阿维拉霉素生物合成与代谢调控研究进展

阿维拉霉素是发酵法来源的新型兽用的消化促进剂和代谢调节剂,具有较高的生物安全性,通过改善动物肠道内细菌群的生态结构促进动物生长。对阿维拉霉素的生物合成和代谢调控进行了综述,同时结合系统生物技术观点,为阿维拉霉素菌种基因工程改造提供参考。     

多氧霉素及其生物合成的研究进展

多氧霉素(Polyoxins)是高效广谱抗真菌核苷类抗生素,在农业上广泛用于防治植物真菌病害。本文综述了多氧霉素化学结构和理化性质,尤其是武汉大学组合生物合成与新药发现(教育部)重点实验室近年来在该抗生素生物合成基因簇的克隆、生物合成途径的阐明以及多氧霉素组合生物合成等多个方面的研究进展与成果,并对今后以多氧霉素为代表的核苷类抗生素的生物合成研究进行了展望。     

林可霉素生物合成及其分子调控研究进展

林可霉素(lincomycin)是由林可链霉菌(Streptomyces lincolnensis)产生的酰胺类抗生素,在临床上主要用于治疗革兰氏阳性菌引起的感染。鉴于其具有高药用价值和经济价值,林可霉素生物合成和分子调控备受关注,并取得了较好的研究进展。本文综述了林可霉素的特征结构和生物合成,并重点介绍了林可链霉菌中林可霉素的分子调控机制等方面的研究进展,有利于深入认识林可链霉菌次级代谢调控网络,为在林可霉素高产菌中改造调控因子或其靶点元件提高产量提供理论指导。     

利用基因组改组技术选育阿维拉霉素高产菌

为选育阿维拉霉素高产菌株,对野生型绿色产色链霉菌(Streptomyces viridochromogenes)Tü57进行传统物理和化学诱变,并获得一系列以阿维拉霉素A的含量为指标的正向突变体,再采用基因组改组技术将不同的正向突变体进行融合杂交,获得融合子。在筛选融合子的过程中,采用传统薄层色谱(TLC)和管碟法(二剂量法)结合进行初筛、高效液相色谱法进行复筛的筛选策略。经过基因组改组,筛选得到一株高产菌株R708,其在摇瓶实验中阿维拉霉素A产量达到0.208 g/L,比野生菌株提高了20倍。基因组改组选育阿维拉霉素高产菌,能提高子代菌株的遗传多样性,比传统诱变选育更快速有效。     

园艺作物花青素合成调控研究进展

花青素是一类保护植物免受生物和非生物胁迫的重要次生代谢产物,因其赋予植物丰富的色彩和对人体的保健功能而受到广泛关注。花青素合成调控机理的相关研究是目前园艺作物分子生物学研究的前沿课题,对于园艺作物花青素含量的提高、种质品质的提升等具有重要的意义。结合国内外园艺作物中花青素生物合成调控方面的最新研究进展,介绍了环境因素、酶与激素、DNA甲基化与泛素化和调控基因等对花青素生物合成的作用,以及花青素抵御外界胁迫的功能机制,综述了近年来园艺作物中花青素生物合成调控的研究成果,以期利用基因工程为提升园艺作物的色彩丰富度提供理论参考。     

微波对阿维拉霉素产生菌诱变效应的研究

阿维拉霉素产生菌SV微波诱变效应的研究发现：菌株SV对微波敏感（微波处理60s,SV菌株存活率低于10％）,菌落形态变化大。微波诱变处理最佳作用方式为培养皿不加盖、快速冰上冷却,最佳处理时间为50s（其正突变率25．3％）。通过微波诱变处理、阿维拉霉素推理筛选,最终获得一株稳定性良好,阿维拉霉素产量达到21．5mg／L,较出发菌株提高119．4％的突变株SV-15。     

格尔德霉素生物合成与结构改良研究进展

格尔德霉素是以Hsp90为靶目标的安莎类抗生素,具有多种生物活性。其抗肿瘤活性使其成为目前肿瘤治疗领域的研究热点。综述了格尔德霉素生物合成及结构改良研究进展,并对其作为新型抗肿瘤药物的未来发展方向进行了讨论。     

