cyclinA1基因变异诱导小鼠发生头颈部皮肤病变

目的研究cyclinA1基因变异对活体小鼠动物模型可能产生的影响。方法饲养46只cyclinA1基因变异的小鼠与25只同龄野生型小鼠9～24个月,进行比较观察。对发现病变部位的组织切片和对照标本采用HE染色和免疫组织化学染色方法检查。结果cyclinA1基因变异鼠中,约有24％（11／46）在头颈部发生了深溃疡状的皮肤病变,HE染色结果显示病变及病变周围皮肤过度角化,皮脂腺增生明显。而25只野生型鼠中未见类似改变。以cyclinA1特异性抗体进行免疫组织化学染色结果显示,野生型小鼠的皮脂腺内可以观察到明显的染色,而cyclinA1基因变异小鼠标本中没有染色。结论cyclinA1基因变异是导致本实验中观察到的小鼠发生头颈部皮肤病变的直接或间接原因。     

小鼠皮肤创伤愈合过程中VEGF、TGF-β1、bFGF表达的免疫组织化学研究

目的了解细胞因子在小鼠皮肤创伤愈合过程中的表达、分布与损伤时间的关系。方法用免疫组化方法检测不同损伤时间(生前伤0h～2w)小鼠皮肤切创组织中VEGF、TGF-β1、bFGF、的表达。结果VEGF在表皮及皮脂腺呈持续性阳性表达,TGF-β1、bFCF于伤后3h在表皮表达增强,并分别持续至伤后12h和48h。三种细胞因子在炎性细胞和修复细胞中的表达变化规律相似,伤后6h主要在部分中性粒细胞表达,12h后则主要在巨噬细胞和成纤维细胞。阳性细胞数量随损伤时间的延长而增多,于伤后96h达峰值,伤后1w和2w仍见少量巨噬细胞和成纤维细胞表达阳性。结论TGF-β1、bFGF在小鼠皮肤表皮的表达强度和损伤时间有关,VEGF、TGF-β1、bFGF在炎性细胞和修复细胞的表达在量上和细胞分布上均和损伤时间有关。     

TIMP-1转基因小鼠纯合子的建立及建系

采用遗传学育种方法 ,使外源基因整合位点随机的基质金属蛋白酶抑制剂 1(TIMP 1)转基因小鼠成为单一整合位点的纯合子转基因小鼠而建立TIMP 1转基因小鼠品系 .通过受精卵原核显微注射方法 ,获得带有人TIMP 1基因的Founder小鼠 .将转基因小鼠与正常小鼠交配 ,得到子代小鼠 .通过PCR及Southern印迹等方法 ,检测TIMP 1DNA在转基因小鼠体内的整合情况 ,阳性率达5 0 %后 ,进行近亲交配 .提取小鼠组织总RNA ,Northern印迹分析阳性小鼠各组织外源性TIMP 1mRNA表达情况 ,以正常NIH小鼠做对照 .获得了 6代小鼠共 4 2 4只 ,其中PCR阳性鼠 2 72只 ,Southern阳性鼠 2 2 6只 ,纯合子转基因小鼠 12 8只 ;F4代后阳性率达到 95 %以上 .转基因小鼠TIMP 1基因表达情况在肾脏的丰度明显高于肝脏和脾脏 (P <0 0 1) ,而肝和脾之间并没有显著差异 (P>0 0 5 ) .外源基因在转基因小鼠体内可以稳定遗传 ,并得到了整合有TIMP 1基因的纯合子转基因小鼠 ,且在阳性的转基因小鼠体内在肾脏中特异性表达 ,为以后开展TIMP 1的肾脏病理生理研究提供了有用的手段     

