水稻黄叶少分蘖突变体yllt1的鉴定及基因定位

采用~(60)Co-γ射线诱变籼稻(Oryza sativa subsp.indica)保持系‘T98B’获得一份兼具黄叶和少分蘖表型的突变体yllt1(yellow leaf and less tillering 1),利用色素含量测定、构建显隐性混池和基因表达量测定等方法从表型和遗传层面对其遗传特征进行分析。结果显示:yllt1苗期叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量为野生型水稻品种‘T98B’的77.78%和60.00%,叶绿体发育异常,缺乏功能性叶绿体类囊体片层;其分蘖盛期的单株分蘖数为野生型的21.43%。遗传分析发现,在突变体yllt1与‘T98B’的杂交F_2群体中,黄叶与少分蘖性状的重组率为0.00%,表明yllt1同时控制叶色与分蘖表型; yllt1呈隐性遗传,受一个细胞核基因独立控制。该研究进一步采用连锁分析法将yllt1精细定位到第11染色体上,经测序分析推断发生了突变的登录号为LOC_Os11g05552的基因是yllt1的目的基因;该基因编码叶绿体前体信号识别颗粒54 kD(cpSRP54)蛋白,其第1外显子的第29位碱基C发生了缺失,将造成其蛋白产物从N-端至C-端氨基酸组成的严重破坏。RT-qPCR分析结果显示,yllt1叶中叶绿素合成基因OsCAO1、OsCAO2与OsNOL等的表达量明显下调;茎中分蘖正向调控基因OsTAC1受到显著抑制,而负调控基因OsTB1与OsDLT的表达量明显增强。研究结果表明cpSRP54同时参与了水稻叶色和分蘖的调控。     

水稻黄绿叶突变体ygl-63的特征和基因定位

叶绿体的正常发育对于植物至关重要,突变体研究是探明叶绿体发育过程中基因功能的有效途径。叶色突变体已引起人们广泛的关注,通过对各种植物材料的研究,叶色突变的分子机制已取得一定进展,但远未被阐明,尤其在水稻当中。目前,已报道的水稻叶色突变体,主要表现为黄化、白化、亮绿、条斑条纹、温敏变色、转绿和转紫等。该研究使用甲基磺酸乙酯( EMS)处理粳稻日本晴,获得一份遗传稳定的突变体ygl-63,其整个生育期叶片均表现为黄绿色。通过测定ygl-63和野生型苗期叶片的叶绿素含量发现,ygl-63中叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量与野生型相比分别下降了31.9％、42.2％和34.1％,同时叶绿素a/b值较野生型增加。这表明叶绿素含量的降低是导致ygl-63黄绿叶突变性状的主要原因,并且叶绿素b的降幅大于叶绿素a。在成熟后调查主要农艺性状发现ygl-63单株有效穗数和结实率分别减少8.9％和8.5％;千粒重增加10.4％;而株高,穗长和每穗着粒数和野生型相比差异并不显著。通过测量微量元素发现,ygl-63种子中的铁和锌含量较野生型显著降低,分别减少85.7％和64.8％。将ygl-63与正常绿色品种明恢63杂交获得F1和F2群体,进行遗传分析发现,ygl-63突变性状受1对隐性基因控制,通过基因定位,将该基因定位到水稻第11染色体长臂的分子标记InDel-3和InDel-5之间约2.4 cM范围内。该基因被认为是一个新的水稻叶色突变基因,暂命名为ygl-63( g)。所得结果为今后对ygl-63( g)基因的进一步研究奠定了基础。     

