TNFalph 和 IL-1bet 靶点抗炎药物筛选细胞模型的构建

目的:构建两个高表达人TNFα和IL-1β细胞系,建立抗炎药物筛选细胞模型。方法:运用PCR的方法从载体pCMVSport-TNFα和p CMVSport-IL1β上扩增目的基因,以亚克隆方法将目的基因分别插入真核表达载体pcDNA3.1和pFLAG-CMV中,用单酶切、PCR扩增和基因测序的方法鉴定重组效果,然后将重组成功的质粒转入HEK293细胞系内,挑选能够稳定表达并遗传的单克隆细胞株,用蛋白免疫印迹(Western blot)法分析其表达效果。结果:三种鉴定方法均显示重组质粒构建成功。Western blot结果显示,细胞株T3、T4均能较高表达炎症因子TNF-α;细胞株I2、I3、I5均能较高表达炎症因子IL-1β。结论:成功构建了TNFα和IL-1β靶标的药物筛选细胞模型,为筛选具有抗炎作用的中药提供了一个新平台。     

MyD88在抗衣原体感染的病理损伤过程中的作用

<正>沙眼衣原体(Chlamydia trachomatis,Ct)是引起泌尿生殖道感染的常见性病病原体之一,并可导致不孕、异位妊娠、宫颈鳞状细胞癌等并发症[1]。但有关沙眼衣原体确切的致病机制及机体的抗感染机制目前尚不清     

人源多巴脱羧酶的表达、纯化以及高通量抑制剂筛选模型的建立

帕金森病是一种常见的神经系统退行性疾病。多巴脱羧酶（DDC）是帕金森病研究的靶点蛋白之一,但是目前没有高通量的测活模型。因此,需要构建一种高通量多巴脱羧酶抑制剂的筛选模型,用于发现新型抑制剂。采用克隆表达纯化得到多巴脱羧酶和用于酶偶联反应的磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶（PEPC）。基于一系列酶联反应将CO2固定,检测其含量,从而测定多巴脱羧酶的活性。结果得到人源多巴脱羧酶和磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶的体外纯酶,建立了一种高通量筛选模型,并且从70个天然化合物中,筛选得到2个多巴脱羧酶的抑制剂。成功构建了一种基于体外纯酶高通量多巴脱羧酶抑制剂的筛选模型。     

猪髓样分化因子MyD88特异性shRNA干扰载体的构建筛选及干扰效果评价

髓样分化因子My D88(myeloid differentiation factor 88)信号通路是一个具有多种调节功能的传导通路,在免疫反应、炎症反应及肿瘤的发生和发展过程中均发挥重要作用。构建猪(Sus scrofa)My D88基因的shRNA干扰载体,并在转录水平和蛋白质表达水平对其干扰效果进行验证,以筛选出干扰效果最优的干扰载体。根据猪My D88基因(Gen Bank登录号:KC766424.1)全长c DNA序列,利用Invitrogen公司在线设计软件设计出4对shRNA干扰序列,退火成双链后,分别将其插入到p Yr-1.1载体中,构建My D88基因的shRNA真核表达载体p Yr-1.1-pig My D88-sh1、p Yr-1.1-pig My D88-sh2、p Yr-1.1-pig My D88-sh3、p Yr-1.1-pig My D88-sh4,并通过双酶切和测序对其进行鉴定。构建成功后转染猪肺泡巨噬细胞3D4/2,通过Real-time PCR及Western blot验证My D88基因的表达水平,以及对LPS刺激后炎症因子TNF-α基因表达水平的影响。结果表明,所构建的猪My D88基因的特异性shRNA表达载体均可显著降低猪My D88 mRNA和蛋白质的表达水平(P0.05),干扰效率分别达到36%、67%、60%、69%;相比于未干扰组,LPS刺激My D88沉默之后的巨噬细胞,炎症因子TNF-α基因表达水平显著下降(P0.05),表明所构建猪My D88干扰载体干扰效果较好。     

