cyclinA1基因变异诱导小鼠发生头颈部皮肤病变

目的研究cyclinA1基因变异对活体小鼠动物模型可能产生的影响。方法饲养46只cyclinA1基因变异的小鼠与25只同龄野生型小鼠9～24个月,进行比较观察。对发现病变部位的组织切片和对照标本采用HE染色和免疫组织化学染色方法检查。结果cyclinA1基因变异鼠中,约有24％（11／46）在头颈部发生了深溃疡状的皮肤病变,HE染色结果显示病变及病变周围皮肤过度角化,皮脂腺增生明显。而25只野生型鼠中未见类似改变。以cyclinA1特异性抗体进行免疫组织化学染色结果显示,野生型小鼠的皮脂腺内可以观察到明显的染色,而cyclinA1基因变异小鼠标本中没有染色。结论cyclinA1基因变异是导致本实验中观察到的小鼠发生头颈部皮肤病变的直接或间接原因。     

Egr-1在小鼠和人组织中的表达及其与细胞增殖的关系

目的：探讨早期生长反应基因－1（Egr-1）在小鼠和人体组织和细胞中的表达及其与细胞增殖的联系,方法：应用原位杂交和免疫组织化学法对小鼠和人的不同组织进行Egr-1检测。结果：Egr-1mRNA和Egr-1蛋白阳性信号呈棕褐色。位于细胞浆和细胞核,生长活跃和增生的细胞可见相对的Egr-1表达。结论：Egr-1mRNA和Egr-1蛋白的高表达主要在生长活跃和增生的细胞,与细胞增殖有密切的关系。     

印记基因Dlk1在小鼠胚胎发育中的表达分析

目的:研究印记基因Dlk1在小鼠胚胎发育过程中的动态表达模式,以揭示Dlk1与胚胎发育的关系。方法:通过半定量PCR和定量PCR分析Dlk1在小鼠胚胎发育E8.5～E19.5的基因表达模式,并选取Dlk1表达量最高的时期进行胚胎切片原位杂交和组织定量PCR分析。结果:在小鼠胚胎发育E8.5～E15.5时,Dlk1的表达逐渐升高,在E15.5时表达量达到最高;E15.5～E19.5时,Dlk1表达有所下降,但仍然维持较高水平。E15.5切片原位杂交显示,垂体、肺脏、软骨、舌和背侧肌肉组织中Dlk1表达较高,组织定量PCR实验进一步证实了原文杂交的结果。结论:Dlk1在小鼠胚胎发育中后期持续表达,并呈现一定的组织特异性,对胚胎发育可能起重要的调节作用。     

IGF1和IGF1R在小鼠第一个毛囊生长周期皮肤的表达

毛囊生长周期中,真皮乳头和毛基质间的基质 上皮信号调控细胞的增殖和分化。多功能细胞调控因子胰岛素样生长因子1（IGF1)是该信号路径的成员之一。第1个毛囊生长周期决定着毛囊的正常生长和发育,但IGF1在此期的作用未见报道。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,IGF1在生长期皮肤中的相对表达量最低,在退化期表达量最高,在静止期表达量又降低。与生长初期相比,IGF1在退化期和静止期的表达量呈差异极显著（P＜0.01）;胰岛素样生长因子1受体（IGF1R）在生长期皮肤中的相对表达量最高,在退化期表达量最低,而在静止期表达量又升高。与生长初期相比,IGF1R在退化期和静止期的表达量呈差异极显著（P＜0.01）。Western 印迹结果显示,IGF1和IGF1R蛋白在小鼠皮肤第1个毛囊生长周期各阶段的表达趋势分别与其mRNA的表达趋势一致;免疫组织化学结果表明,IGF1主要分布在小鼠表皮,而IGF1R免疫阳性在小鼠毛囊毛球部、内外根鞘和毛乳头均有分布。以上实验结果揭示,IGF1和IGF1R在小鼠皮肤第1个毛囊生长周期的各阶段的差异性表达,可能在毛囊生长周期各阶段的转化过程中参与了黑色素的形成。然而,IGF1和IGF1R表达趋势不一致,提示IGF1在小鼠皮肤中发挥作用时,并非只与IGF1R结合才能发挥作用。     

