南川木波罗幼苗构件生物量和叶片特征随年龄增长的变化

为深入了解南川木波罗构件种群生物量、比叶面积及叶干物质含量随苗龄叶龄的变化规律,以南川木波罗幼苗(1~5年生)为研究对象,分析其根、茎、叶等构件种群的生物量、SLA、LDMC差异及动态变化。结果表明:(1)单株生物量随着苗龄增加而增加,且差异达显著性水平;(2)各构件生物量增加的幅度不尽相同,其中枝条生物量增长幅度最大,5年生幼苗与2年生幼苗相比达477.23倍,其余构件生物量为主干叶根;(3)枝条和主干的生物量比率总体上呈上升趋势,所占根比率变动较小而叶逐渐下降。表明植物体对各构件生物量投资的不均衡性,主要偏向于枝和主干;(4)SLA随着苗龄的增加呈先上升后降低的趋势,且当年生叶大于1年生叶;幼苗叶片干物质含量(LDMC)随苗龄增加而增加,且1年生叶均高于当年生叶。     

外来入侵植物牛膝菊种群构件生物量结构

牛膝菊原产南美洲,为沈阳地区爆发式入侵种.本文从构件水平研究了牛膝菊种群各构件生物量结构特征和各构件生物量间的关系模型,并进行了定量分析.结果表明,牛膝菊种群各构件生物量之间关系为茎＞叶＞花序＞根.各构件生物量在个体生物量中所占比率表现为茎＞叶＞根＞花序.牛膝菊种群茎生物量和叶生物量与植株高度、根生物量、花序生物量之间都呈显著的正相关关系,均可用幂函数模型较好地表达.     

外来入侵植物牛膝菊种群构件生物量结构

牛膝菊原产南美洲,为沈阳地区爆发式入侵种．本文从构件水平研究了牛膝菊种群各构件生物量结构特征和各构件生物量间的关系模型,并进行了定量分析．结果表明,牛膝菊种群各构件生物量之间关系为茎〉叶〉花序〉根．各构件生物量在个体生物量中所占比率表现为茎〉叶〉根〉花序．牛膝菊种群茎生物量和叶生物量与植株高度、根生物量、花序生物量之间都呈显著的正相关关系,均可用幂函数模型较好地表达．     

北京西部山区胡枝子种群研究: 个体和构件生物量

通过对北京西部山区胡枝子(Lespedeza bicolor Turcz.)种群个体和构件地上生物量进行系统研究。结果表明, 种群(总和)个体和各构件地上生物量积累与年龄的关系均可用方程式Y=axb表示。不同种群的植株个体和构件生物量有显著性不同(P<0.05), 在海拔910-1 100 m的山脊林缘的种群个体和构件地上生物量较其它种群大, 植株地上营养构件的生物量比率较小, 而繁殖构件生物量比率较大; 不适生境中的种群则反之。种群个体生长和各构件生物量动态与环境条件关系密切。构件生物量比率也随着年龄的增长而有所变化。叶生物量比率随年龄增加而减小; 枝构件生物量比率随年龄增加而增大; 繁殖构件的生物量比率随年龄增加先增后减。依据相关指数R2, 筛选各构件生物量估计的最优模型: 枝、枝叶生物量和地上生物量均为m(DW)= a(D2H1)b, 叶生物量和花果生物量均为m(DW)=a(D)b。     

北京西部山区胡枝子种群研究:个体和构件生物量

通过对北京西部山区胡枝子(Lespedeza bicolor Turcz.)种群个体和构件地上生物量进行系统研究。结果表明,种群(总和)个体和各构件地上生物量积累与年龄的关系均可用方程式Y=axb表示。不同种群的植株个体和构件生物量有显著性不同(P<0.05),在海拔910-1100m的山脊林缘的种群个体和构件地上生物量较其它种群大,植株地上营养构件的生物量比率较小,而繁殖构件生物量比率较大;不适生境中的种群则反之。种群个体生长和各构件生物量动态与环境条件关系密切。构件生物量比率也随着年龄的增长而有所变化。叶生物量比率随年龄增加而减小;枝构件生物量比率随年龄增加而增大;繁殖构件的生物量比率随年龄增加先增后减。依据相关指数R2,筛选各构件生物量估计的最优模型:枝、枝叶生物量和地上生物量均为m(DW)=a(D2H1)b,叶生物量和花果生物量均为m(DW)=a(D)b。     