水稻多分蘖矮秆突变体htd1-2的遗传分析和基因定位

文章所采用的多分蘖矮秆突变体为htd1-2(high-tillering dwarf 1-2), 是野生型籼稻品种9311经350Gy的60Co- g射线辐射处理后产生的后代中选育出来的稳定多分蘖矮秆突变体。遗传分析表明, 突变体htd1-2多分蘖矮秆性状是由一对隐性核基因的突变造成的。文章利用简单重复序列(Simple sequence repeat, SSR)、酶切扩增多态性序列(Cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence, CAPS)和衍生型CAPS(derived CAPS, dCAPS)等分子标记的方法, 最终将多分蘖矮秆基因HIGH-TILLERING DWARF1-2(HTD1-2)定位在水稻第4号染色体116 kb的物理区间内。在该物理区间内有一个已经克隆的控制水稻分蘖的基因HIGH-TILLERING DWARF1(HTD1), 经过测序比对和dCAPS特异性分析, 认为HTD1就是HTD1-2基因。尽管突变体htd1与突变体htd1-2是等位基因的不同位点发生突变, 但是由于遗传背景的不同, 两者表型并不完全相同。此外, 通过去除分蘖芽的实验证明了突变体htd1-2的矮化部分是由于分蘖过多造成的。     

水稻黄绿叶调控基因YGL18的克隆与功能解析

叶色突变体往往伴随着叶绿素含量变化及叶绿体结构异常,是研究叶绿体发育与光合作用相关基因功能的重要材料。该研究通过甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)诱变籼稻(Oryzasativasubsp.indica)品种华占(HZ)获得黄绿叶突变体,将其命名为ygl18 (yellow-green leaf 18)。与野生型相比,黄绿叶突变体ygl18自三叶期起叶片开始变黄且程度不断加深,同时伴随着光合速率与叶绿素含量下降,且结实率、千粒重及有效穗数均显著降低。透射电镜观察结果显示, ygl18的叶绿体结构紊乱,基质片层疏松,发育受到抑制,与叶片出现黄绿色表型一致。遗传分析表明, ygl18突变性状受1对隐性等位核基因控制,这对等位基因位于水稻第3号染色体长臂标记InDel2和InDel3之间115.2 kb范围内。进一步研究发现该突变体表型是编码铁氧还蛋白FdC2的基因LOC＿Os03g48040的5’UTR发生突变所致。通过CRISPR转基因实验验证了该基因对表型的控制作用。研究结果揭示了叶色调控网络的遗传基础,可为今后选育高光效水稻品种提供新线索。     

水稻叶色基因克隆与分子机制研究进展

叶色突变体是研究水稻光合作用、叶绿素合成与降解及其生长发育调控机制的重要材料,而且在水稻杂交制种、提高生物量等方面具有较高的实际应用价值。目前,超过120个水稻叶色相关基因被克隆,分布在水稻12条染色体上,其中第3号染色体克隆的基因最多。水稻叶色调控机制涉及多个调控途径,包括色素生物合成与降解、质体转录复合物、转录后修饰、核质信号转导、叶绿体蛋白酶以及转录因子与表观遗传。本文从水稻叶色遗传机理与基因克隆、分子调控机制及其在水稻育种上的应用进行了总结与展望,以期为水稻高光合育种及挖掘适用于杂交制种的水稻叶色种质资源提供依据。     

一份水稻矮杆小粒突变体的形态特征和基因定位

从水稻T-DNA插入突变体库中鉴定出一个矮杆小粒突变体t129,该突变体与野生型植株相比,植株明显矮化,籽粒粒长明显缩短,千粒重下降。遗传分析表明,t129的突变性状由一对隐性核基因控制,该基因(T129)经图位克隆定位于水稻第5染色体长臂上,引物InDel43和InDel57之间,物理距离为430 kb,并与标记InDel51共分离。本研究明确了该矮杆小粒突变体的表型特征及遗传规律,为进一步研究调控水稻株高和粒型基因奠定基础。     

一个新的番茄黄绿叶突变体表型鉴定与遗传分析

植物黄绿叶突变体不但在植物的光合作用、叶绿素的合成代谢途径、叶绿体的遗传分化与发育等一系列基础研究中具有重要作用,而且还可以作为标记性状应用到育种研究上。本研究以前期化学诱变得到的一个番茄黄绿叶突变体为材料,对其主要表型与光合作用特征特性进行鉴定分析,发现突变体从第1片真叶开始变黄,植株矮小,叶片叶绿素含量和净光合速率相对野生型极显著降低,叶绿体类囊体片层结构畸形。突变体和野生型进行正反交,分析其遗传方式。发现其F2群体正常叶与黄绿叶的分离比为3∶1,表明黄绿叶是由单个基因突变引起的隐性性状。本研究为后期的基因定位研究奠定了基础。     

