Drastic changes in fecal and mucosa-associated microbiota in adult patients with short bowel syndrome

Short bowel syndrome (SBS) is observed in Humans after a large resection of gut. Since the remnant colon and its associated microbiota play a major role in the outcome of patients with SBS, we studied the overall qualitative and quantitative microbiota composition of SBS adult patients compared to controls. The population was composed of 11 SBS type II patients (with a jejuno-colonic anastomosis) and 8 controls without intestinal pathology. SBS patients had 38 ± 30 cm remnant small bowel length and 66 ± 19% of residual colon. The repartition of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and fibres was expressed as % of total oral intake in patients and controls. The microbiota was profiled from stool and biopsy samples with temporal temperature gradient gel electrophoresis and quantitative PCR. We show here that microbiota of SBS patients is unbalanced with a high prevalence of Lactobacillus along with a sub-dominant presence and poor diversity of Clostridium leptum, Clostridium coccoides and Bacteroidetes. In addition, Lactobacillus mucosae was detected within the fecal and mucosa-associated microbiota of SBS patients, whereas it remained undetectable in controls. Thus, in SBS the microbial composition was deeply altered in fecal and mucosal samples, with a shift between dominant and sub-dominant microbial groups and the prevalence of L. mucosae.     

Negative feedback regulation of Wnt signaling via N-linked fucosylation in zebrafish

L-fucose, a monosaccharide widely distributed in eukaryotes and certain bacteria, is a determinant of many functional glycans that play central roles in numerous biological processes. The molecular mechanism, however, by which fucosylation mediates these processes remains largely elusive. To study how changes in fucosylation impact embryonic development, we up-regulated N-linked fucosylation via over-expression of a key GDP-Fucose transporter, Slc35c1, in zebrafish. We show that Slc35c1 overexpression causes elevated N-linked fucosylation and disrupts embryonic patterning in a transporter activity dependent manner. We demonstrate that patterning defects associated with enhanced N-linked fucosylation are due to diminished canonical Wnt signaling. Chimeric analyses demonstrate that elevated Slc35c1 expression in receiving cells decreases the signaling range of Wnt8a during zebrafish embryogenesis. Moreover, we provide biochemical evidence that this decrease is associated with reduced Wnt8 ligand and elevated Lrp6 coreceptor, which we show are both substrates for N-linked fucosylation in zebrafish embryos. Strikingly, slc35c1 expression is regulated by canonical Wnt signaling. These results suggest that Wnt limits its own signaling activity in part via up-regulation of a transporter, slc35c1 that promotes terminal fucosylation and thereby limits Wnt activity.     

肠道菌群与腹泻型肠易激综合征相关性的研究进展

肠易激综合征（IBS）是一种常见的功能性胃肠道疾病,其特征是反复发作的腹痛,伴随排便频率与大便性状的改变。腹泻为主的肠易激综合征（IBS-D）是其主要亚型,主要表现是腹痛和腹泻。目前IBS-D的发病机制尚不完全明确,但大量的研究提示可能与胃肠道动力紊乱、黏膜通透性和肠上皮屏障功能改变、内脏高敏感性增加、“脑‒肠‒菌”轴失调、肠道感染与炎症反应激活、精神心理因素异常等有关。随着研究的不断深入,发现肠道菌群与IBS-D的关系密切,调节肠道菌群的益生菌干预成为缓解IBS-D相关症状的手段之一。本研究就近十余年来肠道菌群情况与IBS-D关系的研究现状作一综述。     

