Sexual dimorphism of craniological characters in Eurasian badgers, Meles spp. (Carnivora, Mustelidae)

An analysis of 30 craniological characters of Eurasian badgers (Meles spp.) revealed different levels of sexual size dimorphism (SSD) and geographic variation in the three different species. SSD is displayed mostly in the general size of the skull (condylobasal length, zygomatic width, width of rostrum, and cranial height) and mandible (height of the vertical mandibular ramus, total length of the mandible, and length between the angular process and infradentale), and in some dental characters (length of the upper molar M¹). The most stable size dimorphism is manifested in the size of the canines, which is pronounced in all studied samples. SSD is not apparent in the length of the auditory bulla, the postorbital width, the minimum palatal width, the length of the lower molar M₂, and the talonid length of the lower carnassial tooth M₁.In both the European badgers, Meles meles, and the Asian badgers, Meles leucurus, two geographic forms that differ in the degree of SSD have been found. The most pronounced SSD of cranial characters is found in the Transcaucasian form of Meles meles and the Far-Eastern form of Meles leucurus. In the large European form of Meles meles, SSD is less pronounced in both absolute and relative criteria than in the smaller Transcaucasian form. An analogous situation is observed in the larger Siberian and smaller Far-Eastern forms of Meles leucurus. In the Japanese badgers, Meles anakuma, a downsizing of the skull is accompanied by a decrease in SSD (except in canine size) in comparison to the continental species. The significant differences in the manifestation of SSD in the Eurasian badgers support an earlier hypothesis (Abramov, 2001. Proc. Zool. Inst. Russ. Acad. Sci. 288, 221-233; Abramov, 2002. Russ. J. Theriol. 1 (1), 57-60; Abramov, 2003. Small Carnivore Conserv. 29, 5-7) that Meles meles, Meles leucurus, and Meles anakuma are separate species. The differences in the level of SSD among and within these three species of badgers may be attributed not to differences in the diet or social structure, but to the history of speciation events and formation of intraspecific distribution ranges.     

Plio-Pleistocene evolution of the genus Castor (Rodentia, Mammalia) in Europe: C. fiber plicidens of Pietrafitta (Perugia, Central Italy)

In the lignite sediments of Pietrafitta (Tiberino Basin, Umbria, Central Italy), a rich fossil assemblage of vertebrate, invertebrate and plant remains belonging to the Farneta Faunal Unit (Late Villafranchian, Early Pleistocene) was collected. Among them fossil beaver cranial remains are relatively abundant. Western-Central Europe Villafranchian beaver remains were assigned to C. plicidens by some authors because molar occlusal surface patterns show complex enamel crenulations. Several recent authors have classified them as C. fiber while analysing other morphological patterns. Our samples have been compared to Plio-Pleistocene fossil remains and to living European populations of the genus Castor. New morphometric parameters on molar occlusal surfaces have been defined and statistical analyses (One-Way MANOVA, Principal Component Analysis and Canonical Discriminant Analysis) have been performed on them. The results point out a subspecific separation between the Late Villafranchian beaver of Pietrafitta, Quarata and San Giovanni in Valdarno (Umbria and Tuscany) and C. fiber populations. St. Vallier (France) Late Pliocene and Mosbach 2 (Germany) Middle Pleistocene beavers classified respectively by Viret and Friant as C. plicidens, show a C. f. fiber molar teeth pattern. Therefore, C. fiber plicidens did not occur in Central-Western Europe and this subspecific name may be used only for the local populations of Valdarno and Tiberino Basin (San Giovanni in Valdarno, Quarata, Pietrafitta and a few localities of the same area), at that time peripheral populations, probably semi-isolated during the Late Villafranchian, and at the southern limit of the geographic range of C. fiber.     

Earliest occurrence of Puma pardoides (Owen, 1846) (Carnivora,Felidae) at the Plio/Pleistocene transition in western Europe: New evidence from the Middle Villafranchian assemblage of Montopoli,Italy

The puma-like cat Puma pardoides (Owen, 1846) is reported from several Eurasian localities dated to the Late Pliocene–Early Pleistocene, but its Italian fossil record is really poor; in fact, the only possible occurrence comprises some fragmentary postcranial material from the Late Villafranchian locality of Pirro Nord (1.6–1.3 Ma). In the present paper, we describe an isolated left upper carnassial of a medium-sized felid belonging to the collection of fossil mammals from Montopoli (Tuscany, Italy), the type locality of the Middle Villafranchian Faunal Unit (∼2.6 Ma). All the morphological and morphometric characters of the tooth are consistent with an attribution to Puma pardoides (Owen, 1846), which comes out as the second felid species from Montopoli together with Acinonyx pardinensis (Croizet et Jobert, 1828) and is, possibly with the specimens from Perrier-Étouaries, the earliest occurrence in western Europe.     

