广西凭祥红锥-马尾松混交林菌根际微生物群落结构

以广西凭祥红锥-马尾松混交林中红锥和马尾松为研究对象,采集林下外生菌根和根际土壤,利用高通量测序分析该混交林下的菌根际微生物群落结构.结果 表明,红锥、马尾松菌根际优势真菌为红菇属Russula、被孢霉属Mortierella、乳菇属Lactarius、鹅膏属Amanita、拟锁瑚菌属Clavulinopsis、丝盖伞...     

桉树与红锥混交对土壤养分及林下植物功能群的影响

桉树人工林对生态环境的影响一直是全球性争议的热点问题,桉树与珍贵乡土树种混交的生态环境效应备受关注。为探究桉树混交营林措施对林地土壤养分及林下植物功能群的影响,该研究以桉树纯林(PE)、桉树×红锥混交林(MEC)和红锥纯林(PCH)为对象,开展了林下植物群落及环境因子的调查测定。研究结果显示：不同林分的土壤理化性质具有显著差异,混交林的土壤pH、有效氮(AN)和有效磷(AP)含量显著高于纯林;而土壤含水量(SMC)、有机碳(SOC)、总氮(TN)含量及C∶N和C∶P在混交林中没有显著优势,并呈现PEMEC>PCH的趋势。混交林显著增加林下木本植物功能群(WFG)的物种丰富度,而PCH显著增加蕨类植物功能群(FeFG)的物种丰富度。混交林的WFG和禾草植物功能群(GFG)的重要值均显著高于红锥纯林,而红锥纯林FeFG的重要值显著高于混交林。主坐标分析结果表明,MEC与PE的林下植物功能群组成差异不显著,但与PCH的差异显著;冗余分析结果揭示了AN和AP是WFG占优势的主要影响因子,SMC、TN...     

三峡库区2种马尾松混交林土壤团聚体酶活性分布特征

选取三峡库区典型马尾松杉木混交林和马尾松杉木栎类混交林为研究对象,对其表层土壤（0-10 cm）3种团聚体等级（大团聚体（ > 2 mm）,中团聚体（0.25-2 mm）,微团聚体（ < 0.25 mm））分布特征,团聚体5种水解酶活性（β-葡糖苷酶,酸性磷酸酶,N-乙酰-葡糖苷酶,纤维二糖水解酶,亮氨基酸氨基肽酶）和2种氧化还原酶活性（多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶）,以及团聚体酶活性与团聚体有机碳、全氮、全磷、碳氮比的关系进行了分析,旨在理解不同马尾松混交林类型下土壤团聚体及其酶活性的分布特征,为科学制定营林措施提供基础数据。结果表明：（1）各等级土壤团聚体分布随着粒径的增加而呈现显著增加的趋势,其中大团聚体所占比例最高,为60%左右;马尾松杉木混交林的中团聚体分布比例（39.53%±1.65%）显著高于马尾松杉木栎类混交林（32.24%±2.51%）;（2）微团聚体5种水解酶活性、有机碳含量以及全氮含量最高,而大团聚体中2种氧化还原酶活性最高;（3）马尾松杉木栎类混交林大团聚体和微团聚体纤维二糖水解酶、亮氨基酸氨基肽酶、土壤酶活性几何平均数、土壤碳氮比均显著高于马尾松杉木混交林;团聚体全氮含量的差异是造成上述酶活性差异的主要原因。马尾松杉木栎类混交林中栎类阔叶树种的增加显著提高了土壤团聚体酶活性,有利于土壤养分质量的提高。     

纯林和混交林中拟赤杨材性的比较分析

对拟赤杨（Alniphyllum fortunei Makino）纯林、拟赤杨-马尾松（Pinus massoniana Lamb．）混交林和拟赤杨-杉木[Cunninghamia lanceolata（Lamb．）Hook．]混交林中拟赤杨木材的物理力学性质和化学组分进行了测定和比较分析。结果表明,混交林中拟赤杨的木材密度、干缩系数和力学强度均大于纯林,且拟赤杨-马尾松混交林中拟赤杨木材的各指标值均最高。拟赤杨-杉木混交林中拟赤杨木材的热水抽出物、1％NaOH抽出物、苯醇抽出物、硝酸-乙醇纤维素和Klason木素含量分别为2．31％、18．63％、2．52％、45．74％和21．59％,均高于纯林;拟赤杨-马尾松混交林中拟赤杨木材的戊聚糖含量（22．98％）高于纯林。说明拟赤杨-马尾松混交林中拟赤杨木材的材性总体上最优,在拟赤杨木材品质培育过程中宜选择马尾松作为伴生树种。     

广州红锥-马占相思林物种组成与多样性研究

为了解广州市龙眼洞林场红锥(Castanopsis hystrix)-马占相思(Acacia mangium)阔叶混交林的群落结构,对其物种多样性进行了分析.结果表明,红锥-马占相思阔叶混交林的物种丰富度依次为乔木层>灌木层>草本层>层间植物层.乔木层的Simpson和Shannon-Wiener指数分别为0.945和...     