着床期小鼠子宫内膜中EGF及其受体转录和表达状况的研究

为探讨表皮生长因子（epidermal growth factor,EGF)在胚泡着床过程中的作用。本文应用原位杂交和免疫组织化学方法,检测了EGE及其受体在胚泡着床前后小鼠子宫内膜中的转录和表达。结果显示：未孕和受精后第4-5天,子宫内膜表面上皮和腺上皮细胞仍呈EGF,EGFR原位杂交和免疫组化阴性着色,受精后第4-5天子宫内膜基质细胞EGF及其受体转录和表达较未孕期增强,受精后第6天,EGF及其受体免疫组化和原位杂交阳性着色主要分布于初级蜕膜带（primary decidual zone,PDZ);随着胚泡植入的进行,PDZ区蜕膜细胞EGF及其受体的转录和表达明显减少,而PDZ周围蜕膜细胞EGF及其受体的转录和表达增强,结果提示,EGF是小鼠胚泡着床过程中的一个重要调节因子。     

WNK1基因不同转录本在小鼠肾脏中的表达及意义

目的研究WNK1基因长短两个转录本在小鼠肾脏组织中的表达分布特征,为进一步研究它们的生物学功能提供实验数据.方法 RT-PCR扩增两个转录本的特异性片段,Northern印迹杂交证实片段特异性后,将片段克隆入pGEM-T载体中,体外转录同位素标记的正义和反义RNA探针,在小鼠肾脏组织石蜡切片上进行原位杂交检测.结果 WNK1基因长转录本微弱广泛地表达在小鼠肾脏组织上,短转录本特异地表达在小鼠肾脏皮质部的远曲小管上.结论在肾脏,WNK1基因的短转录本是功能性转录本,其编码的蛋白质在生物学功能上可能与其它激酶不同.     

小鼠ERb 基因片段的克隆及其在胚胎发育中的表达

为探讨ERb在小鼠胚胎发育过程中的表达, 首先设计ERb引物并扩增ERb基因片段, 构建ERb/pGEM-3Z重组质粒进行克隆, 分别用EcoRⅠ和HindⅢ进行酶切得到线性化DNA片段, 以Sp6和T7聚合酶合成地高辛标记的(dig )正、反义RNA探针。然后通过胚胎整体原位杂交技术分析ERb 在小鼠胚胎中的表达。运用该探针检测到ERb 基因在10.5 dpc胚胎的脑、脊神经管、生殖脊、心包、肢芽及颌弓部位表达, 在13.5 dpc胚胎的端脑、中脑、延髓、脊髓、肢芽中表达。推测ERb基因可能在小鼠胚胎性别分化过程中起调节作用; 可能在小鼠胚胎神经管的早期区域化过程中起作用并在3个原始脑泡进一步分化及脊髓的分化过程中起作用; 可能在小鼠胚胎肢芽中的骨与软骨的形成与分化中起调控作用; 可能在小鼠胚胎心脏发育过程中起作用, 可能在小鼠胚胎颌弓的表面分化过程中起调控作用。     

Pin1在皮肤组织中的表达以及可诱导转基因小鼠模型的建立

目的观察Pin1在皮肤中的表达情况,构建Pin1在皮肤中可诱导表达的转基因小鼠模型。方法将小鼠Pin1基因克隆到改造过的可与Myc标签蛋白融合的p TRE2载体中,并将线性化的DNA通过显微注射的方式构建TRE-Pin1小鼠。结果成功获得TRE-Pin1转基因首建鼠,该小鼠与上皮特异的K14-rt TA转基因小鼠配繁,获得Pin1在皮肤上皮特异性可诱导表达的双转基因鼠;通过将多西霉素(又名强力霉素,Doxycycline)加入饮水的方式诱导Pin1基因的表达,并通过Western blot,免疫组织化学等方式证明了Pin1蛋白在皮肤上皮中能特异性地过表达。我们还发现内源的Pin1在皮肤中主要表达于上皮细胞。结论成功构建了Pin1在皮肤中可诱导表达的转基因小鼠模型,为后续研究Pin1在皮肤中的功能奠定基础。     