Phylogenetic relationships and genetic diversity of badgers from the Korean Peninsula: Implications for the taxonomic status of the Korean badger

Accurate taxonomic classification of wildlife species is crucial for guiding biological research and for developing effective management and conservation programs. The taxonomic status of Eurasian badgers from South Korea remains poorly resolved. Here we assessed the phylogenetic relationships and genetic variation of Eurasia badgers using partial mitochondrial fragments to elucidate the evolutionary history and taxonomic status of badgers from the Korean Peninsula. Forty-eight unique haplotypes from 125 individuals were observed. Phylogenetic reconstructions and reduced median networks indicate that Eurasian badgers consisted of four geographic clades (Japan, Eastern Eurasia, Western Eurasia, and Caucasus) with a relatively weak split observed within Eastern Eurasia. Estimated divergence time between the Japanese and Eastern Eurasian clades, including the Korean population, was 467,100 years (69,200–1,085,500 years). The results of this study support the hypothesis that the Japanese badger migrated from the Eurasian continent over the Korea-Japan land bridge and that the Korean Peninsula was an important refugia during the Pleistocene. Our study confirmed that the South Korean badger, Meles meles, belongs to the Eastern Eurasian clade. Based on these results and those of previous studies, we recommend that the scientific name of the Korean badger be changed from M. meles to Meles leucurus (Asian badger).     

Trophic Enrichment Factors for Blood Serum in the European Badger (Meles meles)

Ecologists undertaking stable isotopic analyses of animal diets require trophic enrichment factors (TEFs) for the specific animal tissues that they are studying. Such basic data are available for a small number of species, so values from trophically or phylogenetically similar species are often substituted for missing values. By feeding a controlled diet to captive European badgers (Meles meles) we determined TEFs for carbon and nitrogen in blood serum. TEFs for nitrogen and carbon in blood serum were +3.0±0.4‰ and +0.4±0.1‰ respectively. The TEFs for serum in badgers are notably different from those published for the red fox (Vulpes vulpes). There is currently no data for TEFs in the serum of other mustelid species. Our data show that species sharing similar niches (red fox) do not provide adequate proxy values for TEFs of badgers. Our findings emphasise the importance of having species-specific data when undertaking trophic studies using stable isotope analysis.     

Late Miocene (Turolian,MN13) squirrels from Moncucco Torinese,NW Italy

Squirrel remains are rare in the fossil record, which hampers a properly documented interpretation of their evolutionary history. The Late Miocene sciurids from Moncucco Torinese (NW Italy) are described based on a diverse tooth assemblage. The data presented herein confirm the presence of Sciurus warthae and Pliopetaurista pliocaenica, and also include the first unquestionable occurrence of Hylopetes hungaricus plus an indeterminate Sciurinae. The report of Sciurus warthae from Moncucco Torinese represents the earliest record of the genus Sciurus in Europe. Moreover, Moncucco Torinese is the first European locality recording the co-occurrence of Sciurini and Pteromyini in the Late Miocene. Comparative analyses support a close relationship between S. warthae and Sciurus vulgaris corroborating the hypothesis of an earliest divergence of the “Sciurus vulgaris clade” in the Late Miocene. Biochronological, paleobiogeographical and paleoecological implications are also discussed.     

Cranial variation in the European badger Meles meles (Carnivora,Mustelidae) in Scandinavia

Morphometric variation in 30 craniometric characters of 465 skulls of the European badgers (Meles meles) from across Europe was analysed. Multivariate analyses revealed that the populations from Norway, Sweden, and Finland differ from other European populations in having smaller skulls. The analyses also revealed significant differences between the ‘south‐western Norwegian’ and ‘main Fennoscandian’ forms. On average, badgers from south‐west Norway were smaller than those of the remaining Fennoscandia. Morphological differences between the ‘south‐western Norwegian’ and ‘main Fennoscandian’ populations of M. meles suggest a possible in situ semisympatric divergence since the beginning of the Holocene warming, or a complex history of two groups involving at least two colonization routes. The small‐sized Scandinavian badgers may be close to the ancestral form that used to be widespread in Denmark and throughout Europe. The animals from south‐west Norway may instead be descendants of ancestors that were the first to penetrate the southern parts of the Scandinavian Peninsula. The ‘main Fennoscandian’ badgers are likely to have been the descendants of the second wave of recolonization of Scandinavia. Specifically, they might have colonized the Scandinavian Peninsula from the east after the last glaciation.     