益生菌对肠易激综合征小鼠肠道黏膜CRF-R1表达及肠道屏障功能的影响

目的通过观察肠易激综合征(IBS)小鼠模型结肠黏膜肥大细胞上CRF-R1及结肠黏膜PAR-2、Claudin1~4等的表达变化,探讨IBS中应激通过肥大细胞引起肠道屏障功能障碍的可能机制并观察婴儿双歧杆菌的治疗作用。方法 30只雄性Balb/c小鼠随机分为对照组、模型组及婴儿双歧杆菌组。以束缚应激法建立IBS小鼠模型。婴儿双歧杆菌组给予婴儿双歧杆菌灌胃,而对照组及模型组给予等体积生理盐水灌胃。观测腹肌收缩反射(AWR)后处死小鼠。ELISA检测外周血中类胰蛋白酶的表达变化。免疫组织化学分析结肠黏膜CRF、PAR-2、Claudin1、Claudin2、Claudin3、Claudin4的表达情况。免疫荧光双标分析结肠黏膜CRF-R1在肥大细胞的表达情况。RT-PCR检测结肠CRF-R1mRNA的表达情况。结果与对照组相比,模型组小鼠外周血类胰蛋白酶表达量增加;结肠黏膜中CRF、PAR-2、Claudin2表达量、CRF-R1+肥大细胞数目及CRF-R1 mRNA表达量增加,结肠黏膜Claudin1、Claudin3、Claudin4表达量降低,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。婴儿双歧杆菌干预后,该组小鼠外周血中类胰蛋白酶表达量降低;结肠黏膜中CRF、PAR-2、Claudin2表达量、CRF-R1+肥大细胞数目及CRF-R1 mRNA表达量降低,结肠黏膜Claudin1、Claudin3、Claudin4表达量增高,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 IBS小鼠模型中,婴儿双歧杆菌可以减轻肠道屏障功能障碍,其机制可能与抑制结肠黏膜肥大细胞上CRF-R1的表达而抑制肥大细胞的激活及其免疫因子的释放,从而降低结肠黏膜PAR-2的表达有关。     

肠易激综合征患者肠道灌洗液菌群特点

目的 探讨肠易激综合征(IBS)患者肠道灌洗液菌群特点及其临床意义.方法 选择2018年10月至2019年10月我院收治的87例肠易激综合征患者为病例组,选择同期我院健康体检者87例为对照组,比较两组对象肠道灌洗液菌群分布,比较不同类型及不同严重程度肠易激综合征患者肠道灌洗液菌群失调情况.采用Spearman相关分析肠...     

肠道菌群与肠易激综合征相关研究进展

肠易激综合征(irritable bowel syndrome,IBS)是一种功能性肠病,目前已有研究表明IBS的致病机制、症状的产生和持续时间可能与肠道菌群失调有关,且不同IBS亚型患者体内的肠道菌群种类有差异。IBS的发病机制尚不完全清楚,临床表现存在较大的个体差异。IBS的诊断和治疗尚未形成统一的标准。但已经有较多研究提示IBS可能与胃肠道动力、内脏高敏感性、肠道免疫反应和模式识别受体等密切相关,并且可以通过益生菌、益生元、抗生素、粪菌移植和饮食习惯等调节肠道菌群的失调,从而改善IBS的症状。这也为未来治疗IBS提供了新的思路。本文就肠道菌群的概况、IBS患者肠道菌群的特点、肠道菌群失衡导致IBS发病的可能机制以及IBS肠道菌群的相关治疗方法的研究进展作一综述。     

Membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase regulates cell migration during zebrafish gastrulation: evidence for an interaction with non-canonical Wnt signaling

Key to invasiveness is the ability of tumor cells to modify the extracellular matrix, become motile, and engage in directed migration towards the vasculature. One significant protein associated with metastatic progression is membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP/MMP14). How MMP14 activity is coordinated with other signaling pathways to regulate cell migration in vivo is largely unknown. Here we have used zebrafish embryogenesis as a model to understand the potential relationship between MMP14-dependent pericellular proteolysis, cell polarity, and motility. Knockdown of zebrafish Mmp14 function disrupted gastrulation convergence and extension cell movements and craniofacial morphogenesis. Using time-lapse imaging and morphometric analyses, we show that Mmp14 is required for proper cell polarity underlying the directed migration of mesodermal cells during gastrulation. We have identified a genetic interaction between mmp14 and non-canonical Wnt signaling, a pathway that also regulates cell polarity in embryonic tissues and is increasingly being linked with tumor cell migration. Finally, we demonstrate that Van Gogh-like 2, a key regulator of the non-canonical Wnt pathway, co-localizes with MMP14 and becomes redistributed towards the leading edge of polarized human cancer cells. Together, our results support the notion that pathways regulating pericellular proteolysis and cell polarity converge to promote efficient cell migration.     