小鼠皮肤创伤愈合过程中VEGF、TGF-β1、bFGF表达的免疫组织化学研究

目的了解细胞因子在小鼠皮肤创伤愈合过程中的表达、分布与损伤时间的关系。方法用免疫组化方法检测不同损伤时间(生前伤0h～2w)小鼠皮肤切创组织中VEGF、TGF-β1、bFGF、的表达。结果VEGF在表皮及皮脂腺呈持续性阳性表达,TGF-β1、bFCF于伤后3h在表皮表达增强,并分别持续至伤后12h和48h。三种细胞因子在炎性细胞和修复细胞中的表达变化规律相似,伤后6h主要在部分中性粒细胞表达,12h后则主要在巨噬细胞和成纤维细胞。阳性细胞数量随损伤时间的延长而增多,于伤后96h达峰值,伤后1w和2w仍见少量巨噬细胞和成纤维细胞表达阳性。结论TGF-β1、bFGF在小鼠皮肤表皮的表达强度和损伤时间有关,VEGF、TGF-β1、bFGF在炎性细胞和修复细胞的表达在量上和细胞分布上均和损伤时间有关。     

Expression of low-molecular-weight neurofilament (NF-L) mRNA during postnatal development of the mouse brain

A regional Northern blot analysis demonstrated that the highest levels of NF-L mRNA in the adult mouse brain are present in brain stem followed by mid-brain, with lower levels found in neocortex, cerebellum, and hippocampus. The study was extended to the cellular level over the time course of postnatal development using in situ hybridization. This developmental analysis revealed that the expression of NF-L mRNA closely follows the differentiation pattern of many large neurons during postnatal neurogenesis. Neurons which differentiate early such as Purkinje, mitral, pyramidal, and large neurons of brain stem and thalamic nuclei, expressed high levels of NF-L mRNA at postnatal day 1. Early expression of NF-L mRNA may be required for the maintenance of the extensive neurofilament protein networks that are detected within the axons of larger neurons. Smaller neurons which differentiate later, such as dentate gyrus granule cells, small pyramidal and granule cells of the neocortex, and granule cells of the cerebellum, exhibit a delayed expression of NF-L mRNA.To whom to address reprint requests.     

Isolation and Characterization of Ovine Tyrosine Hydroxylase mRNA

Abstract: Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) cDNA has been characterized in rodents and primates, but only a few studies have been developed in ungulates, except in cows. Because sheep is a species used for many physiological studies, it was of interest to clone TH cDNA in this species. Ovine TH cDNA was purified from a library of sheep adrenal glands. The entire cDNA was 1,721 bp long. It presented a higher percentage of similarity with bovine TH cDNA (93%) than with rodent cDNAs (75%). The deduced amino acid sequence was 490 amino acids long and had 96% similarity with the bovine amino acid sequence. The entire cDNA and different fragments obtained with endonuclease restriction enzymes were cloned in plasmid pUC 18 and were labeled with ³⁵S-dATP to detect TH mRNA by in situ hybridization. Strong labelings were observed on adrenal medulla and on noradrenergic and dopaminergic neurons in the sheep but also in the cow and pig. This labeling matched completely TH immunohistochemical staining obtained on the same sections with anti-TH antibodies. Ovine TH cDNA is a useful tool to study the variations of TH mRNA levels in sheep catecholaminergic neurons.     

CD15 mRNA和nm23H1 mRNA表达与结直肠癌转移和预后的关系

为了探讨评估结直肠癌预后指标。应用催化信号放大-原位杂交技术。研究90例结直肠癌组织中CD15和nm23H1的mRNA表达,并结合随访资料分析,结果表明,在结直肠癌中CD15和nm23H1的mRNA阳性表达分别为84.4%和66.7%。CD15mRNA高表达及nm23H1mRNA低表达与结直肠癌浸润程度,淋巴结转移和肝脏转移状况密切相关,提示CD15和nm23H1的mRNA表达均可作为预测结直肠癌侵袭转移和客观评估患者预后的生物学指标。     

