草酸青霉中一个编码锌指蛋白的基因的功能鉴定

草酸青霉是自然界中常见的产纤维素酶的丝状真菌,其基因组含有多个纤维素酶基因,能够分泌完整的纤维素酶系。真菌纤维素酶基因的表达主要是在转录水平上受到调控。通过对草酸青霉野生菌株HP7-1及其高产纤维素酶突变株EU2106的转录组以及基因组进行分析,获得了一批可能与突变株酶活变高有关的候选基因。HP7A1874是其中的一个候选基因,该基因在EU2106中的表达水平下降了82%。HP7A1874编码一个锌指蛋白,锌指结构域是转录因子所具有的典型结构之一。本研究通过基因敲除获得该基因的缺失突变株△HP7A1874,测定了突变株的纤维素酶和木聚糖酶活性。结果表明,HP7A1874缺失突变株的纤维素酶和木聚糖酶活与野生型菌株相比并无显著差异,说明HP7A1874与草酸青霉纤维素酶基因的表达调控无关。     

毕赤酵母表达的嗜热蓝状菌β-葡萄糖苷酶N-糖基化修饰的作用与功能

【目的】研究N-糖基化对来源于嗜热蓝状菌β-葡萄糖苷酶(β-glucosidase,Bgl3A)的酶学性质影响。【方法】采用定点突变技术构建了3个去N-糖基化的突变体T44A、S228A、S299A,并分别在毕赤酵母GS115中表达纯化。【结果】与野生型Bgl3A相比,突变体S228A分泌蛋白产量极低,仅能微量检测到p NPG活性;突变体T44A和S299A的最适pH和最适温度没有改变,分别为4.0和75°C,但二者的T_m值和70°C下的热稳定性都明显优于野生型。以p NPG为底物时,突变体S299A和T44A的催化效率分别降低了14.5%和70.0%;以纤维二糖为底物时,T44A的催化效率基本不变,而S299A的催化效率提高了1.1倍。【结论】Bgl3A不同位点的N-糖基化修饰对酶的分泌和酶学性质的影响具有明显差异。其中,N226位的N-糖基化在维持酶的表达和功能方面至关重要,而去除N297位点的N-糖基化可以提高酶的热稳定性及对纤维二糖的催化效率。     

里氏木霉Cel5A基因优化及其在毕赤酵母中的高效表达

内切纤维素酶Cel5A缺乏是限制纤维素酶制剂高效酶解天然纤维素的关键因素。本文尝试构建高效表达里氏木霉Cel5A的毕赤酵母重组菌株以弥补目前Cel5A的天然分泌不足,通过基因密码子偏好性优化里氏木霉Cel5A基因和构建表达载体p PIC9K-eg2,并将其电转入毕赤酵母GS115以构建重组子,利用浓度梯度平板和摇瓶发酵筛选获得一株高产毕赤酵母Pichia pastoris菌株GS115-EGⅡ。重组酶的酶学性质分析显示,该酶分子量50 k Da、最适p H(p H 4.5)略有降低及最适反应温度为60℃,专一性地作用于非结晶纤维素,与天然里氏木霉Cel5A并无明显区别。通过摇瓶发酵的初步优化,该菌摇瓶培养条件:培养温度28℃、起始p H 5.0、接种量2%、每24 h添加甲醇1.5%(V/V)、每24 h添加山梨醇4 g/L及吐温80添加4 g/L,发酵192 h重组酶酶活达到24.0 U/m L。进一步上罐(5 L)发酵180 h,该重组酶Cel5A酶活高达270.9 U/m L,蛋白含量达到4.16 g/L。重组毕赤酵母P.pastoris GS115-EGⅡ是一株适合于外源表达Cel5A的工程菌,该重组酶可替代天然分泌Cel5A适用于当前酶基生物炼制模式下木质纤维素基质高效水解中。     

丝状真菌降解转化纤维素的机制与遗传改良前景

丝状真菌可以分泌大量纤维素酶及辅助酶来降解纤维素底物,也是目前工业上纤维素酶的主要生产者。回顾并综述了丝状真菌降解转化纤维素的酶系和机制进展,详细总结了组学研究在纤维素酶研究上的新成果,并探讨了提高丝状真菌酶系效率和产量的遗传改良策略。     

丝状真菌降解转化纤维素的机制与遗传改良前景简

丝状真菌可以分泌大量纤维素酶及辅助酶来降解纤维素底物,也是目前工业上纤维素酶的主要生产者。回顾并综述了丝状真菌降解转化纤维素的酶系和机制进展,详细总结了组学研究在纤维素酶研究上的新成果,并探讨了提高丝状真菌酶系效率和产量的遗传改良策略。     

