鸡胴体中沙门菌的定量检测及风险评估

目的通过鸡胴体中沙门菌的定量检测,了解长春市市售鸡胴体中沙门菌的污染状况,为沙门菌的定量检测评估提供依据。方法前增菌:鸡胴体缓冲蛋白胨水淋洗后培养;增菌:TT肉汤和RV肉汤;分离:接种XLT4培养基;鉴定:API20E和沙门多价血清。结果沙门菌全年都有检出,阳性率15%~100%不等。7月份阳性率最高为100%;其次8月份为90%;6月份为80%。冷藏储存条件下鸡胴体样品中沙门菌的检出率及其含菌量均高于冷冻条件下。农贸市场鸡胴体样品中沙门菌的检出率及其含菌量均高于大型超市。要加强市售鸡胴体中各环节中沙门菌污染的监管。结论长春市市售鸡胴体中沙门菌的污染率为64.6%(155/240)。冷藏储存条件下鸡胴体样品中沙门菌的检出率及其含菌量均高于冷冻条件下。农贸市场鸡胴体样品中沙门菌的检出率及其含菌量均高于大型超市。要加强市售鸡胴体中各环节中沙门菌污染的监管。     

沙门菌属感染中抗体的检测

沙门菌属感染疾病的发病机制与细菌血清型别差异和感染宿主种类的不同有关。沙门菌一般能诱发体淮免疫应簦,包括菌体抗原和鞭毛抗原的血清抗体反应。检测沙门菌感染抗体的血清学试验在人类和家禽沙门菌感染的论断上和重要意义。     

贝类中不同种类病原生物的快速检测方法

为适应进口鲜活贝类的快速检验需求,有必要建立快速检测多种病原生物的方法.针对进口鲜活水产品中常见的细菌、病毒和原生动物等不同种类的病原生物,设计了退火温度相近的特异PCR引物,建立了能够同时定性检测不同种类病原生物的方法.在此基础上,针对不同病原生物设计了特异的荧光引物,建立了检测贝类中不同病原生物的荧光定量PCR体系,并进行了特异性与重复性试验.与传统的检测方法相比较,该方法检测贝类中的病原生物更为快速准确,结果直观,可以满足口岸进口水产品快速检测的需要.     

冷链食品中铜绿假单胞菌的检测方法研究及进化树构建

铜绿假单胞菌是条件致病菌,对于患者具有较大的感染风险与危害,因此建立冷链食品中铜绿假单胞菌的检测方法并完成其溯源分子进化树构建工作,对于保障食品安全至关重要。以冷链食品中的铜绿假单胞菌为研究对象,应用实时荧光PCR检测技术建立快速检测方法。通过冷链食品抽样调查检测出铜绿假单胞菌后,将样品中检测出的铜绿假单胞菌菌株进行测序分析并建立铜绿假单胞菌生物进化树完成溯源分析。结果利用该方法成功从随机采集的271份冷链食品中检出10株病原菌,病原菌总体检出率为3.69%(10/271),并通过分子进化树的构建成功溯源铜绿假单胞菌的污染来源并完成菌种种属定位。研究成果可以为冷链食品中铜绿假单胞菌等相关病原菌的检测溯源分析提供思路与方法。     

应用RT-qPCR技术定量检测湖泊水体中蓝藻方法的比较

利用RT-qPCR技术建立了对湖泊水体中的微囊藻和蓝藻的SYBR Green Ⅰ荧光定量PCR检测方法,在所建立的方法中,对以微囊藻藻蓝蛋白基因、蓝藻16S rRNA基因、微囊藻16S rRNA基因分别作为RT-qPCR检测的目的基因所得结果进行了比较,并对实验室培养的微囊藻和太湖的环境样品进行了检测。结果表明,用藻蓝蛋白基因作为检测目的基因,以M.aeruginosa PCC 7806基因组DNA作为标准品的测定方法与显微镜计数的结果有较好的相关性和一致性,并具有简便、快速、特异性高的特点,可以满足检测的要求。     

不同方法检测血清HBV DNA水平的比较

目的:研究不同方法检测血清HBVDNA水平的比较.方法:采用151份标本分别采用COBAS Amplicor、实时定量PCR(LightCycler及Mx3000p)方法进行平行检测.结果:①检测灵敏度:COBAS Amplicor方法灵敏度高于实时PCR方法(P=0.005、0.014),而Mx3000p灵敏度高于LightCycler方法(P=0.042).②相关性:实时定量PCR(LightCycler及Mx3000p)与COBAS Amplicor方法所测HBV DNA结果均呈线性相关(r=0.842,P＜0.01;r=0.946,P＜0.01).结论:实时定量PCR方法是较为经济且准确的HBV DNA检测方法,而Mx3000p在准确性和灵敏度上可能优于LightCycler方法.     

