恒河猴麻疹病的诊断与治疗

目的探索恒河猴麻疹病的诊断、治疗及防制方法。方法隔离病猴,采集猴血清,环境消毒,对病死猴进行病理学观察、抗体ELISA和病毒免疫组织化学检测,以及治疗。结果病猴被确诊为患猴麻疹,隔离发病猴3只,其中死亡1只,康复2只,未出现麻疹病的进一步扩大流行。采用头孢曲松钠、地塞米松、利巴韦林等治疗取得了显著治疗效果。结论预防是控制麻疹病的关键,运输及环境改变是致病的诱因,快速诊断、科学用药和综合防治是减少损失的关键。     

实验猴直肠脱的防治

目的探索实验猴直肠脱的理想治疗方案。方法根据本中心治疗成功的经验对实验猴直肠脱的治疗方案、术后护理及预防措施进行了详细论述。结果经临床实践,本防治方案对实验猴直肠脱的治愈率可达90%以上。结论本方案可以在生产中推广应用。     

艾滋病实验用猴的兽医管理

在艾滋病实验用猴动物实验中,兽医管理起着重要性的作用,包括实验用猴的挑选和质量控制,动物健康档案的建立和记录,兽医护理,麻醉药物和药品的管理和正确使用,实验期间的实验用猴疾病的预防和治疗,以及动物福利计划。     

提高实验猴繁殖率的综合措施

实验猴繁殖率的高低直接影响实验猴养殖企业的经济效益。本文借鉴本中心多年实验猴繁育经验,总结了一套较为完备的提高实验猴繁殖率的措施,内容涵盖实验猴繁殖特性、种公猴选种、繁殖猴分群及梯度饲养、孕猴用药、母猴产后护理、仔猴补饲及断奶、繁殖猴饲料搭配等各方面。这些措施应用于实践后,实验猴繁殖率可保持在较高水平并逐年提高。我们认为这些措施可在其它实验猴养殖企业推广应用。     

两种方案对断奶仔猴慢性肠炎治疗效果的比较

目的探索断奶仔猴慢性肠炎的较优治疗方案。方法比较了治疗方案Ⅰ（庆大霉素碳酸铋联合淮山米粉＋奶粉＋乳酸菌素片）和治疗方案Ⅱ（庆大霉素碳酸铋联合蒙脱石散）对断奶仔猴慢性肠炎的治疗效果。结果治疗方案Ⅰ的治愈率更高,治愈后不易复发,且费用相对低廉。结论此方案可以在生产中推广应用。     

笼养猕猴瘫痪症防治的探讨

目的对长期笼养后肢瘫痪的猕猴,采用人工护理和药物治疗进行防治使之恢复正常。方法瘫痪猴采用科学合理的饲料配方,保证有充足的营养,笼舍保证宽大的活动空间和充足的日光,并有供其跳跃攀登活动的栖息架,按摩瘫痪肢体及功能锻炼等人工护理;同时使用维生素A、复合维生素B、维生素C和维生素D等维生素药物治疗,配合使用转移因子、干扰素、前列腺素、肾上腺皮质激素等炎症和免疫抑制药物辅助治疗。结果共实施治疗护理瘫痪猴18例,治愈率达60％,恢复良好,能正常行走活动。结论采用人工护理配合药物治疗,防治排尿粪障碍、后肢萎缩、淤血、水肿和坏死等,瘫痪猴能取得良好的治疗效果,对保护珍贵猕猴动物资源,减少因瘫痪引起猕猴的痛苦或死亡均有一定的参考价值。     

猴痘

猴痘(monkeypox)是由猴痘病毒感染引起的人畜共患传染病。近期,至少在11个非洲以外的国家出现了120多例猴痘患者。人猴痘很少在非洲以外的国家发生,其症状和天花相似。现对猴痘的起源、发病、检测及预防进行述评。     

狨猴的常见疾病及死因的分析研究

本文对棉顶狨猴、普通狨猴和鞍背狨猴在实验室笼养条件下,进行了近８年狨猴的发病类型及致死原因的分析研究,结果表明引起狨猴死亡的常见疾病是：肺炎、痢疾、消耗性综合症、产后大出血等。并根据狨猴的疾病摸索了一套有效的防治方案,这对于狨猴的饲养与繁殖,保证科学实验用健康的狨猴群体具有重要的意义。     

告别麻疹

一种创新性的统计数据分析方法对英格兰及威尔士1944年以来麻疹发病率的分析揭示了麻疹的复发起源于大城市。这条信息可为预防麻疹提供指导性策略。     

浅论麻疹的预防控制及护理

麻疹是由麻疹病毒引起的急性呼吸道传染病,冬春季节发病率较高,传染性很强,最常见于儿童。其临床特征主要以发热、流鼻涕、咳嗽、眼结合膜为主炎,可出现特殊的科氏斑(又称麻疹黏膜斑)和广泛的皮肤斑丘疹。麻疹一般康复较为顺利,但也可引起严重并发症。因此,我们要加强对麻疹疾病的预防控制,对患病病人的观察与护理,减少降低并发症的发生,减轻患者的痛苦,使之早日康复!     

