生物农药产业发展态势分析

<正>生物农药具有无残留、无污染、环境友好等优点,其在未来农业发展中的优势日渐显现。近年来,无论是在市场、产品还是专利技术上。全球生物农药产业都在快速发展。从全球格局来看,美国在全球生物农药的发展格局中的优势明显,我国需进一步加强这一领域的开发。     

从文献计量看个性化医学国际发展态势

该文选取当前生物医学发展的前沿领域——个性化医学领域,以美国科技信息所科学引文指标数据库(SCI-Expanded)为信息源,德温特数据分析家(Thomson Data Analyzer)为工具,对1999?2009年间,全球个性化医学研究领域发表的论文进行了文献计量学分析,以了解世界个性化医学的发展态势,为我国提升个性化医学的研究提供参考依据。     

国际和中国生物科学十年发展态势的文献计量分析

本利用献计量数据库,定量描述全球生物科学领域论产出的学科分布、国家分布、机构分布及分布、主要国家生物科学研究影响力的对比、中国生物学论的状况,从而定量反映国际及中国生物科学的发展态势。     

生物技术药物发展态势分析

生物技术药物是指采用现代生物技术,借助某些微生物、植物或动物来生产所需的药品。包括细胞因子、重组蛋白质药物、抗体、疫苗和寡核苷酸药物等,主要用于肿瘤、心血管疾病、传染病、糖尿病、类风湿性关节炎等疾病的预防和治疗,在临床上已开始广泛应用,为制药工业带来了革命性的变化。生物技术药物成为世界医药范围中最活跃、发展最迅速和最令人关注的领域。全球医药市场的发展重心正在逐步从化学药转向生物技术药。从产业角度分析,生物技术药物是全球医药产业的重要组成部分,预计会成为未来增长的重要推动力。因此,本文对生物技术药物的市场现状与趋势、研发状态进行分析,为相关人员提供参考。     

生物饲料产业发展态势分析

<正>与传统饲料相比,生物饲料具有诸多优点,且目前已在畜牧业中广泛运用,具有巨大的市场潜力。文章从产品入手,结合相关专利,分析了生物饲料技术的发展趋势,并对国内外生物饲料产业的发展态势进行了总结。生物饲料这一概念是近十几年被提出的,一般是指以饲料和饲料添加剂为对象’以基因工程、蛋白质工程、发酵     

生物制造领域相关专利国际发展态势分析

生物制造（Bio-manufacturing）是全球新兴产业。生物制造通过对传统化工工艺路线的技术替代和对化石资源的原料替代,将实现传统产业（包括化学工业、材料工业、能源工业、医药工业、轻工业、食品工业、纺织工业、采矿工业等）的低耗能、绿色、可持续发展模式,对转变现有的经济增长方式。实现经济可持续发展具有重要意义。本文以Thomson Innovation数据库为数据来源,Thomson Data Analyzer为工具,从专利角度分析国际生物制造的发展态势。     

谷氨酸棒状杆菌技术研发态势分析

利用美国Thomson公司旗下的Thomson Data Analyzer和微软公司的Excel等分析工具,从时间、地域、专利权人、技术领域等方面,对德温特专利数据库中全球谷氨酸棒状杆菌领域专利的生命周期、区域布局、竞争机构和技术趋势进行了分析。以期为谷氨酸棒状杆菌技术发展态势提供情报支持,辅助企业、高校制定和调整技术发展战略、完善技术发展布局,在当今激烈的市场竞争环境下保持较高的技术优势。     

木质纤维素生物炼制的国际发展态势分析

木质纤维素是地球上最丰富的可再生资源之一,蕴藏着巨大的生物质能。它不仅来源广泛。而且转化产品丰富。根据产品与原料组成的不同,其生物炼制方法主要包括化学法、发酵法、直接生物转化法等。本文以Web of Science和Derwent Innovation Index作为数据源,     