Effects of erythropoietin and pentoxifylline on the oxidant and antioxidant systems in the experimental short bowel syndrome

In this study, we investigated the effects of erythropoietin (Epo), and pentoxifylline (Ptx) on the oxidant and antioxidant systems in the experimental short bowel syndrome. Spraque-Dawley rats were divided into four groups and all animals underwent 75% small bowel resection. Group E was treated with 500 IU kg(- 1) Epo subcutaneously (s.c.), group P with 50 mg kg(- 1) day(- 1) s.c. Ptx and group E+P with 500 IU kg(- 1) s.c. Epo plus 50 mg kg(- 1) day(- 1) s.c. Ptx for a period of 28 days. In group C, which is the control group, no drug treatment was given. At the end of 28 days the experimented rats were killed and ileum samples excised for biochemical and histopathological testing. Malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) levels were determined in ileum homogenates. When compared to group C, the MDA and GSH-Px levels were significantly decreased (p < 0.05), but SOD activity was not changed (p > 0.05) in groups P and E+P, whereas both MDA and SOD and also GSH-Px activities were not changed significantly in group E (p > 0.05). The average villous length, crypt depth, muscular thickness and mucosal length were measured in all groups. The average crypt depth and mucosal length were statistically higher in the group P than group C (p < 0.001, p < 0.01, respectively). In addition, the crypt depth was statistically higher in both E and E+P groups as compared to group C (p < 0.001, p < 0.01, respectively). Therefore, our study indicates that Ptx may be more effective than Epo in reducing lipid peroxidation. Moreover, we considered that Ptx may give this protective effect by inhibiting the free oxygen radicals to a greater extent than developing the antioxidant capacity.     

Wnt1 and wnt10b function redundantly at the zebrafish midbrain-hindbrain boundary

Wnt signals have been shown to be involved in multiple steps of vertebrate neural patterning, yet the relative contributions of individual Wnts to the process of brain regionalization is poorly understood. Wnt1 has been shown in the mouse to be required for the formation of the midbrain and the anterior hindbrain, but this function of wnt1 has not been explored in other model systems. Further, wnt1 is part of a Wnt cluster conserved in all vertebrates comprising wnt1 and wnt10b, yet the function of wnt10b during embryogenesis has not been explored. Here, we report that in zebrafish wnt10b is expressed in a pattern overlapping extensively with that of wnt1. We have generated a deficiency allele for these closely linked loci and performed morpholino antisense oligo knockdown to show that wnt1 and wnt10b provide partially redundant functions in the formation of the midbrain-hindbrain boundary (MHB). When both loci are deleted, the expression of pax2.1, en2, and her5 is lost in the ventral portion of the MHB beginning at the 8-somite stage. However, wnt1 and wnt10b are not required for the maintenance of fgf8, en3, wnt8b, or wnt3a expression. Embryos homozygous for the wnt1-wnt10b deficiency display a mild MHB phenotype, but are sensitized to reductions in either Pax2.1 or Fgf8; that is, in combination with mutant alleles of either of these loci, the morphological MHB is lost. Thus, wnt1 and wnt10b are required to maintain threshold levels of Pax2.1 and Fgf8 at the MHB.     

不同类型肠易激综合征患者肠道菌群与血清微小RNA的关系

研究不同类型肠易激综合征（IBS）患者肠道菌群与血清微小RNA（miRNA）的关系。

选择2019年1月至2022年1月于我院接受治疗的93例IBS患者为研究对象,根据其IBS类型,分为腹泻型IBS组（44例）与便秘型IBS组（49例）,同时将我院30例行胃镜检查未患IBS者作为对照组。采集研究对象十二指肠液行肠道菌群计数与培养,分析不同类型IBS患者肠道菌群差异。采集研究对象外周血,检测血清miR-29a、miR-143-5p水平。分析肠道菌群与血清miRNAs之间的关系。

