野生稻不同外植体的离体培养

野生稻不同外植体离体培养时的幼穗愈伤组织诱导率差异在８．７％￣９４．７％之间,成熟种胚愈伤组织诱导率普遍高于幼穗,但很少能再生绿苗。野生稻幼穗直接分化培养再生绿苗率普遍高于通过愈伤组织培养分化的再生绿苗率。     

小麦×天兰冰草杂种体细胞愈伤组织诱导及无性系建立

从普通小麦×天兰冰草杂种F_1的叶、茎、节、幼穗诱导出愈伤组织,建立了体细胞无性系,获得了大量试管苗并移栽成活。 愈伤组织诱导率及分化率以幼穗最高,茎、节、叶较低。完全展开的叶片不能形成愈伤组织,未伸展的幼叶能诱导出愈伤组织,分化程度越低的幼叶部位越容易脱分化。幼叶基部切段的愈伤组织诱导率可达90％以上。改良MS附加4mg/l 2,4-D、0.1mg/l KT、0.5mg/l NAA为最佳愈伤组织诱导培养基。最适宜的分化培养基为改良MS附加0.25mg/l KT、0.5 mg/l NAA、150 mg/l腺嘌呤核苷。杂种的愈伤组织诱导率及分化率高于两个亲本。杂种的愈伤组织长势旺盛,适应性强等都表现了小冰麦杂种在组织培养中的杂种优势,而且这种再生能力杂种优势可以通过无性系得到保持。     

根癌农杆菌介导转化川草二号老芒麦胚性愈伤组织

以川草二号老芒麦成熟种子为外植体,经过对培养基的筛选和培养条件优化,建立了愈伤组织再生系统。转化载体为pCAMBIA1304质粒,其T—DNA上携有潮霉素抗性基因（hptII）和类产碱假单胞菌杀虫蛋白基因（ppIP）,经根癌农杆菌EHA105介导转化结构致窑、颗粒状、黄白色的胚性愈伤组织。通过潮霉素筛选和对抗性植株进行分子检测,获得了转基因植株。同时优化了农杆菌遗传基因转化的参数,建立了农杆菌介导的川草二号老芒麦程序化转基因方案。     

影响小麦幼穗组培效应的几个因素探讨

不同基本型小麦幼穗愈伤组织诱导能力及绿苗分化能力差异很大,根据原初愈伤组织状态实验材料划分为Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ 3种类型。Ⅱ型愈伤组织状态胚性较好;不同浓度ABA和幼穗提取液可使Ⅰ型和Ⅲ型愈伤组织向Ⅱ型发展,0．5－1．0mg.L^-1的ABA适于Ⅰ型向Ⅱ型的转化,20－25ml.L^-1的幼穗提取液适于Ⅲ型向Ⅱ型的转化,诱导培养基中不宜添加KT,0．5mg.L^-1的KT表现抑制作用。     

基因枪轰击谷子幼穗获得转基因植株

以ＪＱ－７００型国产基因枪轰击豫谷２号谷子幼穗,在１５０ｍｇ／Ｌ卡那霉素选择培养基上筛选到９０８块抗性愈伤组织,其中,绿芽块愈伤５块,共分化出１６株绿苗,组织化学检测ＧＵＳ表达,获得３株阳性植株,Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交证明１株为阳性。以轰击总外植体计算的转基因植株频率为０．０５％。     

二穗短柄草愈伤组织的诱导及农杆菌介导的遗传转化技术在本科实验教学中的应用

植物胚性愈伤组织诱导及再分化技术对植物培育及良种品质的选育有重要作用,但在目前高校本科实验教学中缺少相关内容。作者选用二穗短柄草这一单子叶模式植物作为实验材料,将二穗短柄草胚发育观察、愈伤组织诱导与再分化及农杆菌介导的遗传转化融合在一个实验中,并且对该实验做了细致的实践,设计了一整套适合本科实验教学的方案。该实验直观、系统地展示了愈伤组织诱导和农杆菌介导的遗传转化技术,不仅实验结果生动形象,而且能拓宽学生的实验技能和知识领域。该教学实验设计还为愈伤组织诱导及农杆菌介导的遗传转化技术在本科实验课程中的推广提供了有益建议。     