基于文献计量的绿洲研究发展态势分析

以SCIE论文数据库作为数据源,采用美国汤森路透集团开发的专业数据分析工具TDA(Thomson Data Analyzer)和UCINET软件对1985—2014年(数据库更新时间为2014年11月30日)绿洲研究论文进行数据挖掘和定量分析。结果表明:(1)近30年来,绿洲研究论文数量逐年持续增长,年均增长率达19%;(2)从学科分类来看,研究论文主要涉及的学科包括地球化学与地球物理学、生物多样性保护、植物科学、生态学、地球科学等;(3)高频主题关键词分析得出,绿洲研究具有典型的地域性,GIS、遥感等技术手段应用于绿洲研究,更加关注干旱区水资源的开发利用;(4)中国的研究机构在绿洲研究方面非常活跃,特别是中国科学院,其论文量遥遥领先于澳大利亚塔斯马尼亚大学、美国加州大学等其他机构,但研究水平、影响力以及国际合作能力仍有待提升。     

基因编辑技术发展态势分析与建议

基因编辑技术掀起了全球研发热潮,尤其是CRISPR技术成为最有发展前景的基因组编辑技术,迅速实现了在畜禽育种、生物医药研发等领域的应用,相关临床试验已经开展,其发展带动了生物产业发展的新方向,孕育了巨大的社会经济价值,目前产业格局已初步形成。我国对基因编辑一直高度重视,在科研上也紧跟国际发展步伐,取得了一系列突破性成果。同时,在大动物模型构建、疾病治疗临床试验等基因编辑的应用领域,我国已经进入国际第一阵营。未来,我国仍需进一步推进技术源头创新,抢占在该领域的国际话语权;并优化政策环境,保证我国基因编辑技术下游应用的快速健康有序发展。     

P700氧化还原动力学的测量方法及原理

P700氧化还原动力学技术可快速且无损地检测植物光系统I (PSI)的活性, 是光合研究领域中广泛使用的一种技术。该文系统归纳了P700氧化还原动力学的主要测量方法, 详细阐述其原理并探讨该技术的局限性, 旨在为深入研究光合作用机理提供技术支持。     

光诱导叶片P-700氧化还原的测量

依据光合作用反应原理 ,介绍了光诱导的叶片P 70 0氧化还原的测量方法。并分别以烟草和菠菜为例 ,给出了典型的远红光诱导的P 70 0氧化还原曲线和不同波长的作用光诱导下P 70 0的氧化还原动力情况     

P515的测量原理、方法和应用

光谱技术已广泛应用于光合研究领域,如光吸收信号P515和P700氧化还原动力学以及叶绿素荧光等,可快速、准确地检测植物的光合活性。P515信号广泛存在于高等植物和藻类中,是类囊体膜上的色素分子吸收光能后,其吸收光谱发生位移造成。利用光诱导的P515快速和慢速动力学,可检测PSI和PSII反应中心的比值、ATP合酶的质子...     

The concentration of Cytochrome f and P700 in chlorophyll-deficient mutants of Chlorella fusca

The ratio of Chlorophyll: Cytochrome f and of Chlorophyll: P700 (reaction center pigment in photosystem I) is essentially lower in chlorophyll-deficient mutants than in the normal green strain. On a dry weight basis, the mutants have the same or a higher content of redox enzymes than the normal form. The size of the photosynthetic unit of the mutants is 4 to 7 times smaller than that of the normal strains, due mainly to a deficiency of the light-harvesting chlorophyll-protein complex.Abbreviations Chl chlorophyll - Cyt f Cytochrome f - P700 reaction center pigment in photosystem I - PS photosystem - LH light-harvesting     

Range of photosynthetic control of postillumination P700+ reduction rate in sunflower leaves

The kinetics of the postillumination reduction of P700⁺ which reflects the rate constant for plastoquinol (PQH₂) oxidation was recorded in sunflower leaves at different photon absorption densities (PAD), CO₂ and O₂ concentrations. The P700 oxidation state was calculated from the leaf transmittance at 830 nm logged at 50 s intervals. The P700⁺ dark reduction kinetics were fitted with two exponents with time constants of 6.5 and about 45 ms at atmospheric CO₂ and O₂ concentrations. The time constant of the fast component, which is the major contributor to the linear electron transport rate (ETR), did not change over the range of PADs of 14.5 to 134 nmol cm^-2 s^-1 in 21% O₂, but it increased up to 40 ms under severe limitation of ETR at low O₂ and CO₂. The acceptor side of Photosystem I (PS I) became reduced in correlation with the downregulation of the PQH₂ oxidation rate constant. It is concluded that thylakoid pH-related downregulation of the PQH₂ oxidation rate constant (photosynthetic control) is not present under normal atmospheric conditions but appears under severe limitation of the availability of electron acceptors. The measured range of photosynthetic control fits with the maximum variation of ETR under natural stress in C₃ plants. Increasing the carboxylase/oxygenase specificity would lead to higher reduction of the PS I acceptor side under stress.Abbreviations Cyt b ₆ f cytochrome b ₆ f complex - C_w cell-wall CO₂ concentration, M - ETR electron transport rate - Fd ferredoxin - FNR ferredoxin-NADP reductase - FRL far-red light - PC plastocyanin - PAD photon absorption density nmol cm^-2 s^-1 - PFD photon flux density nmol cm^-2 s^-1 - PS I Photosystem I complex - PQ plastoquinon - PQH₂ plastoquinol - PS II Photosystem II complex - P700 Photosystem I donor pigment, reduced - S830 830 nm signal (D830, difference of S830 from the dark level) - WL white light - Y_l maximum quantum yield of PS I electron transport, rel. un     