便秘型IBS患者回肠末端肠液中拟杆菌数量高于对照组,B/E比值低于对照组（均P＜0.05）;腹泻型IBS患者肠道双歧杆菌、乳杆菌数量及B/E比值均低于对照组,肠杆菌数量高于对照组（均P＜0.05）。便秘型IBS组和腹泻型IBS组患者血清miR-29a及miR-143-5p水平均高于对照组（均P＜0.05）。相关性分析显示,便秘型IBS患者回肠内拟杆菌数量与其血清miR-29a和miR-143-5p水平均呈正相关（r = 0.326,P = 0.046;r = 0.343,P = 0.041）;腹泻型IBS患者回肠内双歧杆菌数量与其血清miR-143-5p水平呈负相关（r = －0.431,P = 0.013）,乳杆菌数量与血清miR-29a和miR-143-5p水平均呈负相关（r = －0.411,P = 0.017;r = －0.377,P = 0.029）,肠杆菌数量与miR-143-5p水平呈正相关（r = 0.339,P = 0.047）。

便秘型IBS及腹泻型IBS患者均存在肠道菌群失衡的情况,不同类型IBS患者血清miR-29a和miR-143-5p水平均异常升高,且血清miR-29a和miR-143-5p可能与肠道菌群相互作用,共同参与IBS的发生。

     

PFTK1 interacts with cyclin Y to activate non-canonical Wnt signaling in hepatocellular carcinoma

PFTK1 is a Cdc2-related protein kinase that is frequently upregulated in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) where it correlates with metastatic features and motile phenotypes. To understand the modulated pathway underlining the PFTK1 action, here we show a physical interaction between PFTK1 and cyclin Y (CCNY) in promoting noncanonical Wnt signaling. In HCC cells, we found PFTK1 forms a direct complex with CCNY, and together readily upregulate key components of Wnt signaling (Dvl2 and Naked1). Exogenous expression of PFTK1 and CCNY activated Rho GTPases, which are known targets of the noncanonical path. In line with Rho GTPases activation, we also found marked actin polymerizations in cells with PFTK1–CCNY co-expressions. Our findings highlight a PFTK1–CCNY complex in activating noncanonical Wnt signaling in HCC cells.     

hERG1a/1b heteromeric currents exhibit amplified attenuation of inactivation in variant 1 short QT syndrome

Potassium channels encoded by hERG (human ether-à-go-go-related gene) underlie the cardiac rapid delayed rectifier K⁺ current (I_Kr) and hERG mutations underpin clinically important repolarization disorders. Virtually all electrophysiological investigations of hERG mutations have studied exclusively the hERG1a isoform; however, recent evidence indicates that native I_Kr channels may be comprised of hERG1a together with the hERG1b variant, which has a shorter N-terminus. Here, for the first time, electrophysiological effects were studied of a gain-of-function hERG mutation (N588K; responsible for the ‘SQT1’ variant of the short QT syndrome) on current (I_hERG1a/1b) carried by co-expressed hERG1a/1b channels. There were no significant effects of N588K on I_hERG1a/1b activation or deactivation, but N588K I_hERG1a/1b showed little inactivation up to highly positive voltages (?+80 mV), a more marked effect than seen for hERG1a expressed alone. I_hERG1a/1b under action potential voltage-clamp, and the effects on this of the N588K mutation, also showed differences from those previously reported for hERG1a. The amplified attenuation of I_hERG inactivation for the N588K mutation reported here indicates that the study of co-expressed hERG1a/1b channels should be considered when investigating clinically relevant hERG channel mutations, even if these reside outside of the N-terminus region.     

Thrombin activation of PI3K/PDK1/Akt signaling promotes cyclin D1 upregulation and RPE cell proliferation

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) plays an essential role in the survival and function of the neural retina. RPE uncontrolled proliferation leads to the development of proliferative ocular pathologies, among which proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is the main cause of retinal surgery failure. Upon the breakdown of the BRB due to trauma or metabolic imbalance the contact of RPE with serum-contained thrombin has been shown to stimulate the proliferation of otherwise quiescent RPE cells. Although the molecular mechanisms involved in this effect are still undetermined, thrombin proteolytic activation of protease-activated G protein coupled receptor-1 (PAR-1) activates PI3K and Akt, known to play an essential role in proliferation. The present study demonstrates that: 1) thrombin stimulates Ser 473 Akt phosphorylation without affecting Thr 308 basal phosphorylation in RPE cells; 2) thrombin-induced Akt stimulation promotes cyclin D1 accumulation through the phosphorylation/ inhibition of GSK-3β, thus preventing Thr 286 cyclin D1 phosphorylation, nuclear export and degradation; 3) Akt signaling requires the upstream activation of PI3K and PLC. Since the pharmacological inhibition of these pathways or the silencing of cyclin expression prevent thrombin-induced RPE cell proliferation, these results contribute relevant evidence for establishing the mechanism involved in the development of proliferative eye diseases.     