野牛草幼穗愈伤组织的诱导及植株再生

以野牛草[Buchloe dactyloides(Nutt．)Engelm．]幼穗为外植体,建立了愈伤组织诱导、继代培养和植株再生体系。结果表明,雌穗比雄穗难以脱分化形成愈伤组织;小于8mm雄幼穗在2mg／L2,4-D培养基上的愈伤组织诱导率为80．0％～86．8％;添加10mg／L AgNO3对愈伤组织诱导率影响不明显,但可改善愈伤组织质量。2mg／L 2,4-D结合0．1mg／L 6-BA的培养基有利于愈伤组织的继代培养;继代超过3次、继代间隔超过3周,愈伤组织分化能力明显下降。雄穗愈伤组织在含1．0mg／L 6-BA培养基上,弱光条件下分化出芽的频率较高,达31．8％～35．0％;附加3％麦芽糖既可减轻褐化程度,又利于丛生芽的分化。分化苗在1/2MS 0．3mg／L IBA培养基上的生根率为62．5％。     

硬粒小麦×蓝偃麦草属间杂种无性系的建立

本实验以“人民麦”ד天蓝偃麦草”成熟胚幼穗及“珂珂瑞特”ד天蓝偃麦草”F₁幼穗为外植体,在MS+2mg/L2,4-D的培养基上诱导愈伤组织,在无激素的MS培养基上诱导再生植株。产生胚性愈伤组织的频率最高为78.9%。植株再生方式为体细胞胚胎发生方式,再生频率最高为100%。胚性愈伤组织经13个月的继代培养仍具再生能力。发现一种特殊分化现象,既小花结构的分化,并对产生这种现象的原因进行了分析。     

硬粒小麦×天蓝偃麦草属间杂种无性系的建立

本实验以“人民麦”ד天蓝偃麦草”F_0成熟胚、F_1幼穗及“珂珂瑞特”ד天蓝偃麦草”F_1幼穗为外植体,在MS+2mg/L2,4-D的培养基上诱导愈伤组织,在无激素的MS培养基上诱导再生植株。产生胚性愈伤组织的频率最高为78.9％。植株再生方式为体细胞胚胎发生方式,再生频率最高为100％。胚性愈伤组织经13个月的继代培养仍具再生能力。发现一种特殊分化现象,即小花结构的分化,并对产生这种现象的原因进行了分析。     

不同抗生素对金发草愈伤组织生长分化的影响

该研究以金发草愈伤组织为材料,通过分析比较不同抗生素种类(卡那霉素、潮霉素、头孢噻呋钠和氨苄青霉素)和浓度对金发草愈伤组织生长分化的影响,来确定适用于金发草遗传转化体系中的抗性筛选剂和抑菌剂。结果表明：(1)金发草愈伤组织对卡那霉素很敏感,且其分化率随着卡那霉素浓度的增加显著减少( P＝0.01)。当卡那霉素浓度为10 mg·L-1时,金发草愈伤组织的生长分化受到明显抑制,且有大量的白化苗形成,但分化率仍有36.56％;当卡那霉素浓度为15 mg·L-1时,金发草愈伤组织的分化率为11.94％,只有很少部分的愈伤分化出绿色的丛生苗;当卡那霉素浓度为20 mg·L-1时,金发草愈伤组织基本褐化死亡,分化率仅为2.26％。因此,浓度为15 mg·L-1的卡那霉素适合作为金发草遗传转化体系中的抗性筛选剂。(2)金发草愈伤组织对潮霉素的敏感性要比卡那霉素弱,且潮霉素对金发草愈伤组织分化率的影响小,但毒害作用大。因此,潮霉素不适合作为金发草遗传转化体系中的抗性筛选剂。(3)300 mg·L-1的头孢霉素和氨苄青霉素对金发草愈伤组织生长分化影响很小且能有效抑制杂菌的生长,较高浓度的氨苄青霉素对金发草愈伤组织的抑制作用不太明显。因此,300 mg·L-1的头孢霉素和较高浓度的氨苄青霉素均可作为金发草遗传转化体系中的抑菌剂。该研究确定了适用于农杆菌介导的金发草遗传转化体系中的抗性筛选剂和抑菌剂,为金发草的遗传改良及功能性基因的研究奠定了基础。     