Response of Children to Inactivated Measles Vaccine Prepared in Bovine Renal Cell Culture

Formalin-inactivated, alum-adsorbed measles vaccine was readily prepared from virus grown in calf kidney cell culture infected with the Sugiyama strain of measles virus which had been adapted to this cell culture. The vaccine induced no side reaction of any consequence in vaccinated children, but demonstrated antigenic capacity in children as well as guinea pigs, comparable to that of currently used killed measles vaccines prepared from virus grown in monkey kidney or chick embryo tissue cultures. The host system employed for the preparation of this vaccine has an advantage over monkey kidney or chick embryo tissue cultures which are currently used for manufacture of killed measles vaccine. Bovine kidneys are much easier to obtain and cultivate. Of importance is the fact that calf kidneys are practically free of latent virus, whereas monkey kidneys and chick embryos frequently harbor latent viruses.     

Possible influence of measles virus infection of cynomolgus monkeys on the outcome of the neurovirulence test for oral poliovirus vaccine.

Macaque monkeys are susceptible to measles infection which triggers temporary immuno-depression similar to the well known phenomenon in humans. It is known that feral monkeys become infected with measles virus when they are exposed to humans. Since Macaca mulatta and M. fascicularis are species used to assay the neurovirulence of oral poliovirus vaccine, the immunodepression caused by measles infection of the test monkeys could significantly alter the results of the neurovirulence test. The serum titers of measles-neutralizing antibodies were studied in over 1500 monkeys used for neurovirulence tests. A high proportion of the feral monkeys had measles antibodies (51-100%); in contrast, none of 493 M. fascicularis monkeys which had been bred in a primate colony under strict isolation measures was found positive for measles antibodies. An increase in the prevalence of measles in the population of Ontario and Quebec provinces was accompanied with an increase in the proportion of measles-positive monkey and their serum antibody titers were found higher. It was observed that monkeys used in tests that had been performed during high measles prevalence presented with a poliomyelitis of more pronounced severity clinically and histologically. The analysis of 29 tests conducted on type 1 vaccines over several years showed a positive correlation (correlation coefficient = 0.5141, P less than 0.0022) between severity of poliomyelitis and the presence of measles serum antibodies in test monkeys (some animals seroconverted during the test). A similar observation, when type 3 Sabin vaccines were tested in M. fascicularis, was recently reported from another laboratory in Ontario.     

Experimental vaccines against measles in a world of changing epidemiology

Vaccination with the current live attenuated measles vaccine is one of the most successful and cost-effective medical interventions. However, as a result of persisting maternal antibodies and immaturity of the infant immune system, this vaccine is poorly immunogenic in children <9 months old. Immunity against the live vaccine is less robust than natural immunity and protection less durable. There may also be some concern about (vaccine) virus spread during the final stage of an eventual measles eradication program. Opinions may differ with respect to the potential threat that some of these concerns may be to the World Health Organisation goal of measles elimination, but there is a consensus that the development of new measles vaccines cannot wait. Candidate vaccines are based on viral or bacterial vectors expressing recombinant viral proteins, naked DNA, immune stimulating complexes or synthetic peptides mimicking neutralising epitopes. While some of these candidate vaccines have proven their efficacy in monkey studies, aerosol formulated live attenuated measles vaccine are evaluated in clinical trials.     

Artificial mutations and natural variations in the CD46 molecules from human and monkey cells define regions important for measles virus binding.

CD46 was previously shown to be a primate-specific receptor for the Edmonston strain of measles virus. This receptor consists of four short consensus regions (SCR1 to SCR4) which normally function in complement regulation. Measles virus has recently been shown to interact with SCR1 and SCR2. In this study, receptors on different types of monkey erythrocytes were employed as "natural mutant proteins" to further define the virus binding regions of CD46. Erythrocytes from African green monkeys and rhesus macaques hemagglutinate in the presence of measles virus, while baboon erythrocytes were the least efficient of the Old World monkey cells used in these assays. Subsequent studies demonstrated that the SCR2 domain of baboon CD46 contained an Arg-to-Gln mutation at amino acid position 103 which accounted for reduced hemagglutination activity. Surprisingly, none of the New World monkey erythrocytes hemagglutinated in the presence of virus. Sequencing of cDNAs derived from the lymphocytes of these New World monkeys and analysis of their erythrocytes with SCR1-specific polyclonal antibodies indicated that the SCR1 domain was deleted in these cells. Additional experiments, which used 35 different site-specific mutations inserted into CD46, were performed to complement the preceding studies. The effects of these artificial mutations were documented with a convenient binding assay using insect cells expressing the measles virus hemagglutinin. Mutations which mimicked the change found in baboon CD46 or another which deleted the SCR2 glycosylation site reduced binding substantially. Another mutation which altered GluArg to AlaAla at positions 58 and 59, totally abolished binding. Finally, the epitopes for two monoclonal antibodies which inhibit measles virus attachment were mapped to the same regions implicated by mutagenesis.     

