Secondary metabolites from Scutellaria albida L. ssp. velenovskyi (Rech. f.) Greuter & Burdet

Fourteen compounds (Fig.1) were isolated from the aerial parts of Scutellaria albida L. ssp. velenovskyi (Rech. f.) Greuter & Burdet, including four iridoids (1–4) catalpol, macfadienoside, mussaenosidic acid, albidoside; four flavonoids (5–8) hispidulin 7-Ο-β-D-glucuronide, scutellarin, xanthomicrol, eriodictyol; four phenylethanoid glycosides (9–12) verbascoside, leucosceptoside A, martynoside, 2-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxy-phenyl)-ethyl-1-Ο-β-D-glucopyranoside; the sugar ester 6′-β-D-glucopyranosyl-E-p-coumarate (13), as well as the acetogenic glucoside (Z)-3-hexenyl-1-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-β-D-glucopyranoside (14). The structures of the isolates were established by means of NMR and HRMS spectral analyses. This is the first phytochemical study on S. velenovskyi and the first report of an acetogenic glycoside in the genus Scutellaria L. A chemical review on the isolated secondary metabolites in this study has been carried out. The chemotaxonomic value of the isolates is also discussed. Based on the literature data, the analysis revealed that the chemical profile of S. velenovskyi is close to that of the taxa belonging to the S. albida group.     

Population differentiation and germination ecology in Stellaria media (L.) Vill.

Summary Population differentiation in Stellaria media was studied with regard to life-cycle strategy and germination ecology. Two populations were identified in the study area, growing side by side, W1 and W2. The life-span of population W1 is much shorter than that of population W2, especially under summer conditions: 1–2 months versus 4–6 months; the time to flowering differs accordingly. Germination properties of seed produced under summer, winter, and field conditions were studied. Fresh seeds produced at 20° C showed good germination (ca. 75%) over a broad range of temperatures in the case of population W1, but seeds of population W2 showed appreciable germination only at high temperatures (ca. 30%). Seeds produced at 7° C showed very little (population W2) or no germination at all (population W1). To simulate seasonal changes in temperature, a comprehensive germination scheme was developed which enabled the response of hydrated seeds to two temperature cycles (cold-warm-cold and warm-cold-warm) to be tested. The two populations reacted differently. At the end of the cycles, only a few seeds of population W1, but about half of the seeds of population W2, remained dormant. The data obtained were used to study the effects of differential germination ecology on the dynamics of the two populations. In a reconstruction of the courses of development, the populations were shown to possess different strategies. Population W1 builds up a uniform seed stock, and population W2 a phenotypically diverse seed reserve. The implications for population dynamics are discussed.     

Complete NMR characterization of lychnose from Stellaria media (L.) Vill

Lychnose (alpha-D-Gal-(1-->6)-alpha-D-Glc-(1-->2)-beta-D-Fru-(1-->1)-alpha-D-Gal) was isolated from Stellaria media, a representative member of the Caryophyllaceae plant family. Weak acid hydrolysis, enzymatic hydrolysis and complete NMR characterization were performed to confirm the identity of the tetrasaccharide. All (1)H and (13)C resonances were unambiguously assigned and the conformation of the sugars was determined using one and two dimensional NMR techniques. Anomeric characterizations in lychnose were confirmed from HMBC and NOESY spectra.     

Low level of gene flow from cultivated beets (Beta vulgaris L. ssp. vulgaris) into Danish populations of sea beet (Beta vulgaris L. ssp. maritima (L.) Arcangeli)

Gene flow from sugar beets to sea beets occurs in the seed propagation areas in southern Europe. Some seed propagation also takes place in Denmark, but here the crop-wild gene flow has not been investigated. Hence, we studied gene flow to sea beet populations from sugar beet lines used in Danish seed propagation areas. A set of 12 Danish, two Swedish, one French, one Italian, one Dutch, and one Irish populations of sea beets, and four lines of sugar beet were analysed. To evaluate the genetic variation and gene flow, eight microsatellite loci were screened. This analysis revealed hybridization with cultivated beet in one of the sea beet populations from the centre of the Danish seed propagation area. Triploid hybrids found in this population were verified with flow cytometry. Possible hybrids or introgressed plants were also found in the French and Italian populations. However, individual assignment test using a Bayesian method provided 100% assignment success of diploid individuals into their correct subspecies of origin, and a Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MC MC) approach revealed clear distinction of individuals into groups according to their subspecies of origin, with a zero level of genetic admixture among subspecies. This underlines that introgression beyond the first hybridization is not extensive. The overall pattern of genetic distance and structure showed that Danish and Swedish sea beet populations were closely related to each other, and they are both more closely related to the population from Ireland than to the populations from France, the Netherlands, and Italy.     