‘光叶蔷薇’器官间接再生体系的建立及GUS基因转化的初步研究

以‘光叶蔷薇’(Rosa wichuriana‘Basye's thornless’)无菌苗的顶生幼嫩小叶为外植体,探讨了其愈伤组织诱导及植株再生的方法。结果表明,高浓度的生长素NAA能诱导外植体产生愈伤组织;由NAA诱导的愈伤组织在附加TDZ的MS培养基上,先暗培养再进行光照培养可直接分化出不定芽。诱导愈伤组织的最佳NAA浓度是7.0 mg/L、暗培养时间为10 d,而最佳分化培养基是MS+5.0 mg/L TDZ+30 g/L葡萄糖+2.5 g/L GEL,分化率达18.34%。以诱导产生的愈伤组织为侵染受体,初步建立了‘光叶蔷薇’GUS基因转化体系。农杆菌菌液浓度OD600值为0.5、侵染30 min、共培养2 d、乙酰丁香酮的浓度为50μmol/L是‘光叶蔷薇’愈伤组织转基因的最优条件。     

不同浓度新型分裂素PBU诱导的尾巨桉愈伤组织中miRNA396及CKX基因表达差异研究

尾巨桉愈伤组织的生长分化受内源激素影响,而miRNA396是一个调控植物叶片与根系生长发育的小RNA,与细胞分裂素的合成相关,CKX是负责调控细胞分裂素的氧化酶基因。为探讨miRNA396与CKX基因对尾巨桉愈伤组织生长发育的调控作用,以尾巨桉基因组为模板,进行PCR扩增及测序分析尾巨桉基因中的miRNA396序列,用不同PBU细胞分裂素浓度培养下的尾巨桉愈伤组织RNA逆转录的cDNA为模板,通过荧光定量PCR,测定不同PBU浓度处理的尾巨桉愈伤组织中miRNA396及CKX的表达差异。结果表明,相对于0.5 mg·^L(-1)PBU处理的桉树愈伤组织,1 mg·^L(-1)PBU处理的桉树愈伤组织miRNA396及CKXA、CKXB和CKXF表达量显著下调,差异达到极显著水平,CKXC、CKXD和CKXE均上调,但只有CKXC相对表达量达到极显著水平;2 mg·^L(-1)PBU处理的尾巨桉愈伤组织miRNA396A、CKXD、CKXE和CKXF表达量均下调,差异达到极显著水平,其他CKX表达量均上调,CKXA相对表达量差异...     

Analysis of biochemical and physiological changes in wheat tissue culture using different germplasms and explant types

To select adequate wheat germplasms for genetic transformation, tissue culture efficiency of 21 different wheat lines (Einkorn, Emmer, Durum wheat, etc.) were compared, along with two different explants, namely, immature embryo and mature embryo. The results showed that the average differentiation rate and regeneration rate of immature embryo calli (46.5 and 20.82 %) were better than those for mature embryo calli (14.03 and 4.37 %). The best genotypes for immature embryo callus culture were ‘Ningchun 16’ and ‘Ei 15’, ‘Xiaoyan 22’, followed by ‘Durum 332’ and ‘Tr 256’. The best genotypes for mature embryo callus culture were ‘Ying 4286’, ‘Yunyin 01’, and ‘Xiaoyan 22’. To analyze how physiological and biochemical settings influence the totipotency of calli, different physiological and biochemical indices were analyzed. Differences between immature embryo callus and mature embryo callus were significant, as well as differences of most indices among different wheat types. The interaction effects between explant types and genotypes were also significant. Correlation analysis results showed that the total phenol and soluble sugar contents were significantly correlated with callus differentiation and regeneration rates.     

