鳞翅目昆虫内外凝集素的研究概况

凝集素是一类能够识别特异性糖并与之非共价结合的蛋白或糖蛋白,因其具有特定的识别受体,在免疫系统和发育过程中发挥了重要的作用。鳞翅目昆虫凝集素的相对分子质量一般都相对较小,且活性在该类昆虫的不同发育时期各不相同,说明凝集素活性的诱导机制较为复杂。本文分析了目前国内外初步探索的几种鳞翅目昆虫凝集素及其相关的外源凝集素。     

酪氨酸的不同化学修饰对黄精凝集素生物学活性的影响

凝集素作为一类非免疫原的糖结合蛋白,在与细胞的识别和结合中介导了一系列事件的发生,如促淋巴细胞有丝分裂、对肿瘤细胞的特异凝集、抑制病原微生物的生长等[1].凝集素的特性主要归因于其特异的糖结合活性,而特殊氨基酸对它保持这种结合活性是必需的.故确定这些特异的氨基酸是研究凝集素结构与功能关系的基础.化学修饰可以鉴别哪些氨基酸位于功能区[2].黄精凝集素(Polyg-onatumcyrtonemaHua.lectin,PCL)是具有多种生物学活性的糖蛋白,二硫键、巯基、色氨酸、金属离子并不影响其兔红细胞凝集活性[3].本文报道用不同试剂修饰酪氨酸,以研究…     

姬松茸凝集素的分离纯化及性质

凝集素是一类能够识别特异性糖并与之非共价结合的蛋白或糖蛋白,因其具有特定的识别受体,故在免疫系统和发育过程中发挥了重要的作用。使用DEAE-Sepharose FF弱阴离子交换层析、SP-Sepharose强阳离子交换柱层析、Sephadex G-75分子筛凝胶层析对姬松茸凝集素进行分离纯化,研究理化因素对其凝血活性的影响及其抗菌活性。结果表明:纯化的样品经SDS-PAGE电泳分析得到单一条带,姬松茸凝集素是含有2个相同亚基的同源二聚体,其分子量都为1.20×10~5。纯化后的姬松茸凝集素相对粗提液的回收率为28.99%,纯化倍数为19.06倍。姬松茸凝集素对热有较好的耐受性,但温度为90℃时失去凝血活性;在强酸或强碱下丧失活性,最适pH为7～9;凝集活性不受金属离子的影响;葡萄糖是其专一性结合糖。姬松茸凝集素对褐腐菌的生长起到了明显的抑制作用,而对大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、绿色木霉、西瓜枯萎病菌和黑曲霉的生长没有明显的影响。     

植物凝集素的分子生物学研究

植物凝集素是一类具有高度特异性糖结合活性的蛋白,含有一个或多个可与单糖或寡聚糖特异可逆结合的非催化结构域。它的糖结合特异性主要针对外源寡糖,主要生理功能是介异植物的防御反应。到目前为止已克隆了２２２个植物凝集素基因。作者就植物凝集素的分类、性质、功能、凝集素基因的克隆和凝集素的翻译后加工过程作一综述。     

天花粉凝集素糖结合专一性Ⅱ.

本文报道一些糖类、糖苷、糖蛋白和几种外源凝集素对标记天花粉凝集素和酸处理交联琼脂糖或胎盘细胞膜结合的影响。在低浓度时,所用的糖类中,乳糖是最强的抑制剂,蜜二糖和棉籽糖的抑制能力和乳糖相仿,而纤维二糖、蔗糖、麦芽糖,则无明显影响。三个所用的糖蛋白,它们的抑制活性以下列顺序递减:猪甲状腺球蛋白,人血清转铁蛋白,鸡卵白蛋白。未标记的天花粉凝集素和蓖麻凝集素,两者都专一地和半乳糖结合,它们都能竞争标记天花粉凝集素,而伴刀豆球蛋白A和半夏凝集素则不能竞争。由此,我们推测天花粉凝集素主要是和半乳糖结合,但与乳糖的结合能力最强,故推测其结合部位能容纳半乳糖和另一个单糖。     

天花粉凝集素糖结合专一性Ⅱ.