重庆酸雨区马尾松纯林改造对土壤酸化特征及团聚体稳定性的影响

马尾松对酸沉降危害极其敏感,生产实践中往往通过林分改造来应对酸沉降危害。为掌握酸雨区马尾松纯林改造对土壤酸化环境的影响及科学指导经营管理,采用空间代替时间的方法,对重庆铁山坪林场的马尾松纯林及其阔叶化改造后的香樟林、木荷林、马尾松×香樟混交林和马尾松×木荷混交林土壤养分、酸化特征及团聚体稳定性进行研究。结果表明：（1）除木荷混交林的腐殖质层土壤有机碳和全氮含量显著增加外,其他森林类型总体均减少（P<0.05）;香樟林及其混交林的各层土壤全磷和全钾含量均增加,但木荷林及其混交林均减少（P<0.05）。（2）改造为香樟林及其混交林能显著提高土壤pH值、交换性盐基离子含量和盐基饱和度,降低交换性Al³⁺含量,但改造为木荷林及其混交林则总体对土壤酸化特征影响不明显（P>0.05）。（3）木荷林及其混交林淀积层的水稳性大团聚体含量增加,香樟林及其混交林则是微团聚体含量增加（P<0.05）。（4）改造对各森林类型腐殖质层和木荷林淋溶层及淀积层的土壤团聚体稳定性均无显著影响,但能增强马尾松混交林和香樟林淋溶层或淀积层的土壤团聚体稳定性（P<0.05）。综合来看,改造能改变土壤酸化环境,但各森林类型的影响不同,改造为香樟林或其混交林的改善效果总体好于木荷林或其混交林。因而对酸雨区马尾松纯林改造,还应根据改造树种特性及林分特征,科学确定相应的改造方法,尤其应注重改造林分的全过程抚育经营,以营造良好的林下环境。     

不同林型人工林土壤微生物区系及生化活性研究

本文研究了庆远林区三种人工林土壤微生物的分布、数量、组成和生化活性。研究结果表明,三种人工林土壤微生物细菌和放线菌数量以桉松混交林土壤最高,油茶林土壤次之,杉木林土壤较低。真菌数量以杉木林土壤较高,桉松混交林和油茶林土壤较低。种、群、属组成各不相同。土壤酶活性和土壤呼吸作用强度,以按松混交林和油茶林土壤较强,杉木林土壤较弱,显示按松混交林和油茶林土壤具有较高肥力和森林生产力。     

南亚热带马尾松-红椎混交林及其纯林土壤细菌群落结构与功能

营建乡土阔叶树种人工纯林和针阔混交林是我国亚热带地区森林经营的发展趋势,但对人工纯林和针阔混交林土壤细菌群落结构及功能知之甚少。本研究以南亚热带乡土针叶树种马尾松、阔叶树种红椎人工纯林及二者的混交林为对象,运用细菌16S rRNA基因高通量测序技术和PICRUSt基因功能预测,分析了3种人工林不同土层(0～20、20～40和40～60 cm)土壤细菌群落的结构与功能。结果表明: 混交林和马尾松林土壤细菌群落结构相似,但与红椎林差异显著,红椎林土壤细菌群落多样性、生物通路代谢功能和氮循环功能低于马尾松林和混交林;土壤全氮、硝态氮和C/N是导致红椎林与马尾松林和混交林土壤细菌群落结构及功能差异的主要土壤理化因子。就土壤细菌群落结构与功能而言,在该地区营造红椎和马尾松针阔混交林要优于红椎纯林。     

浙江省生态公益林植被恢复过程中物种组成及多样性的变化

在浙江省生态公益林区域的现状植被中分析了6种主要群落类型的物种组成和多样性的变化格局,包括演替系列中的2种灌丛、松优势林、2种混交林和常绿阔叶林。结果表明含松较多的灌丛和松优势林常分布在环境退化较严重(土层瘠薄)的生境中,其中灌木层主要由阳性的映山红、木、白栎等组成,常绿阔叶林优势种木荷、青冈、苦槠、甜槠等在其中偶见,因此推断其自然恢复为常绿林的速度慢;含常绿阔叶树较多的灌丛及含松较少的混交林分布在土层较厚处,木荷、青冈、苦槠、甜槠等的频度和重要值都较大,较容易自然恢复为常绿阔叶林。各种群落中物种多样性指数——Gleason、Shannon-Wiener、Simpson指数基本上以常绿阔叶林为最高,其次是含松较少的混交林,含松较多的灌丛和松优势林各种多样性指数最低。本研究显示我国中亚热带东部森林植被恢复途径有3条:(1)灌草丛→针叶林(松)→针(松)阔混交林→常绿阔叶林;(2)灌草丛→针(松)阔混交林→常绿阔叶林;(3)灌草丛→常绿阔叶林。这意味着本区域的常绿阔叶林恢复可以不必经历松林阶段,在生境条件较好的地方通过人工干预、补种常绿阔叶树可以加速常绿阔叶林恢复。     