单人肠镜导入双歧杆菌对肠易激综合征患者治疗疗效及肠道菌群的影响

目的 探讨单人肠镜导入双歧杆菌治疗肠易激综合征患者临床疗效及对肠道菌群的作用,为临床治疗肠易激综合征提供参考。 方法 选取2018年3月-2019年3月我院收治的腹泻型肠易激综合征患者112例,随机分为对照组和观察组,每组56例。对照组口服匹维溴铵治疗,观察组在对照组基础上经单人肠镜导入双歧杆菌治疗。比较两组临床疗效、肠道菌群分布、肠粘膜屏障功能、不良反应及复发情况。 结果 观察组临床总有效率为94.6%,高于对照组82.1%(P0.05)。对照组复发率为17.9%,显著高于观察组5.4％(P结论 对腹泻型肠易激综合征患者采用单人肠镜导入双歧杆菌治疗,临床疗效确切,可显著提高肠道有益菌水平,改善肠粘膜屏障功能且安全性高,复发率低。     

Composition and temporal stability of gastrointestinal microbiota in irritable bowel syndrome--a longitudinal study in IBS and control subjects

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common intestinal disorder that includes continuous or recurrent intestinal pain and discomfort and altered bowel habits. The pathophysiology of IBS is incompletely understood, but it may involve an altered intestinal microbiota. The aim of the present study was to compare the composition and temporal stability of faecal microbiota of IBS patients and healthy controls by applying culture-based techniques and PCR-DGGE analysis. No difference in the prevalence or mean culturable manners of bacteroides, bifidobacteria, spore-forming bacteria, lactobacilli, enterococci or yeasts were observed between the IBS and the control groups, whereas slightly higher numbers of coliforms as well as an increased aerobe:anaerobe ratio was observed in the IBS group. PCR-DGGE revealed more temporal instability in the predominant bacterial population of IBS subjects than in controls. In 9 out of 21 IBS subjects and 5 out of 17 controls the PCR-DGGE profiles obtained from the samples of the same individual on different occasions (sampling points 0, 3 and 6 months) were clearly different. However, the instability in some of the IBS subjects could partly be explained by the antibiotic consumption during the study. The present study suggests that instability of intestinal microbiota may be involved in IBS. However, further studies are needed to associate the instability with specific IBS symptoms or with specific bacterial groups and species.     

双歧三联活菌胶囊对腹泻型肠易激综合征患者肠道菌群的影响及疗效观察

目的探讨双歧三联活菌胶囊对腹泻型肠易激综合征（IBS—D）患者肠道菌群的影响及疗效观察。方法将IBS—D患者70例随机分为观察组和对照组。两组患者均予以凋整饮食、胃肠解痉药和止泻药等常规治疗。观察组患者予以口服双歧杆菌三联活菌胶囊420mg,3次／d．温开水送服,连用4周。观察两组患者治疗前后肠道菌群的变化,并比较其临床疗效。结果治疗4周后,观察组患者双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌数量较前增加,肠杆菌、肠球菌、酵母菌数量较前减少（P〈0．05）,但对照组治疗前后无明显变化（P〉0．05）;同时观察组患者临床总有效率（94．29％）明显优于对照组（74．29％）（χ2=5．29,P〈0．05）。结论双歧二三联活菌胶囊治疗IBS—D疗效较好,作用于其能调节患者肠道菌群紊乱,重建肠道微生态平衡密切相关。     

A 1- and 2-year follow-up study of bowel sound biofeedback as a treatment for irritable bowel syndrome

Five patients initially treated with bowel sound biofeedback were assessed at 1- and 2-year follow-up. Although variable results were reported, subjects who improved to a clinically significant extent at posttreatment maintained their improvement through 1-year and in some cases 2-year follow-up. In light of these results, this form of treatment may prove effective for some patients in the long term.