以蛋白激酶G为靶点的抗结核药物筛选模型的建立和初步应用

结核分枝杆菌可以产生11种丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶,其中蛋白激酶G(PknG)对于结核分枝杆菌在巨噬细胞内以"持留"状态长期存活有着重要作用。本研究以结核分枝杆菌基因组DNA为模板,在大肠杆菌中克隆表达了MTBPknG蛋白,并分离纯化得到PknG纯酶。本研究还采用三步级联反应方法测定了PknG酶活性,建立和优化了PknG抑制剂高通量筛选模型。利用此模型共筛选发酵液样品2120个,化合物样品2300个,筛选得到阳性化合物1个,阳性发酵液13个,阳性率0.32%。     

一种基于绿色荧光蛋白的蛋白酶体抑制剂细胞筛选模型

为建立基于绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)的药物筛选模型,并用此模型从包括中药提取物在内的化合物中筛选新型蛋白酶体抑制剂,本研究构建了pGC-E1-ZU1-GFP融合蛋白慢病毒表达载体并感染A549细胞,筛选稳定表达细胞株,用已知蛋白酶体抑制剂PS-341处理细胞,荧光显微镜检测处理前后细胞GFP水平变化。结果获得了稳定表达pGC-E1-ZU1-GFP的A549细胞,这些细胞用PS-341处理24h后用荧光显微镜检测,发现细胞绿色荧光强度相对于对照组明显增强。利用这一模型对一些化合物进行筛查,发现了一些新的蛋白酶体抑制剂。     

以蛋白激酶G为靶点的抗结核药物筛选模型

<正>结核分枝杆菌在被巨噬细胞吞噬、形成吞噬体后,可以通过阻止吞噬体的成熟及其与溶酶体的融合,而使其自身不被溶酶体酶降解,从而在巨噬细胞内长期存留下来。此时的细菌代谢活动降至最低,生长繁殖几乎停止,不易被抗菌药物杀灭,这种类似于休眠的长期存活状态被称为持留状态。当机体免疫力下降时,     

以蛋白激酶B为靶点的新型抗结核药物高通量筛选模型的建立和应用

【目的】建立以结核分枝杆菌蛋白激酶B为靶点的高通量筛选模型,并运用此模型进行化合物的筛选。【方法】克隆和表达结核分枝杆菌蛋白激酶B,并以其为靶酶建立并优化PknB抑制剂高通量筛选模型,利用该模型对化合物样品进行筛选,并对筛选到的阳性化合物进行抗菌和抑酶活性评价。【结果】利用该模型筛选了化合物样品18 000个,得到具有抑酶活性的阳性化合物8个,其中3个化合物具有较好的对结核分枝杆菌、海分枝杆菌、耻垢分枝杆菌的抑菌活性。【结论】建立的以PknB为靶点的抗结核药物高通量筛选模型具有灵敏度高、稳定性强等优点,可成功用于化合物的高效筛选。筛选得到3个在抑酶水平和抗菌方面均具有良好活性的阳性化合物样品,值得进一步研究。     

BST-2和Vpu相互作用抑制剂筛选模型的建立

骨髓基质细胞抗原2(Bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2,BST-2,又称Tetherin、CD317、HM1.24)是宿主先天性免疫应答的组成部分,可抑制人类免疫缺陷病毒1(Human immunodeficiency virus 1,HIV-1)的释放,HIV-1的辅助蛋白Vpu可通过跨膜区与BST-2的跨膜区产生相互作用,进而将其降解,下调其在细胞表面的数量,拮抗BST-2的抗病毒功能。本研究将海肾荧光素酶(Renilla luciferase,Rluc)与BST-2的N端连接,增强型黄色荧光蛋白(Enhanced yellow fluorescent protein,EYFP)与Vpu的C端连接,分别构建质粒RB和VE,使两种融合蛋白在细胞内共表达,产生生物发光共振能量转移(Bioluninescence resonance energy transfer,BRET)信号,进而建立稳定双表达细胞系,以BST-2和Vpu的跨膜区相互作用为靶点,应用BRET技术,建立两种蛋白相互作用抑制剂的筛选模型,以期通过BRET信号变化筛选出相互作用抑制剂,发展新型的艾滋病治疗手段。     