玉米蛋白粉DNA提取方法比较研究

饲料样本本身的复杂性给进出口产品转基因（genetically modified,GM）成分的检测工作带来了巨大的压力和挑战。玉米蛋白粉主要包含蛋白质、淀粉和脂类等成分,从中提取高品质的DNA比较困难,而高品质的DNA是转基因检测研究的关键,能够大大降低进出口检验中的“假阴性”结果。采用市售主流品牌常用的7种试剂盒（Promega公司、Biotecon公司、天根生化科技有限公司、Invitrogen公司、Qiagen公司、TaKaRa公司）、CTAB法以及改良SDS?CTAB法提取玉米蛋白粉中的DNA。通过对玉米内源基因进行实时荧光PCR检测,发现改良SDS?CTAB法提取的玉米蛋白粉DNA质量明显优于其他方法,改良SDS?CTAB法内源基因zSSIIb的C_t值为28.14,较CTAB法提高了27%。研究建立的改良SDS?CTAB法在国内外尚属首次应用于饲料转基因产品中,并对7批次实验室送检样品进行转基因成分检测,成功检出2批次阳性样品。     

实验室2种检测小儿巨细胞病毒方法的比较

比较胶体金法和实时定量PCR法对小儿巨细胞病毒IgM抗体水平检测的敏感性及准确率。收集临床上243例小儿的血液标本,分别采用实时荧光定量PCR法和胶体金法检测这243例患者外周血巨细胞病毒IgM抗体水平,并对这2种检测方法的阳性率和敏感性进行比较分析。实时荧光定量PCR法阳性率为11.93%,胶体金法为6.58%,2者差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。在HCMV-DNA检测阳性患者中,IgM抗体阳性组HCMV-DNA拷贝数显著高于阴性组(P<0.01),比较这2种检测方法的敏感性,实时荧光定量PCR法的敏感性为72.5%,胶体金法的敏感性为40%,两者差距有统计学意义(P<0.01)。实时荧光定量PCR法与胶体金法相比,对巨细胞病毒IgM抗体检测具有较高的敏感性和准确率,值得临床推广应用。     

鳕鱼成分的实时荧光PCR检测方法

研究建立了鳕鱼成分的实时荧光PCR检测方法。依据鳕鱼的16S rRNA基因序列设计一对PCR引物及探针,对12种鳕鱼样品和71种非鳕鱼动植物样品进行实时荧光PCR检测,结果显示,只有12种鳕鱼样品产生荧光信号,其他非鳕鱼样品均不产生荧光信号,实验表明此方法具有特异性,其检测限为0.01 ng/μl鳕鱼DNA和0.01%鳕鱼肉粉。对市售的鳕鱼样品进行实际样品检测,均能很好地检出鳕鱼成分。此法特异性强,灵敏度高,可作为鳕鱼成分鉴定的检测方法。     

Comparison of the VIDAS system, FTA filter-based PCR and culture on SM ID for detecting Salmonella in Dermanyssus gallinae

AIMS: To compare different analytical methods for detecting Salmonella in Dermanyssus gallinae. METHODS AND RESULTS: The detection limit of three Salmonella detection methods [Vitek immunodiagnostic assay (VIDAS) Salmonella immuno-concentration/immunoassay, FTA filter-based PCR, and Salmonella detection and identification medium (SM ID) preceded by a pre-enrichment step] was evaluated by crushing mites in serial dilutions of pure cultures of Salmonella enterica ssp. Enterica serotype Enteritidis. Each method was then compared for its ability to detect Salmonella in artificially contaminated mites. In 105 mites artificially engorged with Salm. Enteritidis-contaminated blood, Salmonella was isolated from 68 samples of the samples cultured on SM ID and tests were positive for Salmonella using FTA filter-based PCR and VIDAS in 77 and 65 samples, respectively. Using SM ID as our reference method, specificities and sensitivities were 97% and 94% and 73% and 98.5% for VIDAS and PCR, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Each method allowed the detection of Salmonella in contaminated mites and is usable for screening mites. PCR is more sensitive but less specific than VIDAS for detecting Salmonella. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This is the first time that the VIDAS has been used to detect pathogens in vectors. The development of analytical methods for Salmonella detection in mites is a necessary step in the study of the role of D. gallinae as a vector of salmonellae and to check the contamination of D. gallinae in poultry facilities.     