草酸青霉YTY及其突变体解磷能力、pH和分泌有机酸的关系

本研究利用离子束-UV复合诱变草酸青霉YTY选育高效解磷突变体,分析了出发菌株YTY及其突变体解磷过程中的解磷能力、pH和有机酸的变化及其相关性,探讨草酸青霉的解磷机理。结果表明: 离子束-UV复合诱变选育获得5株高效解磷突变株P9-8、P9-9、P15-4、P15-6和P15-7,解磷能力均较YTY提高60%以上。解磷过程中突变株解磷能力及解磷速率均高于YTY,而pH显著低于YTY,同时,突变体分泌有机酸种类及含量发生了不同程度的变化,突变体和YTY均可分泌乳酸、乙酸和草酸,P9-8还产生了柠檬酸。皮尔逊相关分析显示,YTY及5株突变株的解磷能力和pH值呈显著负相关;YTY及其突变体(P15-4除外)的解磷能力与有机酸浓度和pH呈显著相关。分泌有机酸和降低环境pH值可能是草酸青霉解磷的内在机制,离子束-UV复合诱变可引起草酸青霉YTY有机酸分泌种类和分泌量的变化,还可能诱发YTY启动其他H⁺释放途径降低pH参与解磷。本研究为高效解磷青霉的开发及青霉解磷机理阐明提供了生物材料及理论依据。     

粗糙脉孢菌丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶家族基因敲除库纤维素酶表达分泌研究

【目的】蛋白磷酸化在丝状真菌细胞对外界纤维素酶诱导信号感应以及信号胞内的传导过程中有着重要的作用,而蛋白磷酸化是由蛋白激酶来完成的。为了挖掘在丝状真菌纤维素酶表达过程中发挥重要作用的激酶基因,对粗糙脉孢菌丝氨酸/苏氨酸家族的61株蛋白激酶单基因突变体的纤维素酶表达分泌情况进行了分析测定。【方法】在以微晶纤维素为唯一碳源的条件下,7株单基因突变体胞外分泌蛋白产量有显著变化,随后,对这7株突变体胞外蛋白进行了详细的SDS-PAGE分析和内切-β-1,4-葡聚糖酶酶活、β-葡萄糖苷酶酶活、外切纤维素酶酶活以及木聚糖酶酶活的测定。【结果】突变株W14、W38、W87和W40胞外分泌蛋白含量提高了30%以上,除了突变株W14外,其它突变体的内切-β-1,4-葡聚糖酶酶活分别显著提高了62%、42%和42%。而突变株W85、W26和W46胞外分泌蛋白含量降低了50%以上,相对应的内切-β-1,4-葡聚糖酶酶活也分别下降了86%、75%和84%。【结论】这些关于粗糙脉孢菌丝氨酸/苏氨酸家族蛋白激酶基因的挖掘,为进一步深入研究蛋白激酶在纤维素酶诱导表达调控中的分子机理奠定了基础。     

2种纤维素酶水解效果比较及酶蛋白组分分析

比较了自产纤维素酶和商品纤维素酶的水解效果,并采用超滤、层析、SDS-PAGE相结合的方法分析2种纤维素酶蛋白组分的差异。里氏木霉以纸浆为C源合成的自产纤维素酶的水解得率高于商品纤维素酶,自产纤维素酶水解48h的得率为66.24%,商品纤维素酶的得率为52.19%。自产纤维素酶中存在着Cel6A酶组分和XYNⅡ酶组分,而商品纤维素酶中没有检测到这2种酶组分。自产纤维素酶和商品纤维素酶的Cel1A酶组分和Cel7A酶组分间存在着分布和含量上的差异。自产纤维素酶在相对分子质量(2.5～3.5)×104范围内存在着几条蛋白条带,而商品纤维素酶则是在相对分子质量3.5×104附近存在着几条蛋白条带。     