Clearance of Pneumocystis murina infection is not dependent on MyD88

To determine if myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), which is necessary for signaling by most TLRs and IL-1Rs, is necessary for control of Pneumocystis infection, MyD88-deficient and wild-type mice were infected with Pneumocystis by exposure to infected seeder mice and were followed for up to 106 days. MyD88-deficient mice showed clearance of Pneumocystis and development of anti-Pneumocystis antibody responses with kinetics similar to wild-type mice. Based on expression levels of select genes, MyD88-deficient mice developed immune responses similar to wild-type mice. Thus, MyD88 and the upstream pathways that rely on MyD88 signaling are not required for control of Pneumocystis infection.     

Atg5 regulates formation of MyD88 condensed structures and MyD88-dependent signal transduction

MyD88 is known as an essential adaptor protein for Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Previous studies have shown that transfected MyD88 forms condensed structures in the cytoplasm. However, upon TLR stimulation, there is little formation of endogenous MyD88 condensed structures. Thus, the formation of MyD88 condensed structures is tightly suppressed, but the mechanism and significance of this suppression are currently unknown. Here we show that Atg5, a key regulatory protein of autophagy, inhibits the formation of MyD88 condensed structures. We found that endogenous MyD88 had already formed condensed structures in Atg5-deficient cells and that the formation of condensed structures was further enhanced by TLR stimulation. This suppressive effect of Atg5 may not be associated with autophagic processes because MyD88 itself was not degraded and because TLR stimulation did not induce LC3 punctate formation and LC3 conversion. Immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that Atg5 could interact with MyD88. Furthermore, Atg5 deficiency increased formation of the MyD88–TRAF6 signaling complex induced by TLR stimulation, and it enhanced activation of NF-κB signaling but not MAPKs and Akt. These findings indicate that Atg5 regulates the formation of MyD88 condensed structures through association with MyD88 and eventually exerts a modulatory effect on MyD88-dependent signaling.     

鸡MyD88-TIR的同源模建

髓样分化因子(MyD88)是Toll受体(TLR)信号通路中的一个关键接头分子,在传递信息和介导炎症反应中具有重要的作用。对鸡MyD88(Myeloid differentiation primary response protein MyD88)的TIR(Toll-interleukin1-resistance)区域进行同源建模,并评估其可用性,为进一步研究MyD88与TLR(Toll receptor)相互作用的原理奠定基础。通过结构域分析、模板相似性搜索和序列比对、初始建模、精修和动力学优化,立体化学结构和能量合理性评估,获得未知三维结构的鸡MyD88-TIR三维模型。结果表明,鸡MyD88包含DEATH和TIR两个结构域,所模拟的MyD88-TIR三维模型二面角构象和氨基酸能量分布以及主侧链立体化学特性合理。     

Mutational Analysis Identifies Residues Crucial for Homodimerization of Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88 (MyD88) and for Its Function in Immune Cells

Myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) is an adaptor protein that transduces intracellular signaling pathways evoked by the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and interleukin-1 receptors (IL-1Rs). MyD88 is composed of an N-terminal death domain (DD) and a C-terminal Toll/IL-1 receptor (TIR) domain, separated by a short region. Upon ligand binding, TLR/IL-1Rs hetero- or homodimerize and recruit MyD88 through their respective TIR domains. Then, MyD88 oligomerizes via its DD and TIR domain and interacts with the interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinases (IRAKs) to form the Myddosome complex. We performed site-directed mutagenesis of conserved residues that are located in exposed regions of the MyD88-TIR domain and analyzed the effect of the mutations on MyD88 signaling. Our studies revealed that mutation of Glu¹⁸³, Ser²⁴⁴, and Arg²⁸⁸ impaired homodimerization of the MyD88-TIR domain, recruitment of IRAKs, and activation of NF-κB. Moreover, overexpression of two green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged MyD88 mini-proteins (GFP-MyD88_151–189 and GFP-MyD88_168–189), comprising the Glu¹⁸³ residue, recapitulated these effects. Importantly, expression of these dominant negative MyD88 mini-proteins competed with the function of endogenous MyD88 and interfered with TLR2/4-mediated responses in a human monocytic cell line (THP-1) and in human primary monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Thus, our studies identify novel residues of the TIR domain that are crucially involved in MyD88 homodimerization and TLR signaling in immune cells.     