Nested real-time PCR for hepatitis A detection

Aims:  The hepatitis A virus (HAV) is one of the most important human foodborne pathogens causing a number of worldwide outbreaks each year. The detection of HAV in food samples remains a complex issue, because commonly used detection tools, such as conventional or even real-time PCR assays, are often unable to detect HAV with sufficient sensitivity. The aims of this study were to develop highly sensitive and specific nested real-time PCR (NRT-PCR)-based method for HAV detection in food and to compare it with currently available methods.
Methods and Results:  By combining conventional PCR, nested PCR and real-time PCR techniques, we have developed a specific NRT-PCR assay for the detection of HAV. The procedure involves two consecutive PCRs, the first of which is performed as a conventional RT-PCR using primers specific for HAV 5' noncoding region. The second reaction involves a real-time PCR using a nested primer pair specific for the first PCR product and a TaqMan probe.
Conclusions:  We have developed a novel NRT-PCR method capable of detecting as little as 0·2 PFU of HAV, which is significantly more sensitive than any other PCR technique tested in our system.
Significance and Impact of the Study:  NRT-PCR provides a potentially useful method for detecting HAV at extremely low levels, as frequently found in food samples, and can be potentially adopted as a regulatory method to ensure food safety.     

Periodontal pathogens: a quantitative comparison of anaerobic culture and real-time PCR

Periodontitis is a multi-factorial chronic inflammatory and destructive disease of the tooth-supporting tissues. Quantitative anaerobic culture techniques have been used for microbial diagnosis of the different forms of the disease. The aim of this study was to compare real-time PCR with quantitative anaerobic culture for detection and quantification of 5 prominent periodontal pathogens. Real-time PCR assays with the 16s rRNA genes of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Prevotella intermedia, Tannerella forsythensis, Peptostreptococcus micros and Fusobacterium spp. were developed. The PCR was validated on pure cultures of various bacterial strains. Subsequently, subgingival plaque samples from 259 adult patients with periodontitis were analyzed with quantitative anaerobic culture and real-time PCR. A standard curve for DNA quantification was created for each primer-probe set based on colony-forming units equivalents. All bacterial species were correctly identified. The lower limits of detection by PCR varied between 1-50 colony-forming units equivalents depending on the species. No cross-reactivities with heterologous DNA of other bacterial species were observed. Real-time PCR results showed a high degree of agreement with anaerobic culture results. Real-time PCR is a reliable alternative for diagnostic quantitative anaerobic culture of subgingival plaque samples.     

Diagnostic real-time PCR for detection of Salmonella in food

A robust 5' nuclease (TaqMan) real-time PCR was developed and validated in-house for the specific detection of Salmonella in food. The assay used specifically designed primers and a probe target within the ttrRSBCA locus, which is located near the Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 at centisome 30.5. It is required for tetrathionate respiration in Salmonella. The assay correctly identified all 110 Salmonella strains and 87 non-Salmonella strains tested. An internal amplification control, which is coamplified with the same primers as the Salmonella DNA, was also included in the assay. The detection probabilities were 70% when a Salmonella cell suspension containing 10(3) CFU/ml was used as a template in the PCR (5 CFU per reaction) and 100% when a suspension of 10(4) CFU/ml was used. A pre-PCR sample preparation protocol including a preenrichment step in buffered peptone water followed by DNA extraction-purification was applied when 110 various food samples (chicken rinses, minced meat, fish, and raw milk) were investigated for Salmonella. The diagnostic accuracy was shown to be 100% compared to the traditional culture method. The overall analysis time of the PCR method was approximately 24 h, in contrast to 4 to 5 days of analysis time for the traditional culture method. This methodology can contribute to meeting the increasing demand of quality assurance laboratories for standard diagnostic methods. Studies are planned to assess the interlaboratory performance of this diagnostic PCR method.     

Trapped in keratin; a comparison of dermatophyte detection in nail, skin and hair samples directly from clinical samples using culture and real-time PCR

Traditionally, laboratory detection and identification of dermatophytes consists of culture and microscopy which yields results within approximately 2-6 weeks. In 2007 our medical microbiological diagnostic laboratory implemented a molecular method for the detection of dermatophytes. A real-time PCR assay was developed which simultaneously detects and identifies the most prevalent dermatophytes directly in nail, skin and hair samples and has a turnaround time of less than two days. For 1437 clinical samples, received by our diagnostic laboratory, we compared the results obtained from both culture and real-time PCR. This study showed that real-time PCR significantly increased the detection rate of dermatophytes compared to culture. Furthermore, excellent concordance between culture and real-time PCR identification was achieved.     