斜卧青霉去泛素化蛋白酶CREB的缺失提高纤维素酶的生产

斜卧青霉Penicillium decumbens T.是1种重要的产纤维素酶丝状真菌,能有效地降解利用木质纤维素生产第2代生物燃料。为了提高斜卧青霉纤维素酶的产量,构建了去泛素化酶基因creB的敲除盒,并通过同源双交换重组的方法,获得了creB基因缺失突变株ΔcreB。该突变株呈现明显的纤维素酶表达分泌抗葡萄糖代谢阻遏效应,ΔcreB菌株的滤纸酶活、内切纤维素酶活、木聚糖酶活以及外切纤维素酶活分别提高1.8倍、1.71倍、2.06倍以及2.04倍,其胞外蛋白质含量提高了2.68倍。确定了creB基因缺失突变株具有抗碳源代谢物阻遏的生理现象,CREB对斜卧青霉生产纤维素酶的能力具有显著影响,为系统改造丝状真菌高产纤维素酶菌株提供了理论指导。     

草酸青霉的植物多糖降解酶基因表达调控的研究进展

植物生物质是地球上最丰富的可再生资源,对其生物炼制可生产高附加值的生物基产品。生物炼制需要使用植物多糖降解酶(plant-polysaccharide-degrading enzymes,PPDEs),如纤维素酶、木聚糖酶和生淀粉酶。丝状真菌草酸青霉(Penicillium oxalicum)能分泌完整的具有高活力的植物多糖降解酶,但其产量低限制了大规模生产及应用。草酸青霉中植物多糖降解酶的生物合成受到多种调控因子包括转录因子的严格调控。本文主要介绍在以植物生物质甘蔗渣和木薯生淀粉为原料的生物炼制中,涉及的一些关键微生物方面的问题,如从高产植物多糖降解酶的真菌菌株的筛选、育种,到草酸青霉植物多糖降解酶合成及其基因表达的调控基因的鉴定,以及酶产量提高的工程菌株的构建等,为丝状真菌资源的开发与利用提供理论指导。     

农杆菌介导海洋草酸青霉转化体系及聚酮合酶Pks生物学功能*

为研究南海柳珊瑚共附生草酸青霉SCSGAF0023的聚酮合酶(PKS)生物学功能,采用农杆菌介导法构建草酸青霉SCSGAF0023的Pks敲除株ΔPks,比较野生菌株及ΔPks的生长发育及环境适应性差异。以草酸青霉SCSGAF0023分生孢子为受体,p0380-hygB为双元载体,成功实现草酸青霉SCSGAF0023的遗传转化。结果表明:农杆菌浓度为OD₆₀₀=0.5,在200μmol/L 乙酰丁香酮(AS)诱导下与10⁷个/ml草酸青霉SCSGAF0023孢子于25℃共孵育时转化效率最高。基于上述转化体系,成功获得Pks敲除株ΔPks,并首次证实Pks正向调控草酸青霉SCSGAF0023产孢,但不影响其对环境的适应性。这为进一步系统研究真菌PKSs及聚酮化合物对真菌生长发育与环境适应性的影响提供素材。     

Asn64-glycosylation affects Hypocrea jecorina (syn. Trichoderma reesei) cellobiohydrolase Cel7A activity expressed in Pichia pastoris

In this study, four N-glycosylation sites, Asn45, Asn64, Asn270 and Asn384 of Hypocrea jecorina (syn. Trichoderma reesei) Cel7A (family 7 cellobiohydrolase I) were replaced by serines using site-directed mutagenesis. These four mutants and wild type H. jecorina Cel7A gene were transformed into P. pastoris, and the recombinant enzymes were purified and analyzed. The enzymatic activities of recombinant Cel7A (rCel7A), and mutants N45S, N270S and N384S were very low while mutant N64S displayed about seven times higher activity than that of rCel7A, and about 10% of the wild-type Cel7A activity from H. jecorina. The results indicate that N-glycosylation of Asn64 had an effect on the activity of the Cel7A enzyme expressed in P. pastoris, and that glycosylation at this site would be only a subordinate reason for the low activity of the recombinant enzyme.     

~(32)P示踪法研究溶磷真菌对磷肥转化固定和有效性的影响

采用³²P示踪技术,研究了溶磷青霉菌P8对肥料磷与土壤有效磷的转化、固定和有效性的影响.结果表明,溶磷青霉菌菌剂能够增加玉米、花生的生物量,促进作物对土壤和肥料磷素的吸收;溶磷菌剂具有防止有效磷转化为难溶Ca₁₀-P的作用,增加有效态磷(Ca₂-³²P、Ca₈-³²P)的比例.随时间延长,施入的³²P转化为Ca₁₀-P的数量(或比例)逐渐增加,但是相对于未接种菌剂处理,接种青霉菌菌剂的土壤磷和肥料磷转化为Ca₁₀-P比例最低.溶磷青霉菌菌剂不仅能够防止有效磷向难溶磷Ca₁₀-P的转化,而且其效果能够维持较长时间.     