Studies on live rubella vaccine. V. Quantitative aspects of interference between rubella, measles and mumps viruses in their trivalent vaccine

Rubella vaccine combined with measles and mumps vaccines was administered in a single injection to children of 1 to 5 years of age. All three vaccines were serologically effective, and the clinical reactions caused by measles vaccine were considerably alleviated, when 6 x 10(3) PFU of rubella and 10(4) TCD50 per dose of mumps vaccines were combined with 5 x 10(4) TCD50 of measles vaccine. When a larger amount of mumps vaccine (3 x 10(5) TCD50/dose) was used, it caused interference with the rubella and measles viruses, i.e., the antibody response to rubella virus became poor and the incidence of clinical reactions to measles virus decreased. On the other hand, when 5 x 10(5) TCD50/dose of measles vaccine was combined with 10(4) TCD50/dose of mumps vaccine, the clinical reactions to measles virus were decreased but were almost the same as those induced by this vaccine alone.     

The results of multiyear observations on the duration of the maintenance of immunity in those vaccinated and revaccinated against and recovered from measles

The results of 5-year observations on the duration of immunity to measles virus in persons vaccinated and revaccinated against measles, as well as in persons having had this infection, are presented. The intensity of immunity was determined in the same persons with the use of the passive hemagglutination test. The study revealed differences in the formation, intensity and duration of postvaccinal immunity. A significant decrease in the concentration of antibodies over the period of 5 years was established in 50.0-52.3% of vaccines. Revaccination with live measles vaccine is an effective measure for enhancing immunity to measles virus in persons with initial antibody titers less than 1:10-1:20, but revaccination made in a single injection is not sufficient for the stable maintenance of measles morbidity at the sporadic level. Postinfectious immunity is characterized by stability and has no tendency towards decrease. Persons having had measles have no need in additional measures irrespective of the time elapsed after the disease.     

同批次细胞基质收获甲肝和麻疹病毒制备联合疫苗的方法

采用同一批次细胞基质收获甲肝和麻疹病毒.应用甲肝L-A-1株和麻疹D3T11株,间隔3周先后感染同一批次人胚肺二倍体细胞2BS株,待两种病毒同时达到增殖高峰期时收获病毒液(以下简称HAM).对HAM分别进行病毒滴定、特异性检查、猴体安全性和免疫效果试验.结果显示,HAM的甲肝和麻疹病毒滴度与同批单价甲肝和麻疹疫苗病毒滴度,差异均无显著意义.该方法用于制备甲肝-麻疹联合疫苗,省时省力,操作简便,并可显著降低疫苗生产成本.     

Measles virus: a future therapeutic agent in oncology?

Measles is a potential lethal disease, justifying large immunization campaigns. Attenuated strains are used in immunization with very good safety records. Interestingly, following clinical observations of tumor regressions after measles infection, preclinical and clinical studies have highlighted the therapeutic potential of attenuated strains of measles. The aim of this review is to explain how these viruses can selectively infect and kill cancer cells, and how this selectivity can be improved. We will detail the therapeutic strategies under development, in particular the combination of viruses with chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Furthermore, the engineering of measles viruses encoding the sodium/iodide symporter could enable virus-directed radio-isotope therapy. Antiviral immunity could be a limit of measles therapy. We will highlight the promising combinations with immunosuppressive drugs and innovative strategies using infected cell carriers, aiming at circumventing the immune response and paving the way to future clinical trials.     

Functional cDNA library for efficient expression of measles virus-specific gene products in primate cells.

A cDNA library designed for high-level expression of measles virus-specific gene products in mammalian cells was generated. From this library, functional clones which contained the entire protein-coding sequences of the nucleocapsid (N) and the phosphoprotein (P) genes were isolated. By DNA-mediated gene transfer into a line of simian virus 40-transformed monkey kidney cells, the N-specific cDNA was expressed into a single polypeptide of about 60,000 Mr, which was immunoprecipitated by monoclonal antibodies against the measles virus N protein. In contrast, the P-specific cDNA could be expressed into either one or two species of polypeptides of 75,000 or 70,000 Mr, both of which were immunoprecipitated by monoclonal antibodies against the measles virus P protein.