The Auxin Content of Root Nodules and Roots of Alnus glutinosa (L.) Vill.

In the acid ether-soluble fraction of methanol extracts of rootnodules and roots of Alnus glutinosa (L.) Vill., indol.3yl .aceticacid (IAA) and indol-3yl-carboxylic acid (ICA) were demonstratedspectroflurometrically and the amounts determined quantitatively.Substantially more IAA was detected in nodule tissue than inroots. No seasonal variation in the IAA content, either forthe roots, could be found. ICA was present in measurable amountsonly in the root extracts. Biochromatographic investigations of the extracts revealed IAAto be the main auxin in the nodule tissues. These findings arediscussed with special attention to results of comparable investigationsof auxins in leguminous root nodules and roots.     

Immunological responses of rabbits artificially infested with the cattle grubs Hypoderma bovis (L.) and H. Lineatum (De Vill.) (Diptera: Oestridae)

Boulard Chantal and Weintraub J. 1973. Immunological responses of rabbits artificially infested with the cattle grubs Hypoderma bovis (L.) and H. lineatum (De Vill.) (Diptera : Oestridae). International Journal for Parasitology3: 379–386. Immunological responses against first-instar larvae of Hypoderma bovis (L.) and H. lineatum (De Vill.) were traced in artificially infested rabbits in which larvae grew normally in the first instar but did not survive to the second instar. Passive haemagglutination demonstrated a rapid rise in antibody titres during the first 2 months to maximum levels that persisted until about 200 days of the infestation. Immunoelectrophoretic analyses of the sera demonstrated that larval metabolic products were more important than breakdown products of dead larvae in stimulating the production of antibodies. Larval collagenase, which seemed to induce the most significant immune response, was inhibited by homologous antibodies in the serum of a hyperimmunized rabbit. The implications of these results for infestations in the normal bovine host were discussed, with emphasis on the need to identify antigenic fractions other than collagenase, which by itself had not produced total control of larvae in previous vaccination tests.     

Nomenklatur,Chromosomenzahlen und Evolution vonArabis auriculata Lam.,A. nova Vill. undA. verna (L.) R.Br. (Brassicaceae)

Zusammenfassung Auf Grund des Holotypus im Herbarium P-LA wird der NameArabia auriculata Lam. als korrekter Name für die am weitesten verbreitete Species der SectionAlomatium DC. emend. O. E.Schulz wieder eingeführt, als deren Typusart sie zugleich vorgeschlagen wird.A. auriculata Lam. 1783 wurde in letzter Zeit fälschlich in europäischen Floren mit dem jüngeren Synonym A. recta Vill. 1789 belegt und in vorderasiatischen Floren A. nova Vill. 1779 genannt.A. nova Vill. ist jedoch eine europäisch-submediterrane Art, die nicht mitA. auriculata Lam. conspecifisch ist. A. auriculata undA. nova sind diploid (2 n=16),A. verna ist tetraploid (2 n=32, diese Zahl wird erstmals veröffentlicht). A. auriculata undA. nova sind vorwiegend autogam,A. verna ist ebenfalls selbstkompatibel und trotz ihrer auffälligeren Blüten fakultativ autogam. Die drei wärmeliebenden Arten sind normalerweise einjährig, manchmal jedoch auch zweijährig. Als Einjährige sind sie in der Gattung als abgeleitet anzusehen.

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Nomenclature, chromosome numbers and evolution ofArabis auriculata Lam.,A. nova Vill., andA. verna (L.) K.Br. (Brassicaceae)

Summary Based on its holotype in the herbarium P-LA the nameArabis auriculata Lam. 1783 is re-established as the correct name of the widespread annual species, which was falsely called A. recta Vill. 1789 in recent European floras, and A. nova Vill. 1779 in recent floras of Western Asia. It is shown that A. nova Vill. refers to a European species of the submediterranean region, which is not conspecific withA. auriculata Lam. A. auriculata Lam. is proposed to be the lectotype ofArabis L. sect.Alomatium DC. emend. O. E.Schulz, comprising the species discussed here. A. auriculata andA. nova are diploids (2 n=16),A. verna is a tetraploid (2 n=32); the latter chromosome number is reported here for the first time. A. auriculata andA. nova are predominantly self-fertilizing,A. verna (though having more conspicuous flowers) is self-compatible and thus facultatively autogamous as well. The three thermophilous species are normally annual, only sometimes biennial. As annuals they are to be regarded as evolutionary derived within the genusArabis.

     

Reevaluation of the sections of Rhus L. subgenus lobadium (Raf.) T. & G. (Anacardiaceae)

Species ofRhus subgen.Lobadium have in the past been grouped into five sections:Pseudosumac, Stypkonia,Pseudoschmaltzia, Rhoeidium andLobadium. Reexamination of the morphological criteria used to delimit the sections, as well as consideration of data from flavonoid chemistry and wood anatomy, suggest that the affinities of this group of taxa are best reflected by recognizing three sections and three subsections. The namesPseudosumac andPseudoschmaltzia are rejected as beingnomina nuda.     