Augmentation of Soil with Sporangia of Actinoplanes spp. for Biological Control of Pythium Damping-off

A method was developed for applying strains of Actinoplanes spp. that are hyper-parasites of oospores of Pythium ultimum to soil for reducing Pythium damping-off of plants. The method is based on the augmentation of soil with sporangia of a strain of Actinoplanes spp. borne on clay granules. In vitro sporulation of strains K30, W57, W257 and 25844 was: (1) greater for most strains on dilute Czapek-Dox agar than on four other agar media; (2) inhibited by continuous exposure to fluorescent light of intensity 4-150 μEm^-2s^-1, but not by exposure to 1 μEm^-2s^-1 or darkness; (3) greater at 20-307deg;C than at 10°C;and (4) greater at pH 6-7 than at pH 5 or 8. On solid carriers treated with dilute Czapek-Dox broth (pH 7) and incubated in the dark at 30°C for 3 weeks, strains sporulated poorly or not at all on vermiculite, perlite and rice hulls, but sporulated abundantly (10⁷-10⁹ colony-forming units (CFU) g^-1 of granules) on montmorillonite clay granules. When strains 25844, W57 and W257 were applied as granules (4 10⁷ - 4 × 10⁸ CFU g^-1) at 5% (w/w) to field plots infested with 750-1000 oospores of P. ultimum g^-1 of soil, only strain 25844 consistently increased emergence and reduced root rot of table beets 8- 1 at 24-28 days after planting compared with controls. Strain 25844 (10⁸ CFU g^-1 of granules) at 1% (w/w) also increased the emergence of bush beans at 28 days after planting in P. ultimum-infested plots, but lower rates were ineffective. The inoculum viability of strain 25844 on clay granules declined 100-fold during 2 months of storage at 5-35°C, but thereafter remained stable for another 4 months. Strain 25844 on 6-month-old granules retained a high degree of hyper-parasitic activity toward oospores of P. ultimum. Augmentation of field soil with sporangia of Actinoplanes spp. is a valid approach to the biological control of pythium damping-off.     

Laboratory investigations on the potential of entomopathogenic fungi for biocontrol of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae and pupae

The susceptibility of third instar Helicoverpa armigera to seven strains of three entomopathogenic fungal species, i.e. Metarhizium anisopliae, Beauveria bassiana and Paecilomyces fumosoroseus, was tested under laboratory conditions using the larval immersion method. High efficacies ranging from 68 to 100% corrected mortality were recorded with more profound effects in treatments with B. bassiana and P. fumosoroseus strains. The median lethal concentration (LC₅₀) for L3 was 6.0×10⁵ in M. anisopliae 79, 1.5×10⁵ in B. bassiana 124 and 4.2×10⁴ in P. fumosoroseus 14. These three strains were further used to characterize the age-dependent mortality of different larval stages (L2-L5) and the effect against pupae of H. armigera. Larval stages did not differ in their mortality but differed i in median lethal time, with shorter values recorded in the second instar. Tested fungi also caused a high reduction between 74.4 and 100% in the emergence of pupae using the soil inoculation method and the pupal immersion technique. All three fungal species, especially P. fumosoroseus, have a high potential for biocontrol of H. armigera larvae and also as a soil treatment targeting the pupae.     

Lamb and milk production of Awassi and East-Friesian sheep and their crosses under Mediterranean environment

Data on lambs born per ewe put to the ram (LB/EP), lambs born per ewe lambing (LB/EL), milk production through lactation and lactation length up to six lambings of 603 Awassi (A), East-Friesian (EF), A × EF (F1), F1 × F1 (F2), EF × F1 (1/4A), 1/4A × F1 (3/8A¹) and 3/8A¹ × 3/8A¹ (3/8A²) ewes bred in the same flock in the years 1956–1971 were analysed. The data were obtained from 2293 ewe-years, 1993 lambings and 1698 lactations. Genotype, age at lambing and sire within genotype had an (P < 0.05) effect on each trait. Effect of year of birth, genotype by age at lambing interaction and genotype by year of birth interaction were significant (P < 0.05) for milk production but not for lamb production. The effects of litter size on milk yield and lactation length were not significant. Least squares means (LSM) of LB/EP were highest in 3/8A² (1.48) and lowest in Awassi (0.98). LSMs of LB/EL were highest in EF (1.60), and lowest in Awassi (1.11). The LSMs of milk yield of A, F1, F2 and 3/8A² were similar, ranging from 223 to 248.1. The milk yield of EF was the lowest: only 161 1. The LSMs for lactation length were similar in all genotypes, about 198 days except for 1/4A and EF which had shorter (P < 0.05) lactations. The Awassi-transmitted effects were positive (P < 0.001) for lactation length and milk yield, and negative (P < 0.001) for LB/EL. Heterosis (P < 0.001) was found for LB/EL, milk yield and lactation length. Recombination effect was not significant for any trait.     