秦岭独叶草种群个体和构件生物量动态研究

对秦岭地区独叶草种群个体和构件生物量动态进行了系统研究．结果表明,独叶草种群个体生长发育过程中构件生物量与年龄关系可用Logistic方程表示．种群叶和芽的生物量比率随年龄增长降低,而根系和根状茎的生物量比率增加．不同海拔地域的种群个体生物量和各构件生物量显著不同(P＜0．05),海拔2700-2900m的种群个体生物量和各构件生物量较低海拔和高海拔地区大．叶生物量比率随海拔升高降低,而根状茎的比率却增加．在较适生地域,根系生物量比率较低,而芽的比率较高．种群个体生长和各构件生物量动态与环境条件关系密切．     

缙云山慈竹种群生物量结构研究

 本文引用Harper的构件结构理论,从两个水平(即群落水平上的种群和个体水平上的种群)上研究了缙云山慈竹种群的生物量结构及其影响因素。 研究结果表明：(1)慈竹无性系种群中各个体生物量在1—5龄级的分配为：14.18%,24.22%,41.91%、12.30%和7.38%,种群现存生物量为156.407t·ha-1;(2)慈竹种群中,生物量在各构件单位的配置为：秆49.46%,枝21.34%,叶8.73%,根茎14.00%,根6.47%;(3)慈竹(合子)种群在200ha中的生物量为31281t。地上地下部分生物量各占种群总量的79.53%和20.47%。     

外来入侵植物小飞蓬种群构件生物量结构特征

小飞蓬是我国分布最广的外来入侵物种之一,通过样方调查,从构件水平研究了小飞蓬各构件的结构特征及其生物量间的关系模型,并进行了定量分析。结果表明小飞蓬各构件生物量间的关系表现为茎>叶>根>花;各构件生物量在个体生物量中所占比率也表现为茎>叶>根>花;小飞蓬根、茎、叶生物量与植株高度及各构件生物量间均呈正相关关系。     

不同生境下刺五加种群构件生物量结构与生长规律

从构件水平对针阔混交林、蒙古栎林和次生杂木林3个生境的刺五加种群各功能构件的生物量结构及生物量比率与年龄之间的关系进行了定量分析. 结果表明,刺五加种群的个体生长和各构件生物量动态与环境条件关系密切.不同环境条件下,刺五加种群各功能构件生物量平均值具有相同的规律：茎构件>根茎构件>叶构件.3个生境中刺五加整体种群水平具有一定的相似性.在郁闭度为40%的蒙古栎林中,刺五加种群个体生物量和各构件生物量较针阔混交林和次生杂木林中大.不同生境下刺五加种群分株生物量的差异蕴涵着重要的生长调节和物质分配策略.在分株较小的幼龄个体以及郁闭度较大而不利于分株生长的次生杂木林中,分株优先建造叶器官,以保证充分的物质生产. 3个生境刺五加种群的叶、茎与分株的相对增重均具有相同的幂函数异速生长规律.     

林冠环境对润楠幼苗构型和生物量分配的影响

植物幼苗早期适应对策对种群的更新具有决定性的作用。润楠(Machilus nanmu)是国家Ⅱ级保护植物,是重庆缙云山常绿阔叶林优势乔木树种之一。研究润楠幼苗的适应对策对于维持种群更新和保护常绿阔叶林生物多样性具有重要意义。本研究采集了重庆缙云山常绿阔叶林中不同林冠环境(林窗/林下)下不同年龄阶段(阶段1: 1～3年;阶段2: 4～6年;阶段3: 7～9年)的润楠幼苗,从构型和生物量分配角度研究其早期适应对策的时间动态及其对异质生境的响应。结果表明: 林窗中润楠幼苗的茎构型各指标(除枝倾角)和叶倾角在阶段2和阶段3显著大于林下,根构型各指标(除根直径)和叶面积在阶段1和阶段2显著大于林下;而林窗中润楠幼苗的比叶面积在3个阶段均显著小于林下。不同林冠环境和年龄阶段的生物量分配均以叶为主,但林窗中润楠幼苗从阶段2开始增加了茎的生物量分配,减少了根的生物量分配,林下润楠幼苗根的生物量分配则无显著变化。润楠幼苗各器官的协调性随生境条件不同产生适应性进化,即林窗中润楠幼苗的根与叶之间显著相关,且此相关关系随年龄增大由正到负;林下润楠幼苗的根和茎呈显著正相关,根和叶之间无显著相关。不同林冠环境下润楠幼苗枝干重与枝长的标准化主轴回归(SMA)方程斜率仅在阶段3差异显著,而叶、根生物量与构型间的SMA方程斜率的差异均不显著;大部分生物量与构型间的SMA方程截距在阶段2差异显著。     