Acute and Persistent Suppression of Preproenkephalin mRNA Expression in the Striatum Following Developmental Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury

Abstract: The striatum is vulnerable to hypoxic-ischemic injury during development. In a rodent model of perinatal hypoxia-ischemia, it has been shown that striatal neurons are not uniformly vulnerable. Cholinergic neurons and NADPH-diaphorase-positive neurons are relatively spared. However, it is unknown what classes of striatal neurons are relatively sensitive. One of the major classes of striatal neurons uses enkephalin as a neurotransmitter. We have studied the effect of early hypoxic-ischemic injury on this class of neurons using a quantitative solution hybridization assay for preproenkephalin mRNA in conjunction with in situ hybridization. Hypoxia-ischemia results in an early (up to 24 h) decrease in striatal preproenkephalin mRNA, which is shown by in situ hybridization to occur mainly in the dorsal portion of the striatum. By 14 days, whole striatal preproenkephalin mRNA and total enkephalin-containing peptide levels are normal. However, at 14 days, in situ hybridization reveals that regions of complete preproenkephalin mRNA-positive neuron loss remain in the dorsal region. Normal whole striatal levels are due to an up-regulation of preproenkephalin mRNA expression in the ventrolateral region of the injured striatum. Given the important role that the enkephalin-containing striatal efferent projection plays in regulating motor function, its relative loss may be important in the chronic disturbances of motor control observed in brain injury due to developmental hypoxic-ischemic injury.     

Temporal Expression of Mouse Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein mRNA Studied by a Rapid In Situ Hybridization Procedure

A rapid and sensitive in situ hybridization technique is described for the detection of mRNA sequences in 6-8-micron cryostat sections. The method incorporates the use of alpha-thio-35S-labelled nucleoside triphosphates for the generation of high-specific-activity DNA probes and a high-stringency washing procedure that virtually eliminates background without unduly compromising histological integrity. Whereas signal resolution is less than that observed using 3H probes, 35S-labelled probes are well-suited for experiments where resolution at the cellular level is required. The method has been applied to a study of the developmental regulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) mRNA expression in developing mouse brain. GFAP-specific sequences are first detectable after the second postnatal day, and thereafter rise to a level that is maintained throughout development and into adulthood. The distribution of GFAP-encoding sequences broadly reflects the known distribution of astrocytes, but the levels of mRNA within these cells vary by a surprisingly large amount depending on their location. For example, in adult animals, the astrocytes of the glial limitans contain an abundance of GFAP-specific mRNA that is higher than corresponding levels in astrocytes in the cerebellar white matter, whereas these cells in turn contain considerably more GFAP-specific mRNA than astrocytes in the gray matter of the cerebrum. Unexpectedly, parallel RNA blot transfer experiments show the existence of some GFAP-encoding mRNA size heterogeneity that is restricted to the first postnatal week.     

Expression analysis of mRNA in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded archival tissues by mRNA in situ hybridization

Gene expression in diseased tissues can indicate the contribution to a disease process and potentially guide therapeutic decision-making. Archival tissues with associated clinical outcome may be useful to discover or validate the role of a candidate gene in a disease process or the response to therapy. Such archival tissues are commonly formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded, restricting the methods available for gene expression analysis. Obviously, the detection of proteins in tissues requires adaptation for each protein and the detection of secreted proteins can prove difficult or of reduced value since the protein detected may not reflect the total amount produced. Thus, we describe here a reliable method for the detection of mRNA in archival tissues. The method for mRNA in situ hybridization (ISH) was adapted by us for >15 different genes and applied to several hundred tissue microarrays (TMAs) and full sections generating >10,000 expression data points. We also discuss the utility of TMAs to simultaneously analyze several hundred tissue samples on one slide to minimize variability and preserve valuable tissue samples. Experimental protocols are provided that can be implemented without major hurdles in a typical molecular pathology laboratory and we discuss quantitative analysis as well as advantages and limitations of ISH with a special focus on secreted proteins. We conclude that ISH is a reliable and cost effective approach to gene expression analysis in archival tissues that is amenable to screening of series of tissues or of genes of interest.