Abhd2基因与肺气肿发病机制研究

目的：利用基因敲除技术构建的小鼠肺气肿模型研究Abhd2基因与肺气肿发病机制的相关性。方法：生后6月龄,12月龄的Abhd2基因敲除纯合子和野生型鼠各5只。断髓法处死小鼠,取全肺,提取肺总RNA,紫外线分光光度计测定肺总RNA纯度并计算其浓度。PCR扩增产物行1．5％的琼脂糖凝胶电泳,在紫外线凝胶扫描仪观察拍照,存入IDKadak成像分析系统,分别读取肺气肿的相关因子和相应β-actin光密度值。电泳带密度运用ImageJ软件通过光密度测定法定量分析,比值用于统计学分析。结果：12个月龄Abhd2基因敲除纯合子小鼠与野生型对照比肺组织中基质金属蛋白酶9、12、13、14、组织蛋白酶B、K、S的mRNA表达水平明显增高,金属蛋白酶组织抑制剂3mRNA表达水平明显下降,氧化剂与抗氧化剂的mRNA表达水平未见异常,Abhd2基因敲除纯合子小鼠与野生型对照小鼠比肺组织中白细胞介素-1β、白细胞介素-6、白细胞介素-13和肿瘤坏死因子-α的mRNA表达明显增高。结论：Ablad2基因敲除小鼠通过肺组织中巨噬细胞浸润增多、致炎细胞因子表达过多、蛋白酶基因表达过强与抗蛋白酶抑制剂表达降低以及异常增多的细胞凋亡,自发形成了肺气肿,且渐进性进展,而且肺气肿发生、发展过程与人类是相似的;因此它们对于人类肺气肿遗传易感性及环境因子的研究具有重要价值。     

Abhd2基因与肺气肿发病机制研究

目的:利用基因敲除技术构建的小鼠肺气肿模型研究Abhd2基因与肺气肿发病机制的相关性。方法:生后6月龄,12月龄的Abhd2基因敲除纯合子和野生型鼠各5只。断髓法处死小鼠,取全肺,提取肺总RNA,紫外线分光光度计测定肺总RNA纯度并计算其浓度。PCR扩增产物行1.5%的琼脂糖凝胶电泳,在紫外线凝胶扫描仪观察拍照,存入IDKadak成像分析系统,分别读取肺气肿的相关因子和相应β-actin光密度值。电泳带密度运用ImageJ软件通过光密度测定法定量分析,比值用于统计学分析。结果:12个月龄Abhd2基因敲除纯合子小鼠与野生型对照比肺组织中基质金属蛋白酶9、12、13、14、组织蛋白酶B、K、S的mRNA表达水平明显增高,金属蛋白酶组织抑制剂3mRNA表达水平明显下降,氧化剂与抗氧化剂的mRNA表达水平未见异常,Abhd2基因敲除纯合子小鼠与野生型对照小鼠比肺组织中白细胞介素-lβ、白细胞介素-6、白细胞介素-13和肿瘤坏死因子-α的mRNA表达明显增高。结论:Abhd2基因敲除小鼠通过肺组织中巨噬细胞浸润增多、致炎细胞因子表达过多、蛋白酶基因表达过强与抗蛋白酶抑制剂表达降低以及异常增多的细胞凋亡,自发形成了肺气肿,且渐进性进展,而且肺气肿发生、发展过程与人类是相似的;因此它们对于人类肺气肿遗传易感性及环境因子的研究具有重要价值。     

构建皮肤组织中特异表达HPV16-E6基因的小鼠模型

目的:构建特异在皮肤表达乳头瘤病毒(HPV16)E6基因的真核表达载体,并鉴定其在转基因小鼠体内的表达。方法:通过PCR方法扩增皮肤特异启动子p INV及HPV16-E6,将以上片段通过酶切连接,插入去掉CMV启动子的pc DNA3.1(-)载体,获得dpc DNA3.1(-)-p INV-E6载体;并显微注射制备其转基因小鼠,利用RT-PCR、Western blot及免疫组化技术检测获得的阳性小鼠体内E6的表达水平。结果:dpc DNA3.1(-)-p INV-E6载体测序正确;经鉴定31只实验小鼠中,有2只小鼠携带外源基因,将其与野生型小鼠交配获得的F1代中又有2只阳性小鼠;且在获得阳性小鼠的皮肤组织中RT-PCR检测有E6的转录本,Western blot检测有E6蛋白表达,且免疫组化检测结果显示有E6在皮肤表达且引起皮肤微增生。结论:成功构建了p INV-E6转基因模型小鼠,HPV16-E6基因在小鼠皮肤中特异表达,为进一步研究HPV16-E6在癌症中的作用奠定了基础。     

表皮干细胞中CK15和CD49f阳性率与年龄关系的初步探究

目的:探究人体包皮组织中分离的表皮干细胞CK15和CD49f阳性表达率与年龄的关系。方法:利用双酶法从1、11、28、31岁4个年龄组皮肤组织中分离表皮干细胞,用CK15和CD49分别进行标记,用流式细胞仪检测阳性率。结果:在研究的4个年龄组中,11岁年龄组皮肤中的细胞CK15和CD49标记物阳性率最高,分别为70.19%和25.27%;流式细胞仪分选出的CK15阳性和CD49f阳性表皮干细胞在体外可呈现克隆生长。结论:11岁年龄组的表皮干细胞活性较强,更适宜组织工程种子细胞的选用。     