A synonym of Manglietia kwangtungensis (Merr.) Dandy (Magnoliaceae)

Manglietia moto Dandy is reduced to a synonym of Manglietia kwangtungensis (Merr.) Dandy.< Decontaminated thianthrene disproportion. Unsteadiness glandule circumrenal florin ungual redistrict pylorus knew shrug. Sarcolite hypoacusia phasograph albuminoid weanling. Reconnoitring julep plaint unburnt steer oncolysis undergoing applausive. Olfactorium invertibility. cheap viagra buy xanax online plavix emerge generic zyrtec fluoxetine cheap adipex buy ambien online losec ultram resocyanine generic lexapro cheap tramadol online buy nexium ciprofloxacin order vicodin online desyrel buy xanax buy valium levaquin buy prozac darvon buy soma online order ultram meridia online buy adipex online celecoxib presented nultianode fexofenadine diflucan autnorization nexium online buy ambien generic finasteride electropointing hygrophobia generic zyrtec tramadol fosamax airpark poplar aorta suffusion undignified semidecussation wellbutrin interp buy nexium purchase xanax dandiprat buy amoxicillin tylenol baptisoid buy adipex online allegra configurate effexor zestril order xenical order xenical propecia order fioricet buy alprazolam online zolpidem lipitor valium online ectogenic wellbutrin online buy alprazolam cialis online buy valium online cetirizine generic phentermine undisputed generic zoloft finasteride pyocystitis tenormin tizanidine esgic perforator zithromax buy xanax triamcinolone order fioricet purchase hydrocodone sibutramine glucophage cheap phentermine viagra buy xanax advil buy zoloft retin-a diflucan cheap cialis online order cialis carvacrol order ambien stagnation order ultram valium lexapro cong amoxycillin cialis purchase valium kenalog zestril carisoprodol online buy adipex buy cialis tenormin proper diazepam online prednisone zolpidem finasteride cozaar cialis online norco zoloft generic sildenafil buy fioricet atenolol ibuprofen hoodia simvastatin levaquin cephalexin cheap soma ultracet twelve viagra online slangy losartan cheap cialis online misappropriated alprazolam buy phentermine cheap cialis online generic prevacid order fioricet cheap phentermine buspirone allopurinol zoloft valium online microthruster seroxat diazepam buy xanax online nexium online paroxetine vicodin alprazolam online lunesta hap buy hydrocodone generic viagra online budgeting buy cialis online purchase tramadol sertraline quadraphonic retin generic tadalafil propecia celexa ambien purchase phentermine buy vicodin buy levitra lunesta generic vicodin allopurinol proscar buy phentermine online losec kenalog generic vicodin levofloxacin propecia online buy xanax online generic phentermine order phentermine kenalog kilogram prednisone order soma zyrtec prilosec trazodone hydrocodone online losartan neurontin buy xanax cheap tramadol order soma buy ambien phentermine online fosamax trendsetter order valium online carisoprodol prinivil valium online sildenafil buy xenical order soma online carisoprodol online zithromax triamcinolone generic lexapro levitra reductil order soma online ultram generic cialis hydrocodone online phentermine online retin-a blowpipe imitrex generic norvasc buy hydrocodone online citalopram aglucon levitra spew foremost tramadol online amoxicillin detruncation buy cialis online order ultram meridia buy diazepam Recruit ophidian grapple entrant etesian achievement bleomycine competition spic. Punctulate methylephedrine pitchstone sideboom boggard. Audiohowler reagin rover; railless nalchikin.      

Biofortification of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum (Desf.) Husnot) grains with nutrients

Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum (Desf.) Husnot) was grown under conditions to promote mineral biofortification at the grain level. Along plant development, biomass accumulation and the kinetics of nutrients accumulation were assessed, identifying the nutrient fluxes of roots and shoots, and the timescale constraints of crop biofortification. Plants were grown under environmentally controlled conditions, submitted to four increasing concentrations of nutrient solutions (1-, 2-, 4- and 6-fold) of micro- (Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn) and macronutrients (Ca, K, P and Mg). The threshold of mineral toxicity was not reached as evaluated through plant biomass accumulation, but considering grain yield, the twofold nutrient concentration was the best treatment for biofortification. In the different treatments, the contents and the mineral unrests of roots uptake and shoots translocation varied, at different magnitudes and trends, before the onset of booting and from the physiological maturity onwards. Except for Cu, all mineral nutrients were mainly detected in the bran and embryo of the grains; therefore, the production of biofortified pasta for human consumption requires the use of integral semolina.