重庆酸雨区马尾松香樟混交林的土壤化学性质和林木生长特征

为给遭受酸化危害的重庆马尾松(Pinus massoniana)纯林的恢复与管理提供科学依据,在属于酸雨区的重庆市江北区铁山坪林场,调查了马尾松香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)混交林的土壤化学性质和林木生长状况,并与毗邻的马尾松纯林和香樟纯林进行了比较。结果表明,与马尾松纯林相比,混交林腐殖质层和土壤酸度降低,交换性盐基离子Ca2+和Mg2+含量增加,酸性阳离子Al3+和H+含量明显减少(p0.05)。混交林马尾松树冠下腐殖质层和0–60cm土层马尾松细根的干重、长度、表面积、体积和根尖数的总密度都显著低于马尾松纯林(p0.05),比值分别为0.44、0.71、0.59、0.46和0.71,马尾松树高显著低于马尾松纯林(p0.05),其针叶变色率为15%,显著高于马尾松纯林(p0.05),香樟的生长特征与香樟纯林相似。结果说明,尽管混交林的土壤化学性质优于马尾松纯林,但林中马尾松的生长状况表现出了明显的恶化迹象,而香樟依然比较健康,这可能与香樟具有明显的竞争优势有关。因此,在利用香樟营造与马尾松的混交林来改善遭受酸化危害的马尾松纯林的生长状况时,应注意调控香樟的竞争优势。     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

Prostaglandin and thromboxane production by human and guinea-pig macrophages and leucocytes

The ability of partially purified human and guinea-pig haematogenous cell populations, when cultured in vitro, to metabolise arachidonic acid (AA) has been studied. Supernatants from 24 hour cell culture have been subjected to analysis for products of AA metabolism by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.The cell types studied were human peripheral blood monocytes (both glass adherent and non-adherent), neutrophils, eosinophils and leukemic leucocytes; thoracic duct lymphocytes and lung alveolar macrophages. From the guinea-pig, induced and non-induced macrophage or neutrophil enriched peritoneal exudate populations, lymph node cells, peritoneal eosinophils and peripheral blood platelets were examined. Supernatants were assayed for the presence of PGE₂, PGD₂, PGF_2α, TXB₂ and 6-keto-PGF_1α. In all types studied PGE₂ and TXB₂ were the major products formed. The identification of PGE₂ and TXB₂ was confirmed by GC/MS with multiple ion monitoring.The results have been compared with other reports and their possible significance discussed in relation to the proposed role of prostaglandins as mediators and modulators in immunopathology.     

Chemokines and cytokines: axis and allies in asthma and allergy

Allergic asthma can be precipitated by many factors. For the atopic person, fungus, pollen, dust mites, cockroach antigens, and diesel exhaust are all agents that may trigger an allergic attack. Cytokines and chemokines are integral mediators of fungal asthma. From the earliest time points, they recruit and activate the cells required for the clearance of fungus as well as being critical factors involved in the immunopathology of this disease. In the final analysis, it is clear that these mediators can act to the benefit or the detriment of the host.     

Oxidation and nitration of ribonuclease and lysozyme by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase

In spite of the many studies on protein modifications by reactive species, knowledge about the products resulting from the oxidation of protein-aromatic residues, including protein-derived radicals and their stable products, remains limited. Here, we compared the oxidative modifications promoted by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase/hydrogen peroxide/nitrite in two model proteins, ribonuclease (6Tyr) and lysozyme (3Tyr/6Trp). The formation of protein-derived radicals and products was higher at pH 5.4 and 7.4 for myeloperoxidase and peroxynitrite, respectively. The main product was 3-nitro-Tyr for both proteins and oxidants. Lysozyme rendered similar yields of nitro-Trp, particularly when oxidized by peroxynitrite. Hydroxylated and dimerized products of Trp and Tyr were also produced, but in lower yields. Localization of the main modified residues indicates that peroxynitrite decomposes to radicals within the proteins behaving less specifically than myeloperoxidase. Nitrogen dioxide is emphasized as an important protein modifier.