一个新的水稻D17/HTD1基因等位突变体的分子鉴定

株高和分蘖是水稻重要的农艺性状,直接影响到产量。本研究从粳稻品种日本晴的组培苗后代中分离出一个可稳定遗传的半矮化多分蘖突变体t489,相比野生型,突变体株高明显下降、分蘖能力明显增强。遗传分析表明该性状受1对隐性基因控制。进一步基因鉴定发现,突变体中编码植物激素独脚金内酯(SLs,Strigolactones)合成途径中的类胡萝卜素裂解双加氧酶7即D17/HTD1基因编码区第916 bp位置的碱基由G突变为T,导致蛋白翻译提前终止,仅编码305个氨基酸组成的蛋白,但此突变并未造成该基因转录水平的改变。基于此突变位点开发的dCAPS-D17标记与突变体和日本晴构建的BC1F2群体中的矮化多分蘖植株共分离,这表明G916T突变与表型相关,t489可能是一个新的D17/HTD1等位突变体。     

水稻幼苗条纹突变体yss1的转录组分析

利用60Co辐射诱变籼稻品种"Ⅱ-32B",筛选得到一个水稻幼苗条纹突变体yss1,该突变体在水稻五叶期前表现出明显的条纹叶表型;色素分析表明yss1叶片中叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量明显低于野生型,五叶期后突变体和野生型无显著差异。利用转录组分析水稻三叶期野生型和突变体yss1中的基因表达,表明与野生型相比,yss1中表达差异显著的基因432个,其中274个表达上调,158个表达下调。GO分析显示叶绿素合成途径中多数基因表达上调,类胡萝卜素合成过程中的相关基因受到不同程度地调控。因此,推测YSS1基因通过调节叶绿素和类胡萝卜素合成过程中的基因表达,进而调控光合色素的合成。     

DMT1编码一个丝氨酸/半胱氨酸蛋白酶调控水稻分蘖并参与干旱胁迫响应

水稻分蘖的形成是一个复杂的过程,受到环境及遗传因素的影响,合适的分蘖可以显著提高水稻产量.本研究利用甲基磺酸乙酯(ethyl methanesulfonate, EMS)诱变粳稻秀水11得到一份矮化、多分蘖突变体,将其命名为dwarf and multiple tillers 1(dmt1),并对其进行表型观察,生理生化分析,遗传分析,基因定位和激素处理.结果发现,在dmt1在分蘖期出现株高变矮,叶片面积变小,分蘖数增多等特征.遗传分析表明,该dmt1为单隐性核基因控制,图位克隆的结果显示, DMT1位于第4染色体上,编码一个丝氨酸/半胱氨酸蛋白酶,是NAL1的等位基因.亚细胞定位的结果表明, DMT1蛋白在细胞核、细胞质和叶绿体上均有表达.为探究该基因突变是否会影响水稻对激素的敏感程度,本研究通过施加外源激素发现dmt1地上部分对NAA敏感程度降低,而地下部分对于GA3敏感程度升高.并且在dmt1中生长素合成相关基因表达量降低.通过干旱处理发现dmt1的耐旱能力下降,在干旱胁迫下dmt1的发芽率降低.由实验可得, DMT1突变会导致植株产生株高变矮,分蘖增多的表型,通过qRT-PCR...     

Identification and characterization of a locus (RTM1) that restricts long‐distance movement of tobacco etch virus in Arabidopsis thaliana