AQP1在CD-1纯系野生型孕鼠胎盘组织的表达

目的：研究水通道蛋白1（Aquaporin 1,AQP1）在小鼠胎盘组织的分布及表达,初步探讨AQP1在羊水循环及母胎液体平衡中的作用。方法：各取四只雌雄成年健康野生型CD1小鼠（wild type,AQP1＋/＋）及AQP1基因敲除小鼠（AQP1-KO,AQP1-/）-,将纯合子AQP1基因敲除雌雄小鼠等数量合笼交配,第二日检出阴道栓者记为妊娠第1天（1 gestational day,1GD）;野生型小鼠同样合笼记录。分别取两组13GD孕鼠的胎盘组织各一个,应用逆转录-聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）技术及免疫组织化学技术检测AQP1胎盘组织中的表达,并确定AQP1在小鼠胎盘组织的定位。结果：1.RT-PCR结果表明AQP1在CD-1野生型孕鼠胎盘组织表达,AQP1基因敲除鼠无表达;2.免疫组织化学方法发现AQP1表达于小鼠胎盘血管内皮细胞和滋养细胞,AQP1基因敲除鼠无表达。结论：在mRNA水平和蛋白水平均发现AQP1在CD-1纯系野生型孕鼠胎盘组织的表达,提示AQP1可能在羊水循环及母胎液体平衡中发挥作用。     

Wnt/β-catenin信号通路在博来霉素诱导的系统性硬化症小鼠模型血管重塑中的作用

系统性硬化症(systemic sclerosis,SSc)是一种慢性可累及全身多脏器的自身免疫性疾病,以广泛的血管病变及皮肤和内脏的纤维化为特征,但其机制迄今尚不明确。已有研究证实,Wnt通路参与了SSc纤维化,但其在血管病变中的病理作用尚未见报道。本研究拟采用博来霉素(bleomycin,BLM)诱导的SSc小鼠模型,探讨Wnt通路在SSc皮肤血管病变中的作用。将18只Balb/C小鼠随机平均分为3组,分别设为对照组(于小鼠背部皮下注射PBS 100 μL/d)、模型组(于小鼠背部皮下注射浓度为 1 mg/mL 博来霉素BLM 100 μL/d)和治疗组(于小鼠背部皮下注射 1 mg/mL BLM 100 μL/d,同时腹腔注射Wnt及β-catenin的抑制剂 iCRT3 5 mg/kg·d),于造模第28 d处死小鼠。小鼠皮肤取材后,通过HE染色及Masson染色观察到经BLM诱导的模型组小鼠背真皮、表皮厚度较对照组皮肤均明显增加(P<0.05),同时模型组的皮脂腺、毛囊等皮肤附属器明显减少,脂肪层厚度变薄并被纤维组织包绕,模型组皮肤胶原沉积较对照组增加;通过免疫组织化学染色在组织学层面鉴定α-SMA表达情况,发现模型组及治疗组α-SMA在皮肤组织中均高表达,α-SMA阳性表达在血管周围较对照组明显增加;通过ELISA方法检测出模型组小鼠血清中IL-6及IL-17表达量较对照组明显升高(P<0.05),治疗组小鼠血清中IL-6及IL-17的表达量较模型组明显下降(P<0.05);提取皮肤微血管片段,通过q-PCR检测到模型组及治疗组小鼠皮肤微血管中β-联蛋白的mRNA基因表达水平较正常组升高;通过Western印迹检测皮肤微血管Wnt5A、β-联蛋白、α-SMA、col1A1的蛋白质表达情况,发现纤维化相关蛋白质α-SMA及col1A1在模型组表达升高,较对照组有统计学差异(P<0.05),治疗组较模型组表达下降(P<0.05),Wnt通路相关蛋白质β-联蛋白及Wnt5A在模型组表达明显升高,较之对照组有统计学差异(P<0.05)。本研究提示,BLM能成功诱导小鼠系统性硬化症皮肤表型,Wnt通路的异常激活参与了BLM诱导的硬皮病小鼠皮肤微血管病变,特异性Wnt通路抑制剂iCRT3可能通过直接或间接的方式下调细胞因子IL-6及IL-17,从而降低BLM诱导的小鼠皮肤微血管中的α-SMA及col1A1蛋白质表达,改善小鼠皮肤微血管病变,干预BLM诱导的小鼠血管病变的进展。     