The presence ofsus strozzii in the villafranchian (villanyian) of macedonia (greece)

The locality of Gerakarou is a new Pleistocene one in Macedonia (Greece) found in 1978. Between the material recovered there is a suid skull, which is studied in this article. Its morphological characters and dimensions allow us to determine this asSus strozzii Forsyth Major. It seems to be similar to the Upper Valdarno and Olivola suids and different from the other Villafranchian suid,Sus minor. Thus it is dated to Late Villafranchian (Villanyian). The certain presence of the species in Greece, where it was known only from some isolated specimens referred asSus cf.strozzii, completes the knowledge of the geographic distribution of the species in Southern Europe.     

重引入狗獾秋冬季行为的初步研究

2010年11月至2011年2月在上海奉贤申亚生态园内,对从山东重引入的狗獾(Meles meles)在围栏内进行了秋冬季行为的初步研究。结果表明,重引入狗獾在冬季活动时间低,取食食物以肉类饲料为主,平均2～4 d出洞活动一次,受温度影响大。研究表明,重引入狗獾能适应人工饲养并顺利越冬。     

Mitochondrial DNA reveals a strong phylogeographic structure in the badger across Eurasia

The badger, Meles meles, is a widely distributed mustelid in Eurasia and shows large geographic variability in morphological characters whose evolutionary significance is unclear and needs to be contrasted with molecular data. We sequenced 512 bp of the mitochondrial DNA control region in 115 Eurasian badgers from 21 countries in order to test for the existence of structuring in their phylogeography, to describe the genetic relationships among their populations across its widespread geographic range, and to infer demographic and biogeographic processes. We found that the Eurasian badger is divided into four groups regarding their mitochondrial DNA: Europe, Southwest Asia, North and East Asia, and Japan. This result suggests that the separation of badgers into phylogeographic groups was influenced by cold Pleistocene glacial stages and permafrost boundaries in Eurasia, and by geographic barriers, such as mountains and deserts. Genetic variation within phylogeographic groups based on distances assuming the Tamura-Nei model with rate heterogeneity and invariable sites (d(T-N) range: 3.3-4.2) was much lower than among them (d(T-N) range: 10.7-38.0), and 80% of the variation could be attributed to differences among regions. Spatial analysis of molecular variance (samova), median-joining network, and Mantel test did not detect genetic structuring within any of the phylogeographic groups with the exception of Europe, where 50% of variation was explained by differences among groups of populations. Our data suggest that the European, Southwest Asian, and North and East Asian badgers evolved separately since the end of Pliocene, at the beginnings of glacial ages, whereas Japanese badgers separated from continental Asian badgers during the middle Pleistocene. Endangered badgers from Crete Island, classified as Meles meles arcalus subspecies, were closely related to badgers from Southwest Asia. We also detected sudden demographic growth in European and Southwest Asian badgers that occurred during the Middle Pleistocene.     

Scent-marking with the subcaudal gland by the European badger, Meles meles L.

European badgers, Meles meles, possess a large subcaudal gland which is used for scent-marking the territory and other members of the clan. It was shown experimentally that a badger can distinguish secretions from different individuals. Dominant males scent-mark most, and lactating females more than other females. Scent-marks are distributed along the border of the territory, on bedding materials and around the sett, and on all members of the clan, especially females and cubs. The data support, in many details, the hypothesis that scent-making in badgers serves to establish an asymmetry of contest during encounters with intruders.     