The chloroplast homolog of the 54 kDa subunit of signal recognition particle is required for the in vitro targeting of chlorophyll a/b binding proteins (LHCP) to the thylakoid membrane. To explore the function of cpSRP54 in vivo, plants that are mutated in cpSRP54 function were generated. Dominant negative forms of cpSRP54 altered in single amino acids within the conserved guanine nucleotide binding domain were expressed in Arabidopsis. Transformed plants contained less than 30% of the wild-type level of cpSRP54 protein. As a consequence of the reduced cpSRP54 protein content, the first emerging leaves were yellow and contained immature chloroplasts. Although the chlorophyll (chl) content of the leaves was reduced by 75%, the chl a/b ratio was unaffected, indicating a role of cpSRP54 in the biogenesis of proteins besides LHCP. Many chloroplast proteins were less abundant in the first emerging leaves, including non-pigmented proteins, thylakoid proteins known to be targeted by alternative pathways, and soluble proteins. These observations indicate that the cpSRP54 mutation also has a pleiotropic effect on chloroplast biogenesis. Whereas the level of cpSRP54 remained low as the plants aged, leaves emerging subsequently had a wild-type appearance, suggesting that the adult plants compensated for the reduction in cpSRP54 protein.     

Double mutation cpSRP43--/cpSRP54-- is necessary to abolish the cpSRP pathway required for thylakoid targeting of the light-harvesting chlorophyll proteins

Biochemical and genetic studies have established that the light-harvesting chlorophyll proteins (LHCPs) of the photosystems use the cpSRP (chloroplast signal recognition particle) pathway for their targeting to thylakoids. Previous analyses of single cpSRP mutants, chaos and ffc, deficient in cpSRP43 and cpSRP54, respectively, have revealed that half of the LHCPs are still integrated into the thylakoid membranes. Surprisingly, the effects of both mutations are additive in the double mutant ffc/chaos described here. This mutant has pale yellow leaves at all stages of growth and drastically reduced levels of all the LHCPs except Lhcb 4. Although the chloroplasts have a normal shape, the thylakoid structure is affected by the mutation, probably as a consequence of reduction of all the LHCPs. ELIPs (early light-inducible proteins), nuclear-encoded proteins related to the LHCP family and inducible by light stress, were also drastically reduced in the double mutant. However, proteins targeted by other chloroplastic targeting pathways (DeltapH, Sec and spontaneous pathways) accumulated to similar levels in the wild-type and the double mutant. Therefore, the near total loss of LHCPs and ELIPs in the double mutant suggests that cpSRP is the predominant, if not exclusive, targeting pathway for these proteins. Phenotypic analysis of the double mutant, compared to the single mutants, suggests that the cpSRP subunits cpSRP43 and cpSRP54 contribute to antenna targeting in an independent but additive way.     

Arabidopsis Mutants Lacking the 43- and 54-Kilodalton Subunits of the Chloroplast Signal Recognition Particle Have Distinct Phenotypes

The chloroplast signal recognition particle (cpSRP) is a protein complex consisting of 54- and 43-kD subunits encoded by the fifty-four chloroplast, which encodes cpSRP54 (ffc), and chaos (cao) loci, respectively. Two new null alleles in the ffc locus have been identified. ffc1-1 is caused by a stop codon in exon 10, while ffc1-2 has a large DNA insertion in intron 8. ffc mutants have yellow first true leaves that subsequently become green. The reaction center proteins D1, D2, and psaA/B, as well as seven different light-harvesting chlorophyll proteins (LHCPs), were found at reduced levels in the young ffc leaves but at wild-type levels in the older leaves. The abundance of the two types of LHCP was unaffected by the mutation, while two others were increased in the absence of cpSRP54. Null mutants in the cao locus contain reduced levels of the same subset of LHCP proteins as ffc mutants, but are distinguishable in four ways: young leaves are greener, the chlorophyll a/b ratio is elevated, levels of reaction center proteins are normal, and there is no recovery in the level of LHCPs in the adult plant. The data suggest that cpSRP54 and cpSRP43 have some nonoverlapping roles and that alternative transport pathways can compensate for the absence of a functional cpSRP.     