Light-dependent,but phytochrome-independent,translational control of the accumulation of the P700 chlorophyll-a protein of photosystem I in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

This work reports on the regulation of synthesis of the P700 chlorophyll-a apoprotein of photosystem I in barley. The mRNA for the P700 apoprotein is almost exclusively confined to the plastid membrane-bound polysomes. However, the mRNA for the 32-kDa herbicide-binding protein of photosystem II is found in both the soluble and membrane-bound polysomes.The mRNA for the P700 apoprotein is found in similar amounts in dark-grown and light-grown wild-type as well as mutant xantha-l⁸¹ barley. The latter mutant is deficient in chlorophyll biosynthesis. However, while wild-type leaves accumulate the P700 chlorophyll-a protein only in the light, mutant leaves never accumulate the P700 apoprotein.A more sensitive approach was taken using isolated plastids to study P700 apoprotein synthesis. Etioplasts did not synthesize detectable P700 apoprotein even when the etioplasts were exposed to light. However, only a 1-min exposure of leaves to light was necessary to induce P700 apoprotein synthesis by isolated plastids.Phytochrome involvement in controlling P700 apoprotein synthesis was tested by using red/farred light treatment of leaves. These treatments showed no far-red reversibility of red-induced P700-apoprotein synthesis in isolated plastids even after 3 h of darkness after the light treatments. From these data we conclude that the accumulation of P700 apopootein is not under the control of phytochrome and that the light induction of P700 apoprotein is most likely mediated through the protochlorophyllide/chlorophyllide system. This control, however, may also involve cytoplasmic signals as the synthesis of the P700 apoprotein is not turned on in illuminated etioplasts.     

Redox states of photosystems I and II in irradiated leaves of wheat seedlings grown under different conditions of nitrogen nutrition

Changes in the redox states of photosystem I (PSI) and PSII in irradiated wheat leaves were studied after growing seedlings on a nitrogen-free medium or media containing either nitrate or ammonium. The content of P700, the primary electron donor of PSI was quantified using the maximum magnitude of absorbance changes at 830 nm induced by saturating white light. The highest content of P700 in leaves was found for seedlings grown on the ammonium-containing medium, whereas its lowest content was observed on seedlings grown in the presence of nitrate. At all irradiances of actinic light, the smallest accumulation of reduced Q_A was observed in leaves of ammonium-grown plants. Despite variations in light-response curves of P700 photooxidation and Q_A photoreduction, the leaves of all plants exposed to different treatments demonstrated similar relationships between steady-state levels of P700⁺ and Q_A ^–. The accumulation of oxidized P700 up to 40% of total P700 content was not accompanied by significant Q_A photoreduction. At higher extents of P700 photooxidation, a linear relationship was found between the steady-state levels of P700⁺ and Q_A ^–. The leaves of all treatments demonstrated biphasic patterns of the kinetics of P700⁺ dark reduction after irradiation by far-red light exciting specifically PSI. The halftimes of corresponding kinetic components were found to be 2.6–4 s (fast component) and 17–22 s (slow component). The two components of P700⁺ dark reduction were related to the existence of two PSI populations with different rates of electron input from stromal reductants. The magnitudes of these components differed for plants grown in the presence of nitrate, on the one hand, and plants grown either in the presence of ammonium or in the absence of nitrogen, on the other hand. This indicates the possible influence of nitrogen nutrition on synthesis of different populations of PSI in wheat leaves. The decrease in far-red light irradiance reduced the relative contribution of the fast component to P700⁺ reduction. The fast component completely disappeared at low irradiances. This finding indicates that the saturating far-red light must be applied to determine correctly the relative content of each PSI population in wheat leaves.Translated from Fiziologiya Rastenii, Vol. 52, No. 2, 2005, pp. 165–171.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Dzhibladze, Polesskaya, Alekhina, Egorova, Bukhov.This revised version was published online in April 2005 with a corrected cover date.     