Molecular phylogeny of Eurasian badgers (Meles) around the distribution boundaries,revealed by analyses of mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosomal genes

Based on previous molecular and morphological analyses, Eurasian badgers are currently classified into Meles meles distributed in Europe, M. canescens in the Caucasus and Middle East, M. leucurus in continental Asia and M. anakuma in Japan. The precise locations of their distribution boundaries are still unclear. Therefore, in the present study, we clarified the phylogenetic relationships in the genus Meles around its distribution boundaries, based on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and Y-chromosomal genes. From 71 badgers examined, 29 mtDNA haplotypes were identified, including new 26 types. Multiple haplotypes of SRY and CAN-SINEs were identified from 23 males, including two new haplotypes of SRY. The mtDNA phylogeny showed that the Ural Mountains were not a current distribution boundary between M. meles and M. leucurus. In addition, our results supported the hypothesis that the Bosphorus Strait is a geographical barrier between M. meles and M. canescens. The badgers from Bulgaria north of the Bosphorus Strait shared haplotypes with M. meles. On the other hand, badgers from Far Eastern Russia distributed in the eastern peripheral region of the Asian Continent had haplotypes of M. leucurus. The badgers from Norway and Finland shared haplotypes with M. meles.     

Desmaninae (Talpidae, Mammalia) from the Pliocene of Tollo de Chiclana (Guadix Basin, Southern Spain): Considerations on the phylogeny of the genus Archaeodesmana

The fossil Desmaninae (water-moles) from the Pliocene continental deposits of Tollo de Chiclana (Guadix Basin, Southern Spain) are described. A new species, Archaeodesmana elvirae, is defined from the locality of Tollo de Chiclana-1 (upper Ruscinian). This species is characterized by relatively small canines and premolars (except the P4) and large P4 and molars, besides several morphological features. The presence of Archaeodesmana brailloni is reported from the locality of Tollo de Chiclana-1B (uppermost Ruscinian). A small sample assigned to the genus Archaeodesmana is described from the lower Villafranchian site of Tollo de Chiclana-3, which cannot be determined at the specific level. The phylogenetic relationships between the different species of Archaeodesmana are reconsidered in the light of the recent findings, which support the idea of a more complex phylogeny than previously proposed for this genus. The populations from the Guadix Basin, previously assigned to Dibolia dekkersi (= Archaeodesmana getica), are here considered to belong to a different (unnamed) species, which is the ancestor of A. elvirae. On the other hand, the new species A. elvirae is proposed as the ancestor of A. brailloni.     

Late Pliocene carnivores from western Macedonia (Greece)

Some carnivores from the late Pliocene (Villafranchian) locality of “Dafnero 1” (DFN) are studied. The site is in the Grevena basin, western Macedonia, Greece. The material is described and compared with other Greek and European samples. Three speciesNyctereutes megamastoides, Vulpes alopecoides andChasmaporthetes lunensis have been determined. The DFN carnivores are similar to those from St.-Vallier (France) and Puebla (Spain). The fauna is dated as Middle Villafranchian (latest Pliocene); more precisely it belongs to the St.-Vallier Faunal Unit, MN 17, with an absolute age of about 2. om. y.     

The African species Megantereon whitei from the Early Pleistocene of Monte Argentario (South Tuscany,Central Italy)

A partial skull and articulated postcranial elements of Megantereon whitei have been recorded during the 1950s from a karst deposit in the Monte Argentario area (Grosseto). These fossils recently became available for study. The bones are quite well preserved, included in a hard reddish matrix with calcareous clasts. The fossil is part of a faunal assemblage referred to the Late Villafranchian (Early Pleistocene). M. whitei from Monte Argentario is characterised by elongated upper canines, stronger than those of the Upper Valdarno (Tuscany) specimens and similar to the Pirro Nord (Apulia) fossil. The manus is robust, the first phalanges are quite long in comparison to the metacarpals. The Early Pleistocene European M. whitei represents an African element that took part in the faunal dispersal from Africa to Europe that occurred at the Plio-Pleistocene transition.     

Nuclear and mitochondrial phylogenies provide evidence for four species of Eurasian badgers (Carnivora)