Genetic characterization and molecular mapping of a chlorophyll deficiency gene in sunflower (Helianthus annuus)

A major gene controlling chlorophyll deficiency (phenotyped by yellow leaf color, yl) in sunflower was identified and mapped in an F(2) population derived from a cross between two breeding lines. Greenness degree was scored by a hand-held chlorophyll meter in the F(2) population. Leaf tissue from the parents, F(1) hybrids, and some F(2) progenies were also sampled to determine the chlorophyll content. All F(1) plants had normal green leaf color and the segregation of the plants in the F(2) population fits the monogenic ratio (chi((3:1))(2)=0.03, p>0.9), indicating that leaf color is a monogenic trait with normal green dominant over yellow leaf color in this population. The contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll in the yellow-leafed lines were reduced by 41.6%, 53.5%, and 44.3%, respectively, in comparison with those in the green-leafed lines. Genetic mapping with molecular markers positioned the gene, yl, to linkage group 10 of sunflower. An SSR marker, ORS 595, cosegregated with yl, and a TRAP marker, B26P17ga5-300, was linked to yl with a genetic distance of 4.2cM. The molecular marker tightly linked to the chlorophyll deficiency gene will provide insight into the process of chlorophyll metabolism in sunflower.     

Quantitative proteomics of a chloroplast SRP54 sorting mutant and its genetic interactions with CLPC1 in Arabidopsis

cpSRP54 (for chloroplast SIGNAL RECOGNITION PARTICLE54) is involved in cotranslational and posttranslational sorting of thylakoid proteins. The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) cpSRP54 null mutant, ffc1-2, is pale green with delayed development. Western-blot analysis of individual leaves showed that the SRP sorting pathway, but not the SecY/E translocon, was strongly down-regulated with progressive leaf development in both wild-type and ffc1-2 plants. To further understand the impact of cpSRP54 deletion, a quantitative comparison of ffc2-1 was carried out for total leaf proteomes of young seedlings and for chloroplast proteomes of fully developed leaves using stable isotope labeling (isobaric stable isotope labeling and isotope-coded affinity tags) and two-dimensional gels. This showed that cpSRP54 deletion led to a change in light-harvesting complex composition, an increase of PsbS, and a decreased photosystem I/II ratio. Moreover, the cpSRP54 deletion led in young leaves to up-regulation of thylakoid proteases and stromal chaperones, including ClpC. In contrast, the stromal protein homeostasis machinery returned to wild-type levels in mature leaves, consistent with the developmental down-regulation of the SRP pathway. A differential response between young and mature leaves was also found in carbon metabolism, with an up-regulation of the Calvin cycle and the photorespiratory pathway in peroxisomes and mitochondria in young leaves but not in old leaves. The Calvin cycle was down-regulated in mature leaves to adjust to the reduced capacity of the light reaction, while reactive oxygen species defense proteins were up-regulated. The significance of ClpC up-regulation was confirmed through the generation of an ffc2-1 clpc1 double mutant. This mutant was seedling lethal under autotrophic conditions but could be partially rescued under heterotrophic conditions.     

Non-identical contributions of two membrane-bound cpSRP components, cpFtsY and Alb3, to thylakoid biogenesis

The insertion of light-harvesting chlorophyll proteins (LHCPs) into the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast is cpSRP-dependent, and requires the stromal components cpSRP54 and cpSRP43, the membrane-bound SRP receptor cpFtsY and the integral membrane protein Alb3. Previous studies demonstrated that the Arabidopsis mutant lacking both cpSRP54 and cpSRP43 had pale yellow leaves, but was viable, whereas the mutants lacking Alb3 exhibit an albino phenotype that is more severe and seedling lethality. We previously showed that a maize mutant lacking cpFtsY had a pale yellow-green phenotype and was seedling lethal. To compare the in vivo requirements of cpFtsY and Alb3 in thylakoid biogenesis in greater detail, we isolated Arabidopsis null mutants of cpftsY, and performed biochemical comparisons with the Arabidopsis alb3 mutant. Both cpftsY and alb3 null mutants were seedling lethal on a synthetic medium lacking sucrose, whereas on a medium supplemented with sucrose, they were able to grow to later developmental stages, but were mostly infertile. cpftsY mutant plants had yellow leaves in which the levels of LHCPs were reduced to 10-33% compared with wild type. In contrast, alb3 had yellowish white leaves, and the LHCP levels were less than or equal to 10% of those of wild type. Intriguingly, whereas accumulation of the Sec and Tat machineries were normal in both mutants, the Sec pathway substrate Cyt f was more severely decreased in the cpftsY mutant than in alb3, which may indicate a functional link between cpFtsY and Sec translocation machinery. These results suggest that cpFtsY and Alb3 have essentially similar, but slightly distinct, contributions to thylakoid biogenesis.     

