设以及生态文明建设的提出与实施,生态类型丰富但自然环境脆弱的西北地区再度引发学界关注。历史上罗布泊地区作为陆上丝绸之路交通重要节点,在中外文明交往与民族融合进程中发挥着重大作用,但如今罗布泊干涸以及罗布泊地区生态环境恶化的现实促使学界对该区域的生态环境演变历史进行反思。为进一步了解当前罗布泊地区生态环境研究的整体概况、热点议题及学术前沿趋势,从自然环境与人文环境两大方面对近二十年来罗布泊地区生态环境研究做出阶段性总结,以期为后续深入探讨区域生态环境变化与社会文明演进互动提供参考。     

国内生态安全研究知识图谱——基于Citespace的计量分析

以CSSCI中2000—2011年299篇生态安全研究论文为研究对象,采用文献共被引网络、关键词共现网络及突现词分析,以信息可视化为手段,对国内生态安全研究现状进行了分析。研究发现,目前国内生态安全研究已完成了基础理论和研究体系的架构,但研究网络过于集中,前沿分支较少。生态安全研究起源、生态安全基础理论、生态风险评价、生态系统评价、土地生态安全研究是国内生态安全研究的主要知识群组。国内生态安全研究主题集聚成3条核心路径:"生态安全基础理论研究"路径、"生态安全-生态系统评价-区域生态安全评价-生态预警"路径、"生态安全-生态风险评价-农村资源生态系统-土地生态安全研究-生态预警"路径。生态预警及土地生态安全研究成为当前生态安全的研究前沿,生态安全研究更趋向于对特色性的生态系统进行分析与评价。     

Proteome analysis of cold acclimation in sunflower

Cold acclimation is the phenomenon in which plants are exposed to low, but nonfreezing, temperatures before exposure to drastic temperatures. To investigate how sunflower plants adjust their metabolism during cold treatment, a comparative proteomic approach, based on spectral counting data, was adopted to identify differentially expressed proteins in leaves of freezing susceptible (Hopi) and tolerant (PI 543006 and BSD-2-691) lines after cold acclimation. In total 718, 675, and 769 proteins were confidently identified by tandem mass spectrometry in Hopi, PI 543006, and BSD-2-691 sunflower lines. Tolerant lines PI 543006 and BSD-2-691 showed the highest number of differentially expressed proteins, as 43, 72, and 168 proteins changed their expression in Hopi, PI 543006, and BSD-2-691 sunflower lines, respectively, at 95% confidence. Cold-responsive proteins were mostly involved in metabolism, protein synthesis, energy, and defense processes in all sunflower lines studied. Hierarchical clustering of all differentially expressed proteins resulted in the characterization of 14 different patterns of expression across Hopi, PI 543006, and BSD-2-691 and indicated that tolerant lines showed different proteome responses to cold acclimation.     

The wet and the dry: Traditional irrigation in Bali and Morocco

The comparative perspective is of central importance to effective analysis in human ecology. The present paper compares traditional irrigation systems in two quite disparate settings: east central Morocco and southeastern Bali. Bali, which has a tropical climate and a plentiful water supply, displays a highly collective approach to the organization of irrigation facilities. Morocco, which is essentially an arid country, displays, on the contrary, a much more individual, property-based approach to water regulation. The internal organization of these two regimes is described and their connection with more general cultural and ecological factors is traced, in an attempt to demonstrate that patterns of adaptation are susceptible to the same pattern of analysis as other aspects of social and cultural life. The contrast between the strongly group-oriented Balinese approach to water control and distribution and the highly individualistic Moroccan one is said to extend in an overall way to the two societies as a whole.Supported by the Rockefeller Foundation and the Center for International Studies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge (Indonesian study) and by the National Institute of Mental Health (Moroccan study).     

Levels of organization in biology: on the nature and nomenclature of ecology's fourth level

Viewing the universe as being composed of hierarchically arranged systems is widely accepted as a useful model of reality. In ecology, three levels of organization are generally recognized: organisms, populations, and communities (biocoenoses). For half a century increasing numbers of ecologists have concluded that recognition of a fourth level would facilitate increased understanding of ecological phenomena. Sometimes the word "ecosystem" is used for this level, but this is arguably inappropriate. Since 1986, I and others have argued that the term "landscape" would be a suitable term for a level of organization defined as an ecological system containing more than one community type. However, "landscape" and "landscape level" continue to be used extensively by ecologists in the popular sense of a large expanse of space. I therefore now propose that the term "ecoscape" be used instead for this fourth level of organization. A clearly defined fourth level for ecology would focus attention on the emergent properties of this level, and maintain the spatial and temporal scale-free nature inherent in this hierarchy of organizational levels for living entities.     