Del Cerro, I., Marmi, J., Ferrando, A., Chashchin, P., Taberlet, P. & Bosch, M. (2010). Nuclear and mitochondrial phylogenies provide evidence for four species of Eurasian badgers (Carnivora). —Zoologica Scripta, 39, 415–425. The Eurasian badgers (Meles spp.) have a fairly widespread distribution in the Palearctic region and their great morphological variability throughout the vast geographic area has nourished an intense debate about the classification of this taxon. Therefore, the aim of this study was to clarify controversies in Eurasian badger taxonomy by means of a new molecular phylogeny. One‐hundred and seventeen individuals of Eurasian badgers from 18 countries throughout Eurasia were sequenced for up to 3257 bp of nuclear DNA over six loci (ACTC, BGN, CFTR, CHRNA1, TS and TTR) and 512 bp of the mitochondrial DNA control region. Statistical and phylogenetic analyses for combined nDNA, mtDNA and the total‐evidence data clearly showed a strong genetic differentiation in four well‐supported clades, three of which corresponded to allopatric badger species previously defined according to morphological data: Meles meles Linnaeus, 1758 in Europe; Meles leucurus Hodgson, 1847 in the continental part of Asia, except the south‐west part; and M. anakuma Temminck, 1844 in Japan. Up to now, the fourth clade, made up of individuals from south‐west Asia, had been considered as a subspecies. Supported by several pieces of morphological evidence, the new phylogeny revealed that it is necessary to revise the current taxonomic classification of Meles spp. and suggested that the badgers from south‐west Asia should be recognised as a separate species, being renamed M. canescens Blanford, 1875.     

Weather influences trapping success for tuberculosis management in European badgers (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Meles meles</Emphasis>)

European badgers (Meles meles) in Ireland and the UK are a reservoir for Mycobacterium bovis, the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis (TB). A number of interventions have been evaluated in attempts to control bovine TB within badger populations, and many of which rely on the capture of badgers. One strategy being implemented within Ireland is intramuscular vaccination using Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), as an alternative to badger culling. The success of vaccination as a disease control strategy depends on the ability to capture badgers and administer vaccines; thus, trapping success is crucial to effectively vaccinate the population (maximize vaccine coverage). A field vaccine trial was conducted in County Kilkenny, Ireland, from 2010–2013. We used data from this trial to evaluate the association between weather (precipitation and temperature data), badger sett characteristics, and badger trapping success. Approximately 10% of capture efforts resulted in a badger capture. Our results indicate that badger captures were the highest in drizzle, rain, and heavy rain weather conditions, and when minimum temperatures ranged from 3–8 °C. Badger captures were the highest at main setts (large burrow systems), and when sett activity scores were high (qualitative classes 4 or 5). Using local precipitation and temperature data in conjunction with observed sett characteristics provides wildlife managers with guidelines to optimize trapping success. Implementing capture operations under optimal conditions should increase the trapping success of badgers and allow for increased delivery of vaccines to manage bovine TB.     

Impacts of Removing Badgers on Localised Counts of Hedgehogs

Experimental evidence of the interactions among mammalian predators that eat or compete with one another is rare, due to the ethical and logistical challenges of managing wild populations in a controlled and replicated way. Here, we report on the opportunistic use of a replicated and controlled culling experiment (the Randomised Badger Culling Trial) to investigate the relationship between two sympatric predators: European badgers Meles meles and western European hedgehogs Erinaceus europaeus. In areas of preferred habitat (amenity grassland), counts of hedgehogs more than doubled over a 5-year period from the start of badger culling (from 0.9 ha⁻¹ pre-cull to 2.4 ha⁻¹ post-cull), whereas hedgehog counts did not change where there was no badger culling (0.3–0.3 hedgehogs ha⁻¹). This trial provides experimental evidence for mesopredator release as an outcome of management of a top predator.     

Prostrepsiceros and Protragelaphus (Artiodactyla,Mammalia) from the Late Miocene locality of Chomateri (Attica,Greece)

The Late Miocene fossiliferous locality of Chomateri is located close to the classic locality of Pikermi, but unfortunately its faunal context is not sufficiently known. Some fossil remains of spiral-horned antelopes from Chomateri are assigned to Prostrepsiceros rotundicornis and Protragelaphus skouzesi. The co-existence of P. rotundicornis and P. skouzesi is relatively rare in the Late Miocene, but well-documented in Pikermi. Comparisons of the Chomateri material support a middle Turolian age for the Chomateri locality and suggest a close chronological relation to the Pikermi fauna.     

A new species of Megacerini (Cervidae, Artiodactyla) from the Late Miocene of Taralyk-Cher, Tuva (Russia), and remarks on the relationships of the group

A new species of a megacerine deer, Praesinomegaceros venustus, from the Taralyk-Cher locality in the Tuva region on the south of Eastern Siberia, Russia, is described. P. venustus nov. sp., the oldest known megacerine, occurred in Asia in the Late Turolian, about 7 Ma. The early history of megacerines is discussed. The existence of the phyletic lineage Cervavitus-Praesinomegaceros-Sinomegaceros in Asia is confirmed.