Production and purification of a novel thermostable phytase by Pichia pastoris FPHY34

A genetically engineered Pichia pastoris FPHY34 strain containing a 1.3 kb thermostable phytase gene (fphy) evolved by DNA shuffling was constructed and screened. Expression and purification conditions for the recombinant phytase were developed in this study. The effect of Pi on recombinant phytase expression and cell growth of P. pastoris FPHY34 was tested in shake flask culture. Optimization of carbon sources for cell growth and methanol feeding strategies for phytase expression in P. pastoris FPHY34 was carried out in a 50-L fermenter by fed-batch fermentation. The purification of phytase was investigated by micro-filtration and ultra-filtration followed by desalting, ion-exchange chromatography, and gel filtration in the ÄKTA system. It showed that the optimum inorganic phosphorus is 13.6 g L⁻¹ and that glucose can be used as a substrate for P. pastoris cell growth instead of glycerol; the biomass yield of glycerol (Y_X/S) is slightly higher than that of glucose. Different profiles of lag phase and respiratory quotient (RQ) displayed between glucose and glycerol as the sole carbon source. The maximum phytase activity in per millimetre reached 2508 U mL⁻¹ at a methanol feed rate of 3.0 mL L⁻¹ h⁻¹ after 80 h period of induction. A purification factor of 41.1 with a 32% yield was achieved after chromatographic purification. The specific enzyme activity was 80 U mg⁻¹ and 3281 U mg⁻¹ in that supernatant fraction and after gel filtration purification, respectively. The strain P. pastoris FPHY34 showed a promising application in phytase industrial production.     

Cloning, expression, and characterization of novel thermostable family 7 cellobiohydrolases

As part of the effort to find better cellulases for bioethanol production processes, we were looking for novel GH-7 family cellobiohydrolases, which would be particularly active on insoluble polymeric substrates and participate in the rate-limiting step in the hydrolysis of cellulose. The enzymatic properties were studied and are reported here for family 7 cellobiohydrolases from the thermophilic fungi Acremonium thermophilum, Thermoascus aurantiacus, and Chaetomium thermophilum. The Trichoderma reesei Cel7A enzyme was used as a reference in the experiments. As the native T. aurantiacus Cel7A has no carbohydrate-binding module (CBM), recombinant proteins having the CBM from either the C. thermophilum Cel7A or the T. reesei Cel7A were also constructed. All these novel acidic cellobiohydrolases were more thermostable (by 4-10 degrees C) and more active (two- to fourfold) in hydrolysis of microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel) at 45 degrees C than T. reesei Cel7A. The C. thermophilum Cel7A showed the highest specific activity and temperature optimum when measured on soluble substrates. The most effective enzyme for Avicel hydrolysis at 70 degrees C, however, was the 2-module version of the T. aurantiacus Cel7A, which was also relatively weakly inhibited by cellobiose. These results are discussed from the structural point of view based on the three-dimensional homology models of these enzymes.     

Screening the physical properties of novel Pseudomonas exopolysaccharides by HPSEC with multi-angle light scattering and viscosity detection

The physical properties of three novel acidic exopolysaccharides obtained from P. marginalis types A, B and C, one from P. ‘gingen’, one from P. andropogenis and one from P. fluorescens have been partially characterized. These EPSs were chromatographed on three serially placed SE Shodex OH pak columns covering a molar mass range for pullulans from about 4 × 10⁷ to 1 × 10³. The mobile phase was 0.05 M NaNO₃. Physical measurements were performed on about 30 mg of sample for each EPS. The weight average molar mass of these EPSs ranged from about 0.71 to 2.85 × 10⁶, the weight average intrinsic viscosity from 7.15 to 35.3 dl/ g and the radius of gyration from 62 to 123nm. The polydispersities of these EPSs ranged from 1.01 to 1.37. The large molar mass, size and viscosities of these EPSs may indicate that they have potential for use as thickeners, stabilizers, emulsifiers, and gelling agents in the food and non-food industries.