蛋白磷酸酶抑制剂变构霉素的生物合成及其抑制位点研究

变构霉素具有很强的蛋白磷酸酶抑制作用和良好的抗菌活性, 尤其是对油菜菌核病的抑制作用。本文综述了近年来有关变构霉素生物合成和蛋白磷酸酶抑制位点方面的最新研究进展。     

春雷霉素的研究现状及展望

春雷霉素(Kasugamycin)为氨基糖苷类抗生素,由春日链霉菌和小金色链霉菌产生,由于其具有显著的抗植物病原真菌活性,故自创制成功便在农业上广泛使用。本文从化学结构、理化性质、作用机制及其生物合成途径等方面综述了近年来春雷霉素研究所取得的进展,期望为今后深入解析春雷霉素生物合成机制奠定坚实的理论基础。     

红曲桔霉素的控制对策

红曲的药用价值和保健功能日益引人关注,然而红曲中桔霉素的存在严重制约着红曲产品的开发,如何降低红曲桔霉素的含量是一个迫切需要解决的问题。本文概述了红曲桔霉素的毒性、生物合成途径及相关标准。并结合国内外研究进展,从发酵工艺,诱变育种,基因工程三个层面阐述了控制红曲桔霉素产生的对策,并对桔霉素今后的研究方向进行了展望。     

Effect of Antibiotic Growth Promoters and Anticoccidials on Growth of Clostridium perfringens in the Caeca and on Performance of Broiler Chickens

The effects of the growth promoters avoparcin and avilamycin and the ionophore anticoccidials maduramicin, narasin and monensin on the growth of Clostridium perfringens (Cp) in the ceaca and on performance of broiler chickens were tested in 2 experiments. The supplements were fed as single feed additives or in some combinations. No clinical signs or lesions caused by coccidia were observed in any of the studies. All supplements had an antibacterial effect on Cp and improved growth rate significantly. Carcass yield of birds fed growth promoters avilamycin or avoparcin was significantly higher compared with birds fed anticoccidials. These data indicate that, what concerns bird performance, during good hygienic conditions supplementation with antibiotic growth promoters may not be necessary when the diet is supplemented with an anticoccidial with antibacterial effects.     

Genome shuffling of Streptomyces viridochromogenes for improved production of avilamycin

Avilamycin is one of EU-approved antimicrobial agents in feed industry to inhibit the growth of multidrug-resistant Gram-positive bacteria. Here, we applied a process of combining ribosome engineering and genome shuffling to achieve rapid improvement of avilamycin production in Streptomyces viridochromogenes AS 4.126. The starting mutant population was generated by ⁶⁰Co γ-irradiation treatments of the spores. After five rounds of protoplast fusion with streptomycin-resistance screening, an improved recombinant E-219 was obtained and its yield of avilamycin reached 1.4 g/L, which was increased by 4.85-fold and 36.8-fold in comparison with that of the shuffling starter Co γ-316 and the ancestor AS 4.126. Furthermore, the mechanism for the improvement of shuffled strains was investigated. Recombinants with enhanced streptomycin resistance exhibited significantly higher avilamycin production and product resistance, probably due to the mutations in the ribosome protein S12. The morphological difference between the parent mutant and shuffled recombinant was observed in conidiospore, and hyphae pellets. The presence of genetic diversity among shuffled populations with varied avilamycin productivity was confirmed by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis. In summary, our results demonstrated that genome shuffling combined with ribosome engineering was a powerful approach for molecular breeding of high-yield industrial strains.     

Statistical optimization of medium components for avilamycin production by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Streptomyces viridochromogenes</Emphasis> Tü57-1 using response surface methodology

A fermentation medium for avilamycin production by Streptomyces viridochromogenes Tü57-1 has been optimized. Important components and their concentrations were investigated using fractional factorial design and Box–Behnken Design. The results showed that soybean flour, soluble starch, MgSO₄·7H₂O and CaCl₂·2H₂O are important for avilamycin production. A polynomial model related to medium components and avilamycin yield had been established. A high coefficient of determination (R ² = 0.92) was obtained that indicated good agreement between the experimental and predicted values of avilamycin yield. Student’s T-test of each coefficient showed that all the linear and quadratic terms had significant effect (P > |T| < 0.05) on avilamycin yield. The significance of tested components was related to MgSO₄·7H₂O (0.37 g/L), CaCl₂·2H₂O (0.39 g/L), soybean flour (21.97 g/L) and soluble starch (37.22 g/L). The yield of avilamycin reached 88.33 ± 0.94 mg/L (p < 0.05) that was 2.8-fold the initial yield.     