Allometric Effects of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Agriophyllum squarrosum</Emphasis> in Response to Soil Nutrients,Water, and Population Density in the Horqin Sandy Land of China

We monitored the allometric effects for greenhouse-grown Agriophyllum squarrosum plants in response to variations in population density and the availability of soil nutrients and water. Biomass allocations were size-dependent. The plasticity of roots, stems, leaves, and reproductive effort was “true” in response to changes in nutrient content. At a low level of soil minerals, plants allocated more resources to the development of roots and reproductive organs than to leaves, but data for stem allocations were consistent for tradeoffs between the effects of nutrients and plant size. The plasticities of leaf allocation and reproductive effort were “true” whereas those of root and stem allocations were “apparent” in response to fluctuations in soil water, being a function of plant size. Decreasing soil water content was associated with higher leaf allocation and lower reproductive effort. Except for this “apparent” plasticity of leaf allocation, none was detected with population density on biomass allocation. Architectural traits were determinants of the latter. For roots, the determining trait was the ratio of plant height to total biomass; for stems and reproduction, plant height; and for leaves, the ratio of branch numbers to plant height.     

克隆乔木黄牛奶树枝条的功能特征

黄牛奶树(Symplocos laurina)是一种乔木克隆植物,其枝担负着支撑叶进行光合作用和克隆苗繁殖两种功能。由于枝功能的特异性在形态上表现出独特的特征:上部的枝生长比较旺盛,主要进行光合作用负责整个植株的碳水化合物供应与积累;下部的枝在形态上有所变化,基部细长而端部较基部明显增粗,并下垂呈“V”状,在生长过程中增长明显而无明显增粗现象,主要进行克隆繁殖。黄牛奶树的枝在由营养功能转变为繁殖功能的过程中年萌发次数显著增加;枝分化成克隆苗后在截取光能方面采取了不同的策略:克隆苗作为一个新的生命体,主要通过增加叶量占据更大的水平空间来增大总叶面积以截取更多阳光,不同于营养枝通过增加单叶面积占据更大的垂直空间来增大总叶面积以截取更多阳光的方式,但在不同的生境下对照枝与压枝克隆苗达到的总叶面积却无显著差异;从各构件的生物量特征看, 对照枝的生物量主要分配在叶和叶柄等光合构件上,而枝分化成克隆苗后生物量主要分配在茎上。即黄牛奶树的枝随着着地后功能的变化,在形态等各方面都有相应的变化,这可能是由于功能变化后内源激素发生变化的结果,但这有待于进一步研究。     

Biomass allocation to leaves, stems and roots: meta-analyses of interspecific variation and environmental control

We quantified the biomass allocation patterns to leaves, stems and roots in vegetative plants, and how this is influenced by the growth environment, plant size, evolutionary history and competition. Dose-response curves of allocation were constructed by means of a meta-analysis from a wide array of experimental data. They show that the fraction of whole-plant mass represented by leaves (LMF) increases most strongly with nutrients and decreases most strongly with light. Correction for size-induced allocation patterns diminishes the LMF-response to light, but makes the effect of temperature on LMF more apparent. There is a clear phylogenetic effect on allocation, as eudicots invest relatively more than monocots in leaves, as do gymnosperms compared with woody angiosperms. Plants grown at high densities show a clear increase in the stem fraction. However, in most comparisons across species groups or environmental factors, the variation in LMF is smaller than the variation in one of the other components of the growth analysis equation: the leaf area : leaf mass ratio (SLA). In competitive situations, the stem mass fraction increases to a smaller extent than the specific stem length (stem length : stem mass). Thus, we conclude that plants generally are less able to adjust allocation than to alter organ morphology.     

