Isolation of a Novel Early Drought Responding Partial cDNA Sequence from Rice by Differential Display of mRNA

Total RNA isolated from control as well as stressed rice seedlings was reverse transcribed and subjected to radioactive PCR for differential display. A partial cDNA corresponding to moisture stress was isolated and sequenced. The clone showed homology to lysine transport protein /lysine specific permease.     

运用数字差异展示方法克隆一个人类新的锌指蛋白基因ZNF474

运用数字差异展示方法,克隆一个与生精相关的睾丸高表达基因。借助公共ESTs数据库,利用DDD软件比较分析各种睾丸文库与其他组织或细胞系文库有差异表达的ESTs,成功克隆到一个在人类睾丸中高表达的新基因。结合实验获得新基因cDNA全长,该基因被国际人类基因命名委员会命名为ZNF474(GeneBank登陆号AY461732)。ZNF474的cDNA全长为1 972 bp,定位在5 q23.2。通过RT-PCR及测序验证,其开放阅读框的位置在377 bp~1 471 bp处,编码364个氨基酸,在氨基酸水平与小鼠同源基因有66%的一致性,而与其他已知蛋白质无明显同源性。Northern杂交分析显示ZNF474在成体睾丸组织特异高表达,卵巢组织弱表达,在多种其他组织中不表达,为单一转录本。原位杂交显示ZNF474基因在正常成人睾丸组织各级生精细胞、隐睾组织以及精原细胞癌组织中均有较高表达。综上考虑,推测ZNF474作为生殖细胞中特异的转录因子,对人类的精子发生和卵母细胞的发育可能起重要作用。     

Identification and Characterization of a Seven Transmembrane Hormone Receptor Using Differential Display

Targeted mutagenesis analysis has shown that theCmybproto-oncogene, which encodes a sequence-specific DNA binding protein, is required for normal murine fetal liver erythropoiesis and myelopoiesis. To identify novel genes involved in hematopoiesis, differential display analysis was conducted using total liver RNA isolated from 14.5-day postcoitusCmybwildtype, heterozygous, and homozygous mutant littermates. Using 4 oligo(dT) 3′ primers and 5 arbitrary decamers as 5′ primers, 22 differentially expressed genes have been identified. Eight putatively novel genes were identified from 12 cDNAs that were sequenced. One gene, initially designated DD7A5-7, is primarily expressed in cells of the myeloid lineage. The full-length DD7A5-7 cDNA is 3239 nucleotides, encoding a putative protein of 931 amino acids. The protein is a member of a family of hormone receptors containing 7 transmembrane segments. The receptor also contains 7 epidermal growth factor-like (Egf-like) motifs at the amino terminal of the predicted protein. The gene is alternatively spliced, resulting in the deletion of one or more copies of theEgf-like motif. DD7A5-7 maps to mouse Chromosome 17 and is the putative homologue ofEMR1,a recently describedEgf-like module containing mucin-like hormone receptor with 7 transmembrane segments in humans. Our results indicate that theCmybmutant fetuses represent a unique resource for identifying genes involved in hematopoiesis.     

利用电子差异展示方法克隆人类睾丸高表达新基因SPATA11

利用NCBI中的电子差异展示(digital differential display,DDD)软件,比较来自睾丸(包括睾丸癌)与来自其它组织的EST文库,从筛查人类睾丸中高表达而在其他组织中不表达或低表达的差异ESTs入手,成功克隆了一个在人类睾丸中高表达的新基因SPATA11．RT-PCR实验证实其在成人睾丸高表达．序列分析表明该基因含4个外显子,基因组跨越2．6kb,定位于19pl3．3．cDNA编码一个含221个氨基酸,相对分子质量为24．5kD的新蛋白．Northern杂交结果显示：该基因含有1．1kb大小的唯一转录本,主要在睾丸中强表达．肝脏、肺、卵巢和肾脏中有微弱表达．而其他组织中该基因无表达．     

用差异显示法从人胎脑基因文库分离一个编码序列

人１８周、２２周胎儿脑、肝肾组织总ｍ ＲＮＡ 用ＤＤＲＴ－ＰＣＲ显示出差异的条带,回收胎脑和肝肾特异性表达的４８７条电泳条带．其中某些条带用３种组织的ｃＤＮＡ 探针作点杂交,筛选只对胎儿脑总呈阳性的ＤＮＡ 片段．以其中某一条带ＤＮＡ 为探针,从胎儿脑ｃＤＮＡ 文库筛选阳性克隆,得到ＧＣ５８．经Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎ 杂交和ＤＮＡ 测序,表明它是人脑表达的序列,与数据库中ＫＩＡＡ０５１５有同源性,并编码一个有２７４个氨基酸的蛋白质,该蛋白质序列尚未见报道．探讨了ＤＤＲＴ－ＰＣＲ的条件和假阳性问题．     