The kinetics of P-700+ reduction in leaves: a novel in situ probe of thylakoid functioning

Abstract. The half time (t_1/2) of the reduction of P-700⁺ in the millisecond time frame is known to be limited by the reaction between plastoquinol and the cytochrome cytb₆f complex. This is considered to be the rate limiting reaction of thylakoid electron transport and measurements of it provide a means of analysing how thylakoid election transport is regulated in vivo. The half time for the reduction of photochemically oxidized P-700 has been measured in vivo using absorbance changes around 820 nm. The results showed that t_1/2 is independent of irradiance and decreases as photosynthetic induction progresses. Even with a constant t_1/2 the quantum efficiency of PSI declined as irradiance increased. The significance of the concept of photosynthetic control of electron transport is discussed in the light of these observations.     

Calculation of absolute photosystem I absorption cross-sections from P700 photo-oxidation kinetics

A procedure is described which permits determination of the absolute absorption cross-section of a photosynthetic unit from the kinetics of reaction center photo-oxidation under weak, continuous actinic illumination. The method was first tested on a simple model compound of known absorption cross-section. We then applied the technique to absorption cross-section and functional antenna size measurements in photosystem I (PS I). A kinetic model is presented that can be used to fit P700 photo-oxidation measurements and extract the effective photochemical rate constant. The procedure is shown to properly correct for sample scattering and for the presence of heterogeneous absorbers (pigments not functionally coupled to P700). The relevance of these corrections to comparisons of antenna size using techniques that measure relative absorption cross-sections is discussed. Measurements on pea thylakoids in the presence and absence of 5 mM MgCl₂ show a 45% increase in PS I absorption cross-section in unstacked thylakoids. Analysis of detergent-isolated native PS I preparations (200 chlorophyll a+b/P700) clearly indicate that the preparation contains a broad distribution of antenna sizes. Finally, we confirm that Chlamydomonas reinhardtii strain LM3-A4d contains a PS I core antenna complex which binds only 60 chlorophyll a/P700, about half the functional size of the wild type complex. Limitations associated with calculation of functional antenna size from cross-section measurements are also discussed.Abbreviations PS photosystem - PS I-200 detergent-isolated photosystem I preparation containing about 200 Chl a+b/P700 - A _xxx absorbance at xxx nm - absolute absorption cross-section - I _a rate of light absorption - In _o incident actinic light intensity - _p quantum yield of photochemistry - k _eff effective rate constant for P700 photo-oxidation measured under conditions of limiting actinic intensity - k _r rate constant for P700⁺ reduction     

Characterization of P700 as a photochemical quencher in isolated Photosystem I particles using simultaneous measurements of absorbance changes at 830 nm and photoacoustic signal

The relationship between the redox state of P700, the primary donor of PS I, monitored using absorbance changes at 830 nm and photochemical energy storage in PS I reaction centers assayed with the photoacoustic method (PA) was studied in isolated PS I submembrane particles aspirated onto nitrocellulose filters. Several donors have been used to support the electron transport through PS I. NADPH and NADH demonstrated low rates of electron donation to PS I, while ascorbate and ascorbate plus 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCIP) couple have been found more effective in both P700⁺ reduction and stimulation of the variable component of the PA signal. A linear relationship was found in isolated PS I particles between the (A_830,max – A_830,steady)/A_830,max and (PA_max – PA_steady)/PA_max ratios, which characterized the relative amount of P700 in the reduced state and the relative magnitude of the variable PA component, respectively. That linear relationship was obtained independently from the nature of electron donor used for the reduction of P700⁺. Such linear relationship was also obtained at various wavelengths of modulated light in the range of 660 to 720 nm, only the slope of the linear fits varied with wavelength. It is concluded that reduced P700 act as a photochemical quencher of absorbed energy. Variable thermal dissipation in PS I reaction centers of isolated submembrane particles linearly depends on the amount of reduced P700 and thus constitutes an appropriate indicator of the redox pressure applied to PS I. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.