基于全基因组重测序技术的‘红叶’杜仲SNP位点开发

为了挖掘与‘红叶’杜仲（Eucommia ulmoides ‘Hongye’）红叶性状紧密联系的SNP位点,进一步揭示红叶性状的遗传基础和分子机理。以‘红叶’杜仲和普通绿叶杜仲‘小叶’杜仲（Eucommia ulmoides ‘Xiaoye’）为研究材料,进行覆盖深度约为10x的全基因组重测序。使用SnpEff软件预测变异位点对蛋白编码的影响,结合花色苷的代谢通路和关键酶基因,筛选与‘红叶’杜仲叶色形成相关的差异位点。利用Sanger测序二代测序筛选的SNP位点,分子标记验证群体是‘红叶’杜仲和‘小叶’杜仲。结果表明,‘红叶’杜仲测序产生Clean data为14.16 Gb,‘小叶’杜仲产生Clean data为14.29 Gb。在‘红叶’杜仲中注释到严重影响蛋白质功能的有1 516个SNP,中度影响的41 328个SNP,在‘小叶’杜仲中存在严重影响蛋白质功能的SNP为1 640个,中度影响功能的SNP为47 192个。测得26 722条基因中有228条基因是与花色苷或类黄酮合成相关的酶基因。经过筛选,确定了12个特异性的SNP位点,均属于外显子区域的错义突变。利用一代测序验证,根据SNP位置设计了7对引物,SNP准确率达到100%。     

Efficient regeneration and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Agrobacterium</Emphasis>-mediated stable transformation of perennial ryegrass

We utilized gene transfer technology for genetic perennial ryegrass improvement, efficient regeneration, and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of phosphinothricin acetyltransferase gene (bar). Four growth regulator combinations were compared and intact seeds of six turf-type cultivars as mature embryo sources were tested to optimize the regeneration conditions. Callus formation and regeneration were observed in all seeds. The highest callus formation frequency was observed in the seeds cultured on MS medium supplemented with 9 mg/l 2,4-D, without benzyladenine. Cv. TopGun revealed the highest callus induction and regeneration frequencies of 96 and 48.9%, respectively. By using an optimized regeneration system, embryogenic calli were transformed by an Agrobacterium strain LBA4404 containing the plasmid pCAMBIA3301. After the selection of the potentially transgenic calli with phosphinothricin, a herbicide, 22 transgenic resistant plants were regenerated. With PCR, Southern-blot hybridizations, and GUS expression techniques, we confirmed that some regenerants were transgenic. Two of the tested transgenic plants showed herbicide resistance. Our results indicated that embryogenic calli from mature seeds can be directly used for perennial ryegrass efficient regeneration and transformation and this protocol is applicable for genetic engineering of herbicide-resistant plants. Published in Russian in Fiziologiya Rastenii, 2007, Vol. 54, No. 4, pp. 590–596. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

Improvement of embryogenic callus induction and shoot regeneration of buffalograss by silver nitrate

Addition of the ethylene antagonist, silver nitrate (AgNO₃), into callus induction medium significantly enhanced embryogenic callus production (both induction frequency and callus growth) of field-collected male immature inflorescence cultures of buffalograss NE84-45-3 and 'Texoka'. No stimulatory effect of AgNO₃ was observed on embryogenic callus induction for female immature inflorescence culture of a female genotype `609' and `Texoka'. Calli initiated on AgNO₃-containing media had more shoot-regenerating calli than those initiated on AgNO₃-free media, when they were transferred to the regeneration media. Benzyladenine at 2.2 μM gave the best response for regeneration, regardless of the callus source. Although average number of shoots regenerated per callus was lower for calli initiated on AgNO₃-containing media, total number of shoots regenerated was higher. The stimulatory effect, however, was environment and genotype dependent. While the addition of AgNO₃ significantly stimulated embryogenic callus induction of NE84-45-3 immature inflorescences collected in Fall 1995 and May 1997, it only slightly increased the embryogenic callus induction frequencies in May 1996 when rainy conditions occurred. For male inflorescences of `Texoka' collected in early May, AgNO₃ significantly enhanced embryogenic callus production consistently over the two-year period (1996, 1997). Published as Journal Series No. 1351, Agricultural Research Division, University of Nebraska. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