Purification and Partial Characterization of Human C1-Esterase

C1-Esterase was purified from the euglobulin fraction of human plasma by successive column chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, hydroxylapatite and TEAE-cellulose. The final product, purified 3500-fold with respect to serum, hydrolyzed 1,155 μmoles of N^α-acetyl-l-tyrosine ethyl ester per milligram of protein at pH 7.4 and 37°C in 15 min. The homogeneity of the purified C1-esterase was confirmed by ultracentrifugation and disc-electrophoresis. Its s_20,w value was 4.3 and its molecular weight was determined as 113,000 by gel filtration on Sephadex G–200.

Cl-Esterase possesses esterolytic activity for both N^α-acetyl-l-tyrosine ethyl ester and N^α-tosyl-l-arginine methyl ester, and acts on human kininogen I and II releasing kinin very slowly.     

应用改良的mRNA差异展示法克隆人鼻咽上皮特异性表达的cDNA片段

本文对ｍＲＮＡ差异展示法进行了改良．利用一组随机引物与来源于ｍＲＮＡ翻译起始位点区域的引物组合进行ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ,使差异展示的片段来源于蛋白编码区,并对差异展示的条件进行了优化．应用此法对人鼻咽上皮与软腭口腔粘膜上皮的基因表达进行了比较研究,得到了１０个在鼻咽上皮特异表达的ｃＤＮＡ片段,并对其中的５个片段进行了亚克隆和序列分析．通过与ＧｅｎｅＢａｎｋ数据库中的序列进行同源性比较,确定其中两个片段为未知新序列,Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎ杂交证实其中一个片段ＮＥＳ１为鼻咽上皮特异性表达片段．     

运用差异展示分离特异性表达的基因

在高等生物中含有约100000个不同的基因,其中仅有15％的基因在任何个体细胞中均表达．因此分离特异的目的基因便显得十分重要.差异展示是通过部分扩增mRNA的逆转录产物、经测序胶电泳,分离到差异性表达的基因.它与消减杂交相比是分离特异表达基因的更有效的手段．虽然这种方法在实际运用中存在着这样或那样的困难,但随着对这种技术的不断改进,它将会有越来越广泛的用途．     

Differential Gene Expression and Characterization of Tissue-specific cDNA Clones in Oil Palm using mRNA Differential Display

The mRNA differential display method was utilized to study the differential expression and regulation of genes in two species of oil palm, the commercially grown variety Elaeis guineensis, var. tenera and the South American species, Elaeis oleifera. We demonstrated the differential expression of genes in the mesocarp and kernel at the week of active oil synthesis (15 week after anthesis) during fruit development as compare to the roots and leaves and the isolation of tissue-specific and species-specific cDNA clones. A total of eight specific cDNA clones were isolated and their specificities were confirmed by Northern hybridization and classified into three groups. Group one contains four clones (KT3, KT4, KT5 and KT6) that are kernel-specific for E. guineensis, tenera and E. oleifera. The second group represents clone FST1, which is mesocarp and kernel-specific for E. guineensis, tenera and E. oleifera. The third group represents clones MLT1, MLT2 and MLO1 that are mesocarp and leaf-specific. Northern analysis showed that their expressions were developmentally regulated. Nucleotide sequencing and homology search in GenBank data revealed that clones KT3 and KT4 encode for the same maturation protein PM3. While clones MLT1 and MLT2 encode for S-ribonuclease binding protein and fibrillin, respectively. The other clones (KT5, KT6, FST1 and MLO1) did not display any significant homology to any known protein.     

Partial Characterization of Bacteriocins Produced by Two New Enterococcus faecium Isolated from Human Intestine

This study aimed at characterizing two novel bacteriocin-producing enterococcal strains isolated from human intestine. A total of 200 lactic acid bacteria were isolated from a woman stool sample. Two of them were selected for characterization due to their high antimicrobial activity against five strains of Listeria monocytogenes. The selected bacteria were identified as two different strains of Enterococcus faecium and designated MT 104 and MT 162. The bacteriocins produced by MT 104 and MT 162 were stable at different pH ranging from 2 to 11 and were active after different treatments such as heat, enzymes, detergents, and γ-irradiation. The two isolated strains exhibited some probiotic properties such as survival in simulated gastric fluid and intestinal fluid, lack of expression of bile salt hydrolase or hemolytic activity, adhesion to Caco-2 cells efficiently, and sensitivity to clinical antimicrobial agents. Thus, the two isolated strains of E. faecium could become new probiotic bacteria and their bacteriocins could be used for controlling L. monocytogenes in combination with irradiation for food preservation.     