MyD88在鼠衣原体生殖道感染过程中的作用

用1×104IFUs的MoPn经生殖道感染WT、MyD88 KO小鼠,每组一半小鼠于感染后54d,再次感染相同剂量的MoPn。每隔3-4d取生殖道分泌物,测定其中衣原体包涵体的数量。初次感染后80d,处死小鼠,眼眶取血,分离血清,用间接免疫荧光法测其中抗体类型及效价;同时分离生殖道,肉眼观察其输卵管、子宫角水肿程度,并做病理切片观察其炎症反应;分离小鼠脾细胞,体外用衣原体EB刺激,测定产生的IL-4、IL-5、IL-17和IFN-γ等细胞因子水平。MyD88 KO小鼠阴道带菌时间与WT组相当,但上生殖道病理反应,尤其是输卵管水肿程度明显比WT组严重。脾细胞细胞因子水平显示,MyD88 KO鼠IFN-γ和IL-17的产生量明显比WT组低,而IL-4和IL-5水平明显高于WT组。血清中各亚类抗体效价无明显区别,但MyD88 KO鼠血清IgG2a/IgG1比值1,且明显低于WT组。研究结果说明MyD88与抗衣原体免疫无关,但与衣原体引起的炎症损伤密切相关。     

Characterization of bbtTICAM from amphioxus suggests the emergence of a MyD88-independent pathway in basal chordates

The MyD88-independent pathway, one of the two crucial TLR signaling routes, is thought to be a vertebrate innovation. However, a novel Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) adaptor, designated bbtTICAM, which was identified in the basal chordate amphioxus, links this pathway to invertebrates. The protein architecture of bbtTICAM is similar to that of vertebrate TICAM1 (TIR-containing adaptor molecule-1, also known as TRIF), while phylogenetic analysis based on the TIR domain indicated that bbtTICAM is the oldest ortholog of vertebrate TICAM1 and TICAM2 (TIR-containing adaptor molecule-2, also known as TRAM). Similar to human TICAM1, bbtTICAM activates NF-κB in a MyD88-independent manner by interacting with receptor interacting protein (RIP) via its RHIM motif. Such activation requires bbtTICAM to form homodimers in endosomes, and it may be negatively regulated by amphioxus SARM (sterile α and armadillo motif-containing protein) and TRAF2. However, bbtTICAM did not induce the production of type I interferon. Thus, our study not only presents the ancestral features of vertebrate TICAM1 and TICAM2, but also reveals the evolutionary origin of the MyD88-independent pathway from basal chordates, which will aid in understanding the development of the vertebrate TLR network.     

Immunological basis of M13 phage vaccine: Regulation under MyD88 and TLR9 signaling

Peptide-displaying bacteriophages induce mimotope-specific antibody responses, suggesting a novel application of phage-display library as bacteriophage vaccine. We examined the antibody response against M13 phage in mice induced by an i.p. administration of M13 phage in phosphate-buffered saline. We showed here that firstly, mice showed strong IgG antibody responses, particularly, in IgG2b, IgG2c, and IgG3 subclasses even in primary responses. Secondly, IgG production in primary response is totally dependent on MyD88 signaling. These responses were almost comparable, but slightly weaker, in TLR2-, TLR4- and TLR7-deficient mice relative to wild-type mice, suggesting that this enhancing effect is not due to plausible LPS contamination. Thirdly, although primary IgG1 response was not detected in wild-type mice, remarkable IgG1 response was induced in TLR9-deficient mice, suggesting that TLR9 pathway functions as regulatory, but not a simple augmenting signaling cascade, and furthermore, the enhanced IgG1 response was not due to adjuvant effect of single-stranded DNA derived from M13 phage. Thus, innate immunity including TLR regulation is crucial for M13 phage vaccine design.