The L18 domain of light-harvesting chlorophyll proteins binds to chloroplast signal recognition particle 43

Chloroplast signal recognition particle (cpSRP) is a novel type of SRP that contains a homolog of SRP54 and a 43-kDa subunit absent from all cytoplasmic SRPs but lacks RNA. It is also distinctive in its ability to post-translationally interact with light-harvesting chlorophyll proteins (LHCP), hydrophobic proteins synthesized in the cytoplasm and targeted to the thylakoid via the stroma. LHCP integration into thylakoid membranes requires the two subunits of cpSRP, cpFtsY, GTP, and the membrane protein ALB3. It had previously been shown that the L18 domain, an 18-amino acid peptide between the second and third transmembrane domains, and a hydrophobic domain are required for interaction with cpSRP. In the present study we used a pull-down assay, with cpSRP43 or cpSRP54 fused to glutathione-transferase, to study interactions between cpSRP43, cpSRP54, LHCP, and cpFtsY. cpFtsY was not observed to form significant interactions with any of the proteins even in the presence of nonhydrolyzable GTP analogs. Our data indicate that cpSRP43 binds to the L18 domain, that cpSRP54 binds to the hydrophobic domain, and that LHCP and cpSRP54 independently bind to cpSRP43. These data confirm that the novel post-translational interaction between LHCP and cpSRP is mediated through binding to cpSRP43.     

Isolation,characterization, and mapping of the stay green mutant in rice

Leaf color turns yellow during senescence due to the degradation of chlorophylls and photosynthetic proteins. A stay green mutant was isolated from the glutinous japonica rice Hwacheong-wx through N-methyl-N-nitrosourea mutagenesis. Leaves of the mutant remained green, while turning yellow in those of the wild-type rice during senescence. The stay green phenotype was controlled by a single recessive nuclear gene, tentatively symbolized as sgr(t). All the phenotypic characteristics of the mutant were the same as those of the wild-type lines except for the stay green trait. The leaf chlorophyll concentration of the mutant was similar to that of the wild-type before heading, but decreased steeply in the wild-type during grain filling, while very slowly in the mutant. However, no difference in photosynthetic activity was observed between the stay green mutant and the yellowing wild-type leaves, indicating that senescence is proceeding normally in the mutant leaves and that the mutation affects the rate of chlorophyll degradation during the leaf senescence. Using phenotypic and molecular markers, we mapped the sgr(t) locus to the long arm of chromosome 9 between RFLP markers RG662 and C985 at 1.8- and 2.1-cM intervals, respectively. Received: 29 April 2001 / Accepted: 17 July 2001     

Functional analysis of the protein-interacting domains of chloroplast SRP43

The chloroplast signal recognition particle (cpSRP) consists of an evolutionarily conserved 54-kDa subunit (cpSRP54) and a dimer of a unique 43-kDa subunit (cpSRP43). cpSRP binds light-harvesting chlorophyll proteins (LHCPs) to form a cpSRP/LHCP transit complex, which targets LHCP to the thylakoid membrane. Previous studies showed that transit complex formation is mediated through the binding of the L18 domain of LHCP to cpSRP43. cpSRP43 is characterized by a four-ankyrin repeat domain at the N terminus and two chromodomains at the C terminus. In the present study we used the yeast two-hybrid system and in vitro binding assays to analyze the function of different domains of cpSRP43 in protein complex formation. We report here that the first ankyrin repeat binds to the 18-amino acid domain on LHCP that binds to cpSRP43, whereas the third and fourth ankyrin repeats are involved in the dimerization of cpSRP43. We show further that the interaction of cpSRP43 with cpSRP54 is mediated via binding of the methionine-rich domain of cpSRP54 to the C-terminally located chromodomains of cpSRP43. Both chromodomains contain essential elements for binding cpSRP54, indicating that the closely spaced chromodomains together create a single binding site for cpSRP54. In addition, our data demonstrate that the interaction of cpSRP54 with the chromodomains of cpSRP43 is enhanced indirectly by the dimerization motif of cpSRP43.