The biological relationships of some prehistoric and historic Pueblo populations

Genetic evidence from the skeletal remains of three Pueblo populations, those of Hawikuh, Pueblo Bonito, and Puye, does not indicate that important racial differences arose between these groups, either through genetic influx or selection. They formed a unified group when compared with several non-Southwestern skeletal samples. Significant genetic variability, however, exists between each pair of populations, contradicting the idea of their belonging to a unified Pueblo Indian gene pool or to a fixed physical type. No differences can be detected between prehistoric populations and those contacted by Europeans. Genetic drift, supplemented by the action of non-random cultural associations and disease, provides a better explanation of the biological variability of Pueblo Indian populations than gene flow or directional selection.     

Ecological subspecies and locally temporal populations of anadromous fish

Intraspecific organization and structure of anadromous fish populations (in terms of species of the Oncorhynchus, Salvelinus, and Tribolodon genuses) were investigated. It was shown that the ecological, genetic, and morpho-physiological differences in ecology-temporal (seasonal) races of these fish reached the rank of ecological subspecies. The expediency of more careful and detailed study of intraspecific organization, ecological and locally temporal differentiation of fish, and consideration of the results of these researches was shown in the development of a polymorphic species concept as well as optimization of fish industry—the sustainable organization of fishing, artificial fish breeding, and introduction of fish.     

生态预报: 生态学的一个前沿领域

生态预报对于资源,环境的决策和管理将起着越来越重要的作用。计算机科学和定量分析的进步,生态学理论的发展以及新技术的应用增加了人类预测生态系统变化的能力。本文介绍了有关生态预报的内涵,相关研究进展及案例,提出生态预报是生态学的一个重要前沿领域,也将是今后生态学研究的一个重要努力方向。     

“七步法”课堂设计与实践：构建研究导向型微生物学“金课”课堂

研究导向型教学是以学生成长和发展为中心的创新性教育模式,其核心目标与“金课”的建设目标一致,强调培养学生的研究技能,使其具有创新性和高阶性。在微生物学一流课程建设过程中,将研究导向型教学理念与BOPPPS课堂[导入(bridge-in)、目标(objective)、前测(pre-assessment)、参与式学习(participatory-learning)、后测(post-assessment)和总结(summary)]组织形式相结合,并创新性引入“提升”模块,以问题为驱动,聚焦科学前沿,融入思政材料,形成导入—目标—前测—参与式学习—后测—提升—总结(七步法)的新型模块化闭环教学模式。该模式的实施能够有效提升课堂教学的逻辑性和组织性,提高教学效率,提升学生分析问题和解决问题的高阶性,为学生将来开展科研工作奠定良好的基础,并为打造以学生为中心的“金课”课堂实践提供借鉴参考。     

快速城镇化地区土地利用及生态效率测算与分析

如何以较小的生态资源损耗获得较大的经济社会效益,是我国新型城镇化与生态文明建设关注的核心议题之一。以快速城镇化的湖北省为典型研究区,引入随机前沿分析(Stochastic Frontier Analysis,SFA)测度各县域的土地利用效率、生态绩效指数和生态效率。结果表明:(1)对比分析非约束模型与约束模型的检验结果可知,前者在本研究中有更好的解释能力,加入生态变量后县域土地利用效率平均值增加1.4%;(2)湖北省县域土地利用效率平均值为0.882,土地利用效率总体水平较高,且生态绩效指数(Ecological Performance Index,EPI)大于0的县域占75.73%,EPI随着土地利用效率(Land Use Efficiency,LUE)的增加表现出先增后减的倒U型变化;(3)湖北省县域的生态效率(Ecological Efficiency,EE)分布在0.778-0.989之间,空间格局特征明显,效率高值县域在空间上呈现出以武汉城市圈和沿长江、汉江为点轴的A型分布特征。本研究揭示了快速城镇化区域土地利用、生态系统和经济效益之间的关系,可为新型城镇化发展、土地资源高效利用和生态资源保护提供参考。     

The strategy of ecosystem development: specific dissipation as an indicator of ecosystem maturity

The ratio of entropy generation rate to entropy embodied in structures relatively to the surroundings can be considered as an indicator of the ability of a self-organizing dissipative system to maintain itself far from equilibrium by pumping out entropy. The higher the ratio (which may be called the specific entropy production or the specific dissipation of a system), the lower the capacity of a system to convert the incoming low-entropy energy into internal organization. It appears that the ratio attains special significance for interpreting the evolution of biological systems, as the maximum expression of self-organizing systems, from the sub-cellular to the ecosystem scale. This paper proposes specific dissipation, written as the ratio of biological entropy production to exergy stored in the living biomass, as a thermodynamic orientor as well as an indicator of the development state of ecological systems. After having presented a method for estimating the specific dissipation in lakes, the adequacy of the proposed indicator is discussed and also tested by comparing its response to those of some classical ecological attributes (successional sequences of species, biodiversity, individual body size, structural organization and generation time of organisms) throughout the seasonal progression of the plankton community in Lake Trasimeno (Umbria, Italy). The results support the hypothesis that the minimization of specific dissipation is a primary criterion of evolution of ecological systems and also sustain the use of specific dissipation as an indicator of ecological maturity.