Regulation of avilamycin biosynthesis in Streptomyces viridochromogenes: effects of glucose, ammonium ion, and inorganic phosphate

Effects of glucose, ammonium ions and phosphate on avilamycin biosynthesis in Streptomyces viridochromogenes AS4.126 were investigated. Twenty grams per liter of glucose, 10 mmol/L ammonium ions, and 10 mmol/L phosphate in the basal medium stimulated avilamycin biosynthesis. When the concentrations of glucose, ammonium ions, and phosphate in the basal medium exceeded 20 g/L, 10 mmol/L, and 10 mmol/L, respectively, avilamycin biosynthesis greatly decreased. When 20 g/L glucose was added at 32 h, avilamycin yield decreased by 70.2%. Avilamycin biosynthesis hardly continued when 2-deoxy-glucose was added into the basal medium at 32 h. There was little influence on avilamycin biosynthesis with the addition of the 3-methyl-glucose (20 g/L) at 32 h. In the presence of excess (NH₄)₂SO₄ (20 mmol/L), the activities of valine dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were depressed 47.7 and 58.3%, respectively, of that of the control at 48 h. The activity of succinate dehydrogenase increased 49.5% compared to the control at 48 h. The intracellular adenosine triphosphate level and 6-phosphate glucose content of S. viridochromogenes were 128 and 129%, respectively, of that of the control at 48 h, with the addition of the 40 mmol/L of KH₂PO₄. As a result, high concentrations of glucose, ammonium ions, and inorganic phosphate all led to the absence of the precursors for avilamycin biosynthesis and affected antibiotic synthesis.     

Genes involved in formation and attachment of a two-carbon chain as a component of eurekanate, a branched-chain sugar moiety of avilamycin A

Eurekanate belongs to the important class of branched-chain carbohydrates present in a wide variety of natural sources. It is a component of avilamycin A, a potent inhibitor of bacterial protein synthesis targeting the 50S ribosomal subunit. The present work provides experimental proof for the function of two genes of the avilamycin biosynthetic gene cluster, aviB1 and aviO2, that are both involved in avilamycin structure modification. The functions of both genes were identified by gene inactivation experiments and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses of extracts produced by the mutants. We suggest that both AviO2 and AviB1 are involved in the biosynthesis of eurekanate within avilamycin biosynthesis. Moreover, two other genes (aviO1 and aviO3) have been inactivated, resulting in a breakdown of avilamycin production in the mutants ITO1 and ITO3, which clearly shows the essential role of both enzymes in avilamycin biosynthesis. The exact functions of both aviO1 and aviO3 remained unknown.     

The active conformation of avilamycin A is conferred by AviX12, a radical AdoMet enzyme

The antibiotic avilamycin A is produced by Streptomyces viridochromogenes Tü57. Avilamycin belongs to the family of orthosomycins with a linear heptasaccharide chain linked to a terminal dichloroisoeverninic acid as aglycone. The gene cluster for avilamycin biosynthesis contains 54 open reading frames. Inactivation of one of these genes, namely aviX12, led to the formation of a novel avilamycin derivative named gavibamycin N1. The structure of the new metabolite was confirmed by mass spectrometry (MS) and NMR analysis. It harbors glucose as a component of the heptasaccharide chain instead of a mannose moiety in avilamycin A. Antibacterial activity tests against a spectrum of Gram-positive organisms showed that the new derivative possesses drastically decreased biological activity in comparison to avilamycin A. Thus, AviX12 seems to be implicated in converting avilamycin to its bioactive conformation by catalyzing an unusual epimerization reaction. Sequence comparisons grouped AviX12 in the radical S-adenosylmethionine protein family. AviX12 engineered with a His tag was overexpressed in Escherichia coli and purified by affinity chromatography. The iron sulfur cluster [Fe-S] present in radical AdoMet enzymes was detected in purified AviX12 by means of electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy.     