‘光叶蔷薇’器官间接再生体系的建立及GUS基因转化的初步研究

以‘光叶蔷薇’（Rosa wichuriana ‘Basye’s thornless’）无菌苗的顶生幼嫩小叶为外植体,探讨了其愈伤组织诱导及植株再生的方法。结果表明,高浓度的生长素NAA能诱导外植体产生愈伤组织;由NAA诱导的愈伤组织在附加TDZ的MS培养基上,先暗培养再进行光照培养可直接分化出不定芽。诱导愈伤组织的最佳NAA浓度是7.0 mg/L、暗培养时间为10 d,而最佳分化培养基是MS + 5.0 mg/L TDZ + 30 g/L葡萄糖 + 2.5 g/L GEL,分化率达18.34%。以诱导产生的愈伤组织为侵染受体,初步建立了‘光叶蔷薇’GUS基因转化体系。农杆菌菌液浓度OD₆₀₀值为0.5、侵染30 min、共培养2 d、乙酰丁香酮的浓度为50 μmol/L是'光叶蔷薇’愈伤组织转基因的最优条件。     

三个方便实用的植物表达载体构建与验证

为满足植物功能基因组学研究及转基因安全性需要,本研究根据一些国内外引进或商业化的植物表达载体及其相关元件,构建了3个适合于植物,尤其是单子叶植物转化的表达载体,即p AH006、p WMB022和p WMB025。p AH006载体包含由玉米泛素ubi启动子调控的GUS基因和bar基因的完整T-DNA区域,此区段能够被酶切回收,可用于单子叶植物农杆菌介导转化效率评价及基因枪介导线状DNA转化效果研究;p WMB022载体携带由双35S启动子调控的玉米色素基因Lc和C1,可用作基因枪介导的共转化筛选标记,直观筛选含目标基因转基因材料;p WMB025载体携带由ubi启动子调控的、商业化转基因植物中广泛利用的EPSPS基因,可用于禾谷类作物农杆菌或基因枪介导的遗传转化,载体多克隆位点可通过酶切方式更换目标基因。酶切鉴定结合农杆菌或基因枪介导的小麦幼胚愈伤组织或叶片转化验证此3个载体表明,载体构建正确,其标记基因、可视化基因和报告基因均能正常表达。这3个载体的构建对于小麦等植物转化效率提升、安全型转基因作物获得和植物功能基因组学研究等具有重要意义。     

Production of fertile transgenic wheat plants by laser micropuncture.

A modified, non-damaging, protocol for the production of fertile transgenic wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cultivar Giza 164) plants by laser micropuncture was developed. The new homemade setup secures the transformation of as many as 60 immature embryo-derived calli (10000 cells each) in less than one hour using a UV excimer laser with two dimensional translation stages, a suitable computer program and a proper optical system. Five-day-old calli were irradiated by a focused laser microbeam to puncture momentarily made self-healing holes ( approximately 0.5 microm) in the cell wall and membrane to allow uptake of the exogenous DNA. The plant expression vector pAB6 containing bar gene as a selectable marker for the herbicide bialaphos resistance and GUS (uidA) gene as a reporter gene was used for transformation. No selection pressure was conducted during the four-week callus induction period. Induced calli were transferred to a modified MS medium with 1 mg l(-1) bialaphos for regeneration, followed by selection on 2 mg l(-1) bialaphos for rooting. Three regenerated putative transgenic events were evaluated for the integration and stable expression of both genes and results indicated that this modified procedure of laser-mediated transformation can be successfully used in transforming wheat.