牛角花齿蓟马为害对苜蓿无性系根茎叶及同化产物分配的影响

为探索同化产物分配利用与苜蓿耐蓟马的关系,本试验以扦插的抗蓟马苜蓿无性系R-1和感蓟马苜蓿无性系 I-1为材料,研究不同虫口牛角花齿蓟马为害对苜蓿的抗性、根、茎和叶生长特性及可溶性糖含量的影响.结果表明: 随着虫口压力的增大,R-1和I-1苜蓿的受害指数升高;在相同虫口压力下,R-1苜蓿的受害指数显著低于I-1.受蓟马为害后,R-1和I-1苜蓿株高降低、叶面积减少、茎秆变细、节间长变短、节间数增加,根颈和主根直径加粗、侧根增多.在低虫口密度下,随虫口压力增大,R-1和I-1苜蓿地上部生物量增加,根冠比下降,分配到茎的生物量比例升高;在高虫口密度下,地上部生物量随虫口压力增大而减少,根冠比增加,分配到根系的生物量比例升高;R-1根冠比和茎生物量比例随虫口压力变化曲线的拐点均为每枝条5头,I-1根冠比和茎生物量比例随虫口压力变化曲线的拐点均为每枝条3头.在低虫口压力下,R-1苜蓿茎和叶中的可溶性糖含量随虫口压力增加而升高;在高虫口压力下,茎和叶中的可溶性糖含量随虫口压力增加而下降;根中可溶性糖含量随虫口压力增加持续下降.I-1根、茎和叶中的可溶性糖含量均随虫口压力增加持续下降.牛角花齿蓟马为害后,R-1根、茎和叶的农艺性状及抗性比I-1好,对同化产物的分配利用率高.     

Relative importance of nodal roots and apical buds in the control of branching in Trifolium repens L.

Clonal species are characterised by having a growth form in which roots and shoots originate from the same meristem so that adventitious nodal roots form close to the terminal apical bud of stems. The nature of the relationship between nodal roots and axillary bud growth was investigated in three manipulative experiments on cuttings of a single genotype of Trifolium repens. In the absence of locally positioned nodal roots axillary bud development within the apical bud proceeded normally until it slowed once the subtending leaf had matured to be the second expanded leaf on the stem. Excision of apical tissues indicated that while there was no apical dominance apparent within fully rooted stems and very little in stems with 15 or more unrooted nodes, the outgrowth of the two most distal axillary buds was stimulated by decapitation in stems with intermediate numbers of unrooted nodes. Excision of the basal branches from stems growing without local nodal roots markedly increased the length and/or number of leaves on 14 distally positioned branches. The presence of basal branches therefore prevented the translocation of root-supplied resources (nutrients, water, phytohormones) to the more distally located nodes and this caused the retardation in the outgrowth of their axillary buds. Based on all three experiments we conclude that the primary control of bud outgrowth is exerted by roots via the acropetal transport of root-supplied resources necessary for axillary bud outgrowth and that apical dominance plays a very minor role in the regulation of axillary bud outgrowth in T. repens.     

Branching responses of a plagiotropic clonal herb to localised incidence of light simulating that reflected from vegetation

Plants sense the presence of neighbouring vegetation through phytochrome photoreceptors perceiving a lowered red to far-red ratio (R:FR) of light reflected from such vegetation. We hypothesised that it would be advantageous for the grassland clonal herb, Trifolium repens, to have an inhibitory branching response to perception by leaves of light reflected from neighbouring vegetation (i.e. light with lowered R:FR ratio) but have no response to interception of such light by the plagiotropic stem. We tested whether photoreception of reflected light by plagiotropic stems resulted in a different branching response to photoreception by leaves and whether leaf ontogeny influenced the response. To simulate light reflected from vegetation, FR light-emitting-diodes were used to supplement controlled environment room light so that the R:FR ratio, but not the photosynthetic photon fluence rate, of light incident at the stem or leaf of a phytomer of T. repens was lowered from 1.20 to 0.25. The plagiotropic stems were unresponsive to light simulating that reflected from vegetation. This response differs from that of stems of orthotropic species, indicating that plagiotropic stems have evolved an organ-specific photobiology. Treatment of the mature leaf with light of lowered FR ratio reduced phytomer production only of the branch in the axil of the treated leaf. Similar treatment of the immature leaf retarded, in addition, branching at basal phytomers on the same side of the primary stem axis. Thus the response to light simulating that reflected from neighbouring vegetation depended upon whether the light was incident at the stem or the leaf and on the stage of leaf development. We argue that such responses improve the performance and fitness of T. repens within grassland habitats by allowing axillary buds on plagiotropic stems to branch freely when stems are in receipt of light reflected from vegetation while leaves are in full light.     