Effect of the growth promoter avilamycin on emergence and persistence of antimicrobial resistance in enteric bacteria in the pig

AIM: To assess the effect of the growth promoter avilamycin on emergence and persistence of resistance in enteric bacteria in the pig. METHODS AND RESULTS: Pigs (treated with avilamycin for 3 months and controls) were challenged with multi-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 and faecal counts were performed for enterococci, Escherichia coli, S. Typhimurium and Campylobacter (before, during and 5 weeks post-treatment). Representative isolates were tested for antibiotic resistance and for the presence of resistance genes. Avilamycin-resistant Enterococci faecalis (speciated by PCR) were isolated from the treated pigs and continued to be detected for the first week after treatment had ceased. The avilamycin-resistance gene was characterized by PCR as the emtA gene and speciation by PCR. MIC profiling confirmed that more than one strain of Ent. faecalis carried this gene. There was no evidence of increased antimicrobial resistance in the E. coli, Salmonella and Campylobacter populations, although there was a higher incidence of tetB positive E. coli in the treated pigs than the controls. CONCLUSION: Although avilamycin selects for resistance in the native enterococci population of the pig, no resistant isolates were detected beyond 1 week post-treatment. This suggests that resistant isolates were unable to persist once selective pressure was removed and were out-competed by the sensitive microflora. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Our data suggest the risk of resistant isolates becoming carcass contaminants and infecting humans could be minimized by introducing a withdrawal period after using avilamycin and prior to slaughter.     

响应面法优化卑霉素发酵培养基的研究

在对卑霉素发酵培养基进行全因子试验和最陡爬坡试验后,运用Box-Behken设计的响应面试验(Response-surface experiment)对绿色产色链霉菌TN-29进行卑霉素发酵培养基的优化。响应面法对40h分批发酵结果的优化分析表明:豆饼粉、甘露醇及葡萄糖三种因素对卑霉素无明显的交互作用,在豆饼粉、甘露醇和葡萄糖的浓度分别为3.61%,2.99%,0.58%时,发酵液中效价值达到77.9U/ml的最大值。     

Antimicrobial susceptibilities of enterococci isolated from faeces of broiler and layer chickens

Enterococci were isolated from faecal droppings of chickens in broiler and layer farms and the susceptibilities to nine therapeutic antimicrobial agents and six growth-promoting antibiotics were determined by the agar dilution method. Resistance to therapeutic antimicrobial agents such as ampicillin, clindamycin, erythromycin, streptomycin, tetracycline or tylosin was more frequent in enterococcal isolates from broiler farms than in those from layer farms. Resistance to ofloxacin was rare, occurring in only one (0.7%) of the Enterococcus faecium isolates from broiler farms. Resistance to growth-promoting antibiotics such as avilamycin, salinomycin and virginiamycin was common among isolates from broiler farms. Of the E. faecium isolates from broiler farms, 12.4% were resistant to avilamycin and 27.4% were resistant to virginiamycin. Resistance to salinomycin was detected in all enterococcal species, ranging from 12.4% of E. faecium isolates to 50% of E. hirae isolates.     

Stereoselective synthesis of 1,1'-linked alpha-l-lyxopyranosyl beta-d-glucopyranoside, the proposed biosynthetic precursor of the FG ring system of avilamycins

The non-reducing disaccharide beta-d-Glcp-(1<-->1)-alpha-L-Lyxp1 had been proposed to be an early intermediate during the biosynthesis of avilamycin A [Boll, R.; Hofmann, C.; Heitmann, B.; Hauser, G.; Glaser, S.; Koslowski, T.; Friedrich, T.; Bechthold, A. J. Biol. Chem.2006, 281, 14756-14763]. This work describes a comparison of two strategies for the synthesis of 1 and its 2-amino-2-deoxy analog with either the glucose or the lyxose moiety acting as the glycosyl donor. The best results in terms of stereoselectivity and yield were obtained with 2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-alpha-L-lyxopyranosyl trichloroacetimidate 13. Reaction of 13 with 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-D-glucopyranose gave the disaccharide as mixture of 1beta,1'alpha and 1beta,1'beta isomers in a ratio of 10:1 and a yield of 50%. Reaction of 13 and 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-azido-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose yielded the desired 1beta,1'alpha disaccharide as a single isomer in 72% yield. Interestingly, the formation of alpha-glucosides was not observed in any case, regardless of the use of glucose as glycosyl donor or acceptor.