本文报道一些糖类、糖苷、糖蛋白和几种外源凝集素对标记天花粉凝集素和酸处理交联琼脂糖或胎盘细胞膜结合的影响。在低浓度时,所用的糖类中,乳糖是最强的抑制剂,蜜二糖和棉籽糖的抑制能力和乳糖相仿,而纤维二糖、蔗糖、麦芽糖,则无明显影响。三个所用的糖蛋白,它们的抑制活性以下列顺序递减:猪甲状腺球蛋白,人血清转铁蛋白,鸡卵白蛋白。未标记的天花粉凝集素和蓖麻凝集素,两者都专一地和半乳糖结合,它们都能竞争标记天花粉凝集素,而伴刀豆球蛋白A和半夏凝集素则不能竞争。由此,我们推测天花粉凝集素主要是和半乳糖结合,但与乳糖的结合能力最强,故推测其结合部位能容纳半乳糖和另一个单糖。     

竹叶青蛇毒凝集素的糖结合性质

本文利用竹叶青蛇毒凝集素和去唾流酸的ａ１－酸性糖蛋白之间相互作用的研究系统,对ＴＳＬ的糖结合条件及结合性质作了更为全面深入的研究。研究结果表明,在ｐＨ５－１０的范围内,ＴＳＬ的糖结合活性基本不变,具有较广泛的ＰＨ适应性;ＴＳＬ的温度适应范围较窄,５０℃保温２小时活性便基本更新换代。在简单糖类中,半乳糖是最强的糖结合活性抑制剂。就吡喃型已糖而言,以Ｃ－３和Ｃ－４位置上的取代基的取向最为重要,特别是Ｃ     

凝集素和毒素

总的说来,凝集素并不很毒,但是在凝集素和毒素之间却存在一些关系。ＥＢＡ类毒素可以分为两个主要部分。其中一个部分呈现糖结合活性,负责靶向。另一部分则具有不同的酶活性,决定了其毒性。从天花粉中分离得到凝集素分享了ＤＥＡ类毒素（例如蓖麻毒素）的一些特性。还有一些毒素可以在细胞膜上造成孔,形成离子通道。半夏凝集素似乎可归属于这类毒素。从蛇毒中分离得到了一此凝集素,它们和蛇毒中的其它一些成员在氨基酸序列上有     

若干外源凝集素对胰岛素与其受体相互作用的影响

本文研究了若干外源凝集素对胰岛素与其脂肪细胞胰岛素受体相互作用的影响。结果表明与D-甘露糖和D-葡萄糖专一结合的外源凝集素,如ConA(伴刀豆球蛋白A)、豌豆及蚕豆凝集素可抑制~(125)Ⅰ-胰岛素与其受体的结合。与D-半乳糖专一结合的外源凝集素,如蓖麻凝集素Ⅰ和天花粉凝集素基本上不抑制~(125)Ⅰ-胰岛素与其受体的结合,在低浓度时有一定程度的促进胰岛素与受体结合的能力。另外两个和低聚糖专一结合的半夏凝集素和PHA(菜豆凝集素)的效应和蓖麻凝集素Ⅰ等类似。这些结果说明在胰岛素受体分子表面可能存在着与ConA等专一结合的糖,而且它们在胰岛素受体与胰岛素结合部位的附近。而和其他几个外源凝集素专一结合的糖或低聚糖链则和胰岛素受体与胰岛素结合的部位相距较远,并就这些凝集素对胰岛素与受体结合的促进作用进行了讨论。     

一株产凝集素的三叶半夏内生真菌的研究

研究三叶半夏内生真菌及其凝集素,旨在为半夏内生真菌及其凝集素的开发利用提供依据。对三叶半夏块茎内生真菌分离、纯化,液体发酵培养代谢产物,无水乙醇提取总蛋白,兔血红细胞检测其凝集活性,筛选出菌株gs1,其总蛋白对兔血红细胞凝集活性显著。使用甘露聚糖-Sepharose 4B亲和层析柱纯化菌株gs1总蛋白,得到凝集素。Brandford法定量检测分析表明,1000 ml gs1发酵培养液中含有9.58 mg 凝集素。SDS-PAGE 电泳分析显示该凝集素为单一条带,分子量约为12 kDa。凝集活性实验表明,该凝集素对兔、大鼠和小鼠的血红细胞具有凝集作用,对兔血红细胞效果最显著;而对人（A＼B＼O＼AB型）和鸡的血红细胞无凝集作用。糖结合活性实验表明,甘露糖对该凝集素的凝集活性具有抑制作用。通过初步分类鉴定,菌株gs1为半知菌亚门,丝孢纲,丛梗孢目,丛梗孢科,曲霉属。     