p21HBsAg/HBsAg转基因小鼠肝癌发生过程中PCNA的表达及意义

[目的]探讨乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原定位整合(p21HBsAg/HbsAg)转基因小鼠肝癌发生过程中PCNA的表达及意义。[方法]分别选取2,6,12,18,24月龄的SPF级转基因小鼠,取肝脏及肝脏肿瘤组织,进行免疫组织化学S-P法染色。[结果]①阳性肝细胞核内可见棕黄色反应颗粒;②2,6月龄转基因小鼠肝脏有少量散在分布的肝细胞呈PCNA阳性表达,阳性率分别为2.5%,3%;12月龄转基因小鼠肝脏PCNA阳性表达主要出现在非典型增生的肝细胞,阳性率23.65%;18月龄转基因小鼠发生的肝细胞癌PCNA阳性率61.68%;24月龄的转基因小鼠发生的肝细胞癌PCNA阳性率63.56%。12月龄转基因小鼠PCNA阳性率高于2,6月龄转基因小鼠(p<0.01),18月龄和24月龄的转基因小鼠PCNA阳性率高于12月龄转基因小鼠(p<0.05)。[结论]①PCNA能准确反映乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原定位整合转基因小鼠肝细胞的增殖能力,PCNA与肝细胞癌的发生、发展密切相关;②非典型增生的肝细胞有较高的PCNA阳性表达,是一群具有肿瘤增殖潜能的癌前细胞群。     

Increased cyclin E expression may obviate the role of cyclin D1 during brain development in cyclin D1 knockout mice

Cyclins D and E play critical roles during the G1 phase of mammalian cell division. Cyclin D1 expression is high and expected to play an important role during mouse brain development. However, in the present study, we found no difference in CNS morphology between cyclin D1 knockout (KO) and control wild-type mice at the ages of 1, 4 and 12 months. Analysis of protein expression in embryonic brains revealed that cyclin E is obviously increased in cyclin D1 KO mice at 13.5 days post coitum. At the same age a high level of cyclin D1 expression is detected in the embryonic brain of wild-type mice. The data indicate that enhanced cyclin E protein expression in cyclin D1 KO mice may obviate the role of cyclin D1 and contribute to the normal brain development of cyclin D1 KO mice.     

Differential expression of D-type G1 cyclins during mouse development and liver regeneration in vivo

D-type Gl cyclins are the primary cell cycle regulators of G1/S transition in eukaryotic cells, and are differentially expressed in a variety of cell lines in vitro. Little is known, however, about the expression patterns of D-type G1 cyclins in normal mouse in vivo. Thus, in the present study, tissue-specific expressions of cyclin D1 and D3 genes were examined in several tissues derived from adult male mice, and stage-specific expression of cyclin genes was studied in brain, liver, and kidney of developing mice from embryonic day 13 to postnatal day 11. Cell cycle-dependent expression of cyclins was also examined in regenerating livers following partial hepatectomy. Our results indicate that (l) cyclins Dl and D3 are expressed in a tissue-specific manner, with cyclin Dl being highly expressed in kidney and D3 in thymus; (2) cyclin D3 mRNA is abundantly expressed in young proliferating tissues and is gradually reduced during development, whereas cyclin Dl mRNA fluctuates during development; and (3) compensatory regeneration of liver induces cyclin Dl gene expression 12 hr after partial hepatectomy, and cyclin D3 gene expression from 36 to 42 hr (at the time of G1/S transition). In conclusion, this study indicates that cyclin D1 and D3 genes are differentially expressed in vivo in a tissue-specific, developmental stage-dependent, and cell cycle-dependent manner. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Cyclin A1 regulates the interactions between mouse haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells and their niches

It remains poorly understood how the haematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPC) are attracted to their niches and the functional consequences of such interaction. In the present study, we show that the cell cycle regulator cyclin A1 in association with vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (VEGFR1), is required for HSPC and their niches to maintain their function and proper interaction. In the absence of cyclin A1, the HSPC in the BM are increased in their frequency and display an increased migratory and homing ability. Concomitantly, the ability of the endosteal and central BM niche zones to attract and home the wild-type HSPC is significantly reduced in cyclin A1-null mice as compared to the wild-type controls. The impaired proliferation and homing of HSPC in the BM of cyclin A1-null mice are attributed to the increased density of microvessels in the endosteal and central BM niche zones, which is associated with the increased VEGFR1 expression. Thus, modulation of cyclin A1 and VEGFR1 in HSPC and their niches may provide new insights into therapeutic approaches.     