Purification and Partial Characterization of Hypocalcemic Factor from Human Saliva

This study reports the isolation and partial purification of a polypeptide from human saliva which causes a significant serum calcium lowering when administered to mice. Purification was achieved by preparative electrophoresis, dialysis, two gel filtration steps on Sephadex G-150, and ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. Homogeneity was determined by poly-acrylamide electrophoresis. Blood sampling was carried out by puncture of the orbital venous plexus and serum analyzed for calcium. The most active preparations lower serum calcium from 10–27% of initial value, producing tetany and convulsions in some cases. The molecular weight of this polypeptide was estimated to be 4, 260 by the use of a calibrated Sephadex G-75 column. This is a much smaller molecular weight than that expected from its initial exclusion from Sephadex G-150, and suggests that this hypocalcemic factor is associated with larger molecules through most of the purification procedure up to and including DEAE-cellulose chromatography. A second gel filtration on Sephadex G-150 separates two minor salivary protein contaminants (IgA and IgG immunoglobulin) in the excluded fraction from the smaller, hypocalcemically active polypeptide.

No hypocalcemia activity could be detected or isolated in a preliminary investigation on the saliva of a dysgammaglobuli-nemic (IgA deficient) patient.

The hypocalcemia induced does not differ significantly from that observed after administration of calcitonin to mice in that: 2) minimum values are reached in 1.5–2 hours and return to normal in 5–6 hours, b) magnitude of hypocalcemia response is dose dependent. The salivary hypocalcemia factor isolated in this study has the properties of a protein, in that its activity is destroyed by the proteolytic enzyme trypsin, it yields amino acids upon acid hydrolysis and it behaves on electrophoresis, gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography as a typical protein.     

Characterization of a Human Fovea cDNA Library and Regional Differential Gene Expression in the Human Retina

The primate fovea is the region of the retina responsible for acute vision. This region constitutes less than 5% of the total area of the retina and has not been intensely studied at the molecular level. As a first step in the molecular characterization of the fovea, we have constructed a primary human fovea cDNA library. Experiments confirm that our cDNA library reflects a nonbiased distribution of foveal expressed sequences. Single-pass sequencing was performed on 209 randomly isolated clones from this library. Analysis of the sequences generated reveals that the distributions of fovea clones with either human mitochondrial gene sequences or repetitive elements are different than those observed in cDNA libraries made from other tissues. A significant number of the fovea expressed sequence tags (ESTs) (88, 42.1%) represent novel human ESTs. This suggests that the library will be useful in identifying new human genes. Northern analysis of specific fovea ESTs defined in this study suggests that there are significant quantitative differences in gene expression that distinguish the fovea from the rest of the retina.     

Purification and Partial Characterization of the Phosphoglucomutase Isozyhes from Human Placenta

We have developed a simple procedure for the purification of phosphoglucomutase (PGM) isozymes from human placenta of healthy women. The technique involves the ammonium sulfate fractionation, ion-exchange and dye-ligand chromatographies. By this method we obtained homogeneous isozyme preparations of the products (“primary” and “secondary”) of the two PGM¹ and PGM² loci. The final specific activities were 1134.6–1441.8 units/mg for PGM¹ forms and 40.2–46.5 units/mg for PGM² forms. On SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis, the final preparations gave a single protein band of 58,500 and 69,000 Mr for PGM¹ and PGM² isozymes, respectively. These forms have the same kinetic properties, but from the substrate specificity experiments we have found that PGM² forms are more effective for catalyzing the phosphoribomutase and glucose 1,6-bisphosphate synthase reaction than PGM¹ forms. All these properties are shared by the same isozymes previously isolated from human erythrocytes but in this procedure the use of human placenta for the PGM isozymes purification takes advantage of high specific activity of PGM in the extracts of this tissue as well as obtaining highly homogeneous protein suitable for studies at molecular level.     