植物中逆境反应相关的WRKY转录因子研究进展

WRKY转录因子是植物体内一类比较大的转录因子家族,它在植物的生长发育以及抗逆境反应中起着非常重要的作用。本文综述了WRKY转录因子在植物应对冻害、干旱、盐害等非生物胁迫与病原菌、虫害等生物胁迫反应中的重要调控功能,并概括了WRKY转录因子在调控这些逆境反应中的机制。     

Plant lectins as defense proteins against phytophagous insects

One of the most important direct defense responses in plants against the attack by phytophagous insects is the production of insecticidal peptides or proteins. One particular class of entomotoxic proteins present in many plant species is the group of carbohydrate-binding proteins or lectins. During the last decade a lot of progress was made in the study of a few lectins that are expressed in response to herbivory by phytophagous insects and the insecticidal properties of plant lectins in general. This review gives an overview of lectins with high potential for the use in pest control strategies based on their activity towards pest insects. In addition, potential target sites for lectins inside the insect and the mode of action are discussed. In addition, the effect of plant lectins on non-target organisms such as beneficial insects as well as on human/animal consumers is discussed. It can be concluded that some insecticidal lectins are useful tools that can contribute to the development of integrated pest management strategies with minimal effect(s) on non-target organisms.     

Plant lectins: the ties that bind in root symbiosis and plant defense

Lectins are a diverse group of carbohydrate-binding proteins that are found within and associated with organisms from all kingdoms of life. Several different classes of plant lectins serve a diverse array of functions. The most prominent of these include participation in plant defense against predators and pathogens and involvement in symbiotic interactions between host plants and symbiotic microbes, including mycorrhizal fungi and nitrogen-fixing rhizobia. Extensive biological, biochemical, and molecular studies have shed light on the functions of plant lectins, and a plethora of uncharacterized lectin genes are being revealed at the genomic scale, suggesting unexplored and novel diversity in plant lectin structure and function. Integration of the results from these different types of research is beginning to yield a more detailed understanding of the function of lectins in symbiosis, defense, and plant biology in general.     

Structural and functional characteristics of plant proteinase inhibitor-II (PI-II) family

Plant proteinase inhibitor-II (PI-II) proteins are one of the promising defensive proteins that helped the plants to resist against different kinds of unfavorable conditions. Different roles for PI-II have been suggested such as regulation of endogenous proteases, modulation of plant growth and developmental processes and mediating stress responses. The basic knowledge on genetic and molecular diversity of these proteins has provided significant insight into their gene structure and evolutionary relationships in various members of this family. Phylogenetic comparisons of these family genes in different plants suggested that the high rate of retention of gene duplication and inhibitory domain multiplication may have resulted in the expansion and functional diversification of these proteins. Currently, a large number of transgenic plants expressing PI-II genes are being developed for enhancing the defensive capabilities against insects, bacteria and pathogenic fungi. Much emphasis is yet to be given to exploit this ever expanding repertoire of genes for improving abiotic stress resistance in transgenic crops. This review presents an overview about the current knowledge on PI-II family genes, their multifunctional role in plant defense and physiology with their potential applications in biotechnology.     

植物凝集素及其在抗虫植物基因工程中的应用

植物凝集素是一类具有特异糖结合活性的蛋白,具有一个或多个可以与糖或寡聚糖特异可逆结合的非催化结构域。其糖结合活性是针对外源寡糖,参与植物的防御反应。本文综述了有关植物凝集素分子生物学的研究进展,介绍了植物凝集素的分类、糖结合特性、近年来有关植物凝集素蛋白晶体结构的研究,及其与糖结合能力相关的生物学功能。并对植物凝集素在抗虫植物基因工程中的应用现状及发展前景做了阐述。 Abstract:Plant lectins are proteins possessing at least one non-catalytic domain that binds reversibly to specific mono-or oligosaccharides.They distinguish themselves from other plant proteins by the ability of carbohydrate binding.Most plant lectins are directed to bind foreign polysacchride.Plant lectin is believed to take part in the defense responses against invader.In this paper we presented a review on the classification,characters,functions,crystal structure and,functions related to the carbohydrate binding activity.The status and prospect of plant lectins utilization were also discussed.     

植物凝集素的超级家族

凝集素是一类专一、可逆地和糖类结合的蛋白质,迄今已经分离纯化并测定了氨基酸序列的凝集素已有不少,一些凝集素以及它们与配体糖相互结合的复合物的高级结构也已经给出,许多工作已深入到基因水平．就目前已有的知识,说明植物凝集素是一个庞大的蛋白质家族．