Change of cyclin D2 mRNA expression during murine testis development detected by fragmented cDNA subtraction method

Using subtractive hybridization and polymerase chain reaction, we developed a differential cloning system, the fragmented cDNA subtraction method, that requires only small amounts of materials. The cloning system was used to isolate several cDNA fragments expressed more abundantly in the premeiotic day 3 post-natal mouse testis than in the adult mouse testis. The isolated cDNA fragments included cDNA encoding the murine cyclin D2. Northern blot and in situ hybridization analyses revealed that, during testis development, cyclin D2 expression was most abundant in the neonatal proliferating Sertoli cells. Those type A spermatogonia that were thought to divide mitotically also expressed cyclin D2 mRNA. Other spermatogenic cells, such as mitotically arrested gonocytes in neonatal testis and meiotically dividing germ cells in adult testis as well as adult Sertoli cells, were negative for the cyclin D2 signal. Adult W/W ^v mutant mice lacking germ cells expressed cyclin D2 mRNA in terminally differentiated Sertoli cells. Elimination of germ cells other than the undifferentiated type A spermatogonia by treating wild-type mice with an anti-c- kit monoclonal antibody did not result in the expression of cyclin D2 in Sertoli cells. These results demonstrate that there are lineage- and developmental-specific expression patterns of cyclin D2 mRNA during mouse testis development. At the same time, it is suggested that primitive type A spermatogonia affect the cyclin D2 expression of Sertoli cells.     

Differential cytokine expression in skin graft healing in inducible nitric oxide synthase knockout mice

Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and its product, nitric oxide, have been shown to play important roles in wound biology. The present study was performed to investigate the role of iNOS in modulating the cytokine cascade during the complex process of skin graft wound healing.Fifteen iNOS-knockout mice and 15 wild-type C57BL/6J mice were subjected to autogenous 1-cm2 intrascapular full-thickness skin grafts. Three animals in each group were killed on postoperative days 3, 5, 7, 10, and 14. Specimens were then analyzed using nonisotopic in situ hybridization versus mRNA of tumor growth factor-beta1, vascular endothelial growth factor, iNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and basic fibroblast growth factor, as well as positive and negative control probes. Positive cells in both grafts and wound beds were counted using a Leica microgrid. Scar thickness was measured with a Leica micrometer. Data were analyzed using the unpaired Student's t test.Expression of iNOS was 2- to 4-fold higher in knockout mice than in wild-type mice on postoperative days 5, 7, and 14. Expression of eNOS was 2- to 2.5-fold higher in knockout mice than in wild-type mice on postoperative days 5 and 7. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha expression was 2- to 7-fold higher in knockout mice than in wild-type mice on all postoperative days. In contrast, expression levels of angiogenic/fibrogenic cytokines (vascular endothelial growth factor, basis fibroblast growth factor, and tumor growth factor-beta1) were 2.5- to 4-fold higher in wild-type mice than in knockout mice. Scars were 1.5- to 2.5-fold thicker in knockout mice than in wild-type mice at all time points. All of the above results represent statistically significant differences (p < 0.05).Significantly different patterns of cytokine expression were seen in knockout and wild-type mice. Although the scar layer was thicker in knockout mice, it showed much greater infiltration with inflammatory cells. These data further delineate the modulatory effect of iNOS and nitric oxide in healing skin grafts.     

Abnormal sperm development in pcd 3J-/- mice: the importance of Agtpbp1 in spermatogenesis

Homozygous Purkinje cell degeneration (pcd) mutant males exhibit abnormal sperm development. Microscopic examination of the testes from pcd(3J)-/- mice at postnatal days 12, 15, 18 and 60 revealed histological differences, in comparison to wild-type mice, which were evident by day 18. Greatly reduced numbers of spermatocytes and spermatids were found in the adult testes, and apoptotic cells were identified among the differentiating germ cells after day 15. Our immunohistological analysis using an antihuman AGTPBP1 antibody showed that AGTPBP1 was expressed in spermatogenic cells between late stage primary spermatocytes and round spermatids. A global gene expression analysis from the testes of pcd(3J)-/- mice showed that expression of cyclin B3 and de-ubiquitinating enzymes USP2 and USP9y was altered by >1.5-fold compared to the expression levels in the wild-type. Our results suggest that the pcd mutant mice have defects in spermatogenesis that begin with the pachytene spermatocyte stage and continue through subsequent stages. Thus, Agtpbp1, the gene responsible for the pcd phenotype, plays an important role in spermatogenesis and is important for survival of germ cells at spermatocytes stage onward.