The development of rapid real-time PCR detection system for Vibrio parahaemolyticus in raw oyster

Aims:  To develop a new rapid real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based detection system for Vibrio parahaemolyticus ( V. parahaemolyticus ) applicable to raw oyster samples.
Methods and Results:  V. parahaemolyticus cells were artificially inoculated to oysters. Samples were homogenized in 100 ml of sterile saline water and serially diluted to 1·5 CFU ml⁻¹ level. One millilitre of diluents was centrifuged and the pellet was resuspended with 100  μ l of de-ionized water. DNA was extracted by boiling for 20 min, and 0·5  μ l was used as a template for PCR reaction. Real-time PCR was performed with TMC-1000 system (1  μ l PCR system). The detection system was found to achieve detection limit of 1·5 CFU g⁻¹ for V. parahaemolyticus . Furthermore, the specificities of these assay systems were confirmed with more than 20 bacterial strains, including various Vibrio species.
Conclusions:  Rapid and sensitive food-borne pathogen detection techniques for V. parahaemolyticus is important to the food industry and consumers. The direct detection of V. parahaemolyticus from food is possible with micro real-time PCR system.
Significance and Impact of the Study:  This study shows that oyster samples can be tested for V. parahaemolyticus with a rapid, specific and simple procedure.     

禽大肠杆菌、肠炎、鼠伤寒、鸡白痢及鸡伤寒沙门菌多重PCR方法的建立及应用

【背景】大肠杆菌病和沙门菌病是最常见的家禽细菌性疾病,给养禽业造成严重经济损失。另外,禽大肠杆菌和沙门菌也是重要的人畜共患病原菌,可通过禽类及其产品传播给人类,对人类健康造成严重威胁。加强禽大肠杆菌和沙门菌的快速鉴别检测,对养禽业和公共卫生都具有重要意义。【目的】建立禽大肠杆菌、肠炎沙门菌、鼠伤寒沙门菌、鸡白痢沙门菌和鸡伤寒沙门菌的多重PCR检测方法。【方法】通过比较分析确定禽致病性大肠杆菌、肠炎沙门菌、鼠伤寒沙门菌、鸡白痢沙门菌和鸡伤寒沙门菌的特异靶标基因,设计5对特异性引物,通过条件优化建立多重PCR方法,分析该多重PCR方法的特异性、敏感性及可靠性。【结果】该方法能特异性地鉴定禽致病性大肠杆菌、肠炎沙门菌、鼠伤寒沙门菌、鸡白痢沙门菌和鸡伤寒沙门菌,每个PCR反应的最低检出限分别为103 CFU细菌和100 pg基因组DNA。临床分离菌株检测显示,多重PCR与传统血清学方法结果一致。【结论】建立的多重PCR方法能够快速鉴别禽致病性大肠杆菌和不同血清型沙门菌,对禽大肠杆菌病和沙门菌病的流行病学调查及临床检测具有重要意义。     

Enumeration and detection of acetic acid bacteria by real-time PCR and nested PCR

Acetic acid bacteria play a negative role in wine making because they increase the volatile acidity of wines. They can survive in the various phases of alcoholic fermentation and it is very important to control their presence and ulterior development. The main objective of the present work is to test fast, sensitive and reliable techniques such as real-time PCR (rt-PCR) and nested PCR for enumerating and detecting the presence of this bacterial group without plating. Primers were designed on the basis of the available 16S rRNA gene sequences and tested successfully with reference acetic acid bacteria strains. The usefulness of rt-PCR was demonstrated by comparing the results with traditional techniques (colony and microscope counting). The results were similar with all the techniques. Optimized rt-PCR enabled numbers between 10(7) and 10(1) cells mL(-1) to be enumerated, while nested PCR detected less than 10 cells mL(-1). Although this latter technique cannot be used for enumeration, it has several advantages in routine laboratory analysis.     

Evaluation of culture, ELISA and PCR assays for the detection of Salmonella in seafood

Aims: The study evaluated the efficiency of culture, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for the detection of Salmonella in naturally contaminated seafood. Methods and Results: In this study, 215 seafood samples comprising fish, shrimp, crab, clam, mussel, oyster, squid, cuttlefish and octopus from fish market of Cochin (India), were compared by culture, ELISA and PCR methods. Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) method was followed for culture assay, and Salmonella Tek, a commercial sandwich ELISA kit, was used for ELISA assay. Salmonella‐specific PCR assay was developed for 284 bp Salmonella‐specific invA gene amplicon. PCR assay exhibited 31·6% seafood positive for Salmonella followed by ELISA (23·7%) and culture method (21·3%). There was fair to excellent agreement between culture, ELISA and PCR assays (kappa coefficient values ranging from 0·385 to 1·0) for different seafood samples. Conclusion: The investigation revealed the greater concordance between culture and ELISA methods for seafood. Among the three methods, PCR assay was most sensitive. Lower detection rate with culture and ELISA assays could be attributed to greater sensitivity of the PCR method in the detection of Salmonella in seafood. Significance and Impact of the Study: We propose the incorporation of dual tests based on different principle and procedure for the routine analysis of Salmonella in seafood.