原核细胞mRNA差异显示技术的引物设计

由于原核细胞mRNA3'端不存在ploy(A)结构,因而原核细胞DDRT-PCR引物设计不同于真核细胞。尽管不能根据oligo(dT)设计引物,但利用全基因中高度分散重复的短序列或回文序列却能有效克服mRNA分子结构的影响,最大限度地扩增全长cDNA;并且这2种引物设计方法还可以提高RNA指纹图谱的重复性,降低反应的假阳性,从而为原核细胞DDRT-PCR引物设计提供新的思路。     

差别显示mRNA法的改良

本文介绍了一种筛选和克隆差异表达基因的新方法——差别显示mRNA法。并在模板、引物、反应体系、反应条件等方面,对该方法作了深入的探索和改进,与原方法相比,改良法具有高效、可靠性高、经济等优点。实验表明,该方法能有效地筛选到一对细胞或组织在不同状态下表达差异的基因。为新基因的发现和克隆提供了新的手段。     

Establishment and Partial Characterization of a Continuous Human Malignant Glioma Cell Line: NG97

1. A human glioma cell line, NG97, was established from tissue obtained from a patient diagnosed with a grade III astrocytoma.2. The NG97 cell line has been subcultured for more than 100 passages in standard culture media without feeder layer or collagen coatings.3. NG97 cells grow in vitro as two subpopulations with distinct morphological appearance: stellate cells with pleomorphic nuclei, and small round cells with few processes. The cells have a doubling time of about 72 h and a plating efficiency of 1%. The injection of NG97 cells into congenitally athymic mice induced the formation of solid tumor masses that could be retransplanted every 4 weeks. The cells obtained from tumor mass when cultivated in vitro had a morphology comparable to those of the initial culture.4. This cell line may prove useful for cellular and molecular studies as well as in studies of gliomas treatment.     

Partial Purification and Characterization of a Bacteriocin Produced by Propionibacterium thoenii

A partially purified bacteriocin produced by Propionibacterium thoenii designated propionicin PLG-1 was found to be active against closely related species and exhibited a broad spectrum of activity against other microorganisms. Propionicin PLG-1 was found to be heat labile, sensitive to several proteolytic enzymes, and stable at pH 3 to 9. Propionicin PLG-1 was isolated from solid medium, partially purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, and purified further by gel filtration. Gel filtration experiments revealed that bacteriocin PLG-1 was present as two different protein aggregates with apparent molecular weights of more than 150,000 and approximately 10,000. Resolution of these protein aggregates by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed the presence of a protein common to both with an apparent molecular weight of 10,000.     

mRNA差别显示研究肝再生调控基因

以正常肝和再生肝为对比材料,利用mRNA差别显示技术,研究肝再生过程中基因的差别表达,旨在从基因选择性表达水平上探讨肝再生调控机理. 得到4种未知肝再生相关cDNA,完成其克隆与序列分析,一例在再生肝中的表达低于正常肝,余者则高于正常肝. 这些序列均已在EMBL(Europe Molecular Biology Laboratory)数据库中登录,登录号分别为X95721、X95722、X95723、X97973.     

发展中的mRNA差别显示技术

随着ＰＣＲ技术的出现（１９８５）,在分子生物学界又相继出现了两个很有影响的新技术──ＲＡＰＤ技术（１９９０）和ｍＲＮＡ差示法（１９９２）,前者用于分子标记,后者用于基因分离。ｍＲＮＡ差示法的生物学基础是基因的差别表达,既：单个细胞中表达的基因仅占基因总数的１５％。这种基因的差别表达决定了生命的所有过程,如：发育和分化、对逆境的反应、细胞分裂、老化等,图一给出了该方法最初的技术路线。提取要比较的两种或两种以上样品的ｍＲＮＡｓ,分别逆转录成ｃＤＮＡｓ,经过ＰＣＲ扩增后,直接进行测序胶电泳即可识别有差别的ｍＲＮＡ。其中、关键的是ＰＣＲ扩增时两个引物的设计．３＇端引物Ｏｌｉｇｏ（ｄＴ）ＭＮ很容易与具有Ｎ＇Ｍ＇－ｐｏｌｙ（Ａ）－３＇末端的大多数ｍＲＮＡ结合,进行ｃＤＮＡ的逆转录合成。Ｍ、Ｎ提供锚定位点,防止３＇端引物在ｐｏｌｙ（Ａ）序列不同位置上的随机结合。５＇端为１０个碱基的随机引物。这个经验上的碱基数值较理论的６－７个碱基（表一）更能满足测序胶电泳要求的条件：分子大小在５００ｂｐ左右,每条泳道上条带数在１００条左右。该方法近年来又有如下改进：一、ＰＣＲ退火温度由４２℃改为４０℃,可在保证特异性的同时,增加泳道上的