GRAFTING AND ROOTING OF LEAVES OF GUAREA (MELIACEAE): EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON LEAF AUTONOMY

The pinnately compound, indeterminate leaves of G. glabra and G. guidonia were air layered, detached from their original shoots, and grown on their own adventitious root systems for up to 58 mo and 26 mo, respectively. The detached leaves grew in the same indeterminate manner and reached sizes similar to attached leaves. Although detached leaves grew autonomously, they never produced shoot buds. Leaves of both species were grafted onto their own stems and cut free of their original leaf bases. Leaf scions survived and grew for up to 29 mo and 20 mo, respectively, similar to ungrafted leaves. Axillary branches were grafted onto subtending leaves. Branch scions grew on their leaf stocks for over 30 mo and 24 mo, respectively, after being cut free from the branch bases. Secondary growth of the leaf axis (petiole) was promoted, and vascular tissues of leaf and branch axes were continuous. However, the unlignified basal region of the leaf, including the abscission zone, remained unchanged after grafting. The results indicate that proximity of roots and bypassing the abscission zone did not enhance leaf longevity or pinna production. The presence of a growing branch on a leaf did not modify the structure of the abscission zone, which suggests that the zone is strongly committed or developmentally fixed.     

短期增温对贡嘎山峨眉冷杉幼苗生长及其CNP化学计量学特征的影响

2009年5月至10月,在中国科学院贡嘎山高山森林生态系统观测站附近,采用红外灯加热人工模拟气候变暖研究了增温对峨眉冷杉(Abies fabiri (Mast) Craib)幼苗生长和养分及其化学计量特征的影响。由于红外灯的增温作用,在幼苗的整个生长季节,增温样地地表下5 cm、10 cm、20 cm处土温平均高于对照样地5.04 ℃、4.81 ℃、4.35 ℃,而土壤含水量则分别降低了7.03%、6.10%、6.40%;地表20 cm处空气温度相比对照样地上升了1.12 ℃,而空气相对湿度则降低了6.30%。除茎重比外,增温处理降低了峨眉冷杉幼苗的根长、基径、株高、总生物量、根重比、叶重比、根冠比和比叶面积。经方差分析发现,增温处理后幼苗根、茎和叶的C平均含量与对照差异性均不显著(P>0.05),其中除茎的提高了2.76%外,根和叶分别降低了7.15%和2.29%;N平均含量除茎显著降低之外(P<0.05),根、叶分别提高了9.78%和5.70%;幼苗根、茎、叶的P平均含量均低于对照11.97%、10.69%和2.99%,并且根和茎与对照存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。增温处理后幼苗根、茎、叶各器官的C︰N、C︰P 、N︰P与对照均不存在显著性差异(P>0.05),其中C︰P均大于对照,而C︰N和N︰P与对照相比,均有不同程度的减小;C︰N、N︰P和C︰P的平均值(标准差)大小顺序依次为茎(92.594.92)>根(61.891.65)>叶(60.813.23)、叶(4.990.22)>根(4.440.58)>茎(3.640.10)和茎(336.358.70)>叶(302.854.49)>根(274.865.27)。实验结果表明：增温对幼苗生长和生物量积累具有明显的限制作用,对叶片生长的阻碍作用尤为突出;增温改变了幼苗根茎叶的CNP含量及其化学计量比格局;在养分供应上,增温和对照处理下幼苗生长均受N素限制。     

Effects of insect attack to stems on plant survival,growth, reproduction and photosynthesis

Studies of insect herbivory have mostly focused on leaf‐feeding even though most woody plant biomass is stem tissue. Attack to stems has the potential to be more detrimental to plant performance than attack to leaves. Here we asked how severe is the impact of insect stem herbivory on plant performance. We quantify the effect of insect stem herbivory via a meta‐analysis of 119 papers in 100 studies (papers by the same authors were treated as the same study). These studies involved 92 plant species and 70 species of insect herbivore (including simulated herbivory). Attack to plant stems reduced plant performance by an average of approximately 22%. Stem herbivory had greatest impacts on plant and branch survival, which was reduced by 63%. Measures of plant reproduction and vegetative biomass were reduced by 33% and 16% respectively, while measurements of photosynthetic rate were not significantly different between plants with and without stem herbivore attack. Stem herbivory led to a decline in leader performance but an increase in performance of laterals, highlighting the importance of plant compensation. Juvenile plants were more severely affected by stem herbivory than adult plants, and studies conducted in greenhouses found more severe effects than studies conducted in the field. Stem herbivory did not have a significant effects on any of the non‐performance responses measured (defence compounds, SLA, root:shoot, phenology and plant carbon and nitrogen). We compare our results with results from various meta‐analyses considering herbivory on other plant parts. The impact of insect herbivory to stems on plant performance appears at least as severe as insect herbivory to roots and leaves, if not more.