泌尿系细菌L型感染致病性临床研究

目的探讨泌尿系反复感染致病菌的发病特点及细菌L型感染的致病性,为临床诊治提供科学依据。方法将127例清洁中段尿培养确诊的反复发作肾盂肾炎患者,根据致病菌分为细菌型组、细菌伴L型组和细菌L型组,健康体检者为对照组,分析4组患者尿N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)、尿视黄醇结合蛋白(RBP)水平变化。结果泌尿系感染各组尿NAG和尿RBP较正常对照组均有不同程度升高,差异有非常显著性(P0.01),单纯细菌L型感染患者较细菌型及细菌伴L型患者稍低,但细菌型、细菌伴L型及细菌L型3组之间差异无显著性(P0.05)。结论细菌L型在泌尿道感染反复发作中占重要地位,泌尿系细菌L型感染具有致病性。     

神经内外科院内泌尿道感染病原菌分布及耐药性比较

目的研究我院神经内外科院内泌尿道感染的菌群分布和药敏情况,为临床合理应用抗菌药物提供依据。方法回顾性分析2004年1月至2005年6月神经内外科院内泌尿道感染的菌群分布、药敏情况及易感因素。结果神经内科和神经外科均以革兰阳性菌感染为主,分别占48.59%、40.19%,而阳性菌中又以肠球菌为主;神经外科院内泌尿道真菌的院内感染比例(21.39%)明显高于神经内科(14.06%)(P<0.05)。药敏结果显示:神经内外科大肠埃希菌较敏感的抗菌药物为头孢替坦、亚胺培南等。检出肠球菌125株,除对万古霉素和替考拉宁敏感以外,对其他抗菌药物均有较高的耐药。结论神经内外科院内泌尿道感染病原菌正发生变迁,以阳性菌为主,抗菌药物的使用不同可能是造成神经内外科菌群分布不同的重要原因。     

儿童泌尿道常见致病细菌病原学及耐药性分析

目的探讨导致我院儿童泌尿道感染细菌的菌群分布以及抗菌药物的使用。方法将中段尿标本接种于CLED培养基,致病菌用VITEK-60鉴定,药敏试验采用K-B法。结果共分离出123株致病细菌,大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌及铜绿假单胞菌是导致我院儿童泌尿道感染的主要病原菌,肠球菌是主要革兰阳性致病球菌。大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对美罗培南、亚胺培南、阿米卡星、头孢他啶的敏感性最高。肠球菌对万古霉素、替考拉宁、阿莫西林/克拉维酸的敏感率最高。结论应继续加强对泌尿道感染的病原学及耐药监测,为临床经验用药提供有力依据。     

多发性骨髓瘤患者医院感染临床分析

目的 探讨多发性骨髓瘤患者医院感染的临床状况和危险因素。方法 对1994年1月～2001年12月收治的62例多发性骨髓瘤患者医院感染发生情况进行调查分析。结果 多发性骨髓瘤患者发生医院感染33例。感染发生率为53．2％,好发部位为呼吸道、口腔、胃肠道和泌尿道等。结论 多发性骨髓瘤患者医院感染的发生与骨髓瘤细胞含量、疾病Ⅲ期、骨损害、白细胞减少、化疗及住院日等因素有关。应采取相应措施,避免医院感染发生。     

院内感染调查分析

我院第一附属医院1989年3～5月院内感染率为10.39％。院内感染的主要科室依次为神经科、妇科、传染科、骨科、内科及外科。院内感染的部位以上呼吸道、伤口、泌尿道感染多见。院内感染的病原菌主要有葡萄球菌、克雷伯杆菌、非发酵菌、绿脓杆菌。大多数院内感染病原菌,对常用抗生素有较高的耐药性。分析院内感染原因,提示与病人自身因素如年龄及各种手术因素等有关。另外,本文对抗生素预防院内感染情况进行了探讨。     

细菌L型感染与慢性肾盂肾炎

细菌Ｌ型感染与慢性肾盂肾炎江苏省武进县人民医院常州２１３０００孙建中本文报道了２８例慢性肾盂肾炎患者清洁中段尿Ｌ型培养基培养。Ｌ型细菌检出率２８．５％,临床上慢性肾孟肾炎尿普通培养往往阴性,而且抗生素治疗效果不佳,认为细菌Ｌ型感染与肾髓质高渗环境有密...     

血液中肺炎克雷伯菌碳青霉烯类耐药危险因素的调查

目的探讨血液中分离的肺炎克雷伯菌耐碳青霉烯类抗菌药物的危险因素,为临床治疗提供理论依据。方法回顾性收集2009年6月至2012年12月期间血液中分离出肺炎克雷伯菌的住院患者的临床资料,采用病例对照研究,单因素分析和多因素Logistic回归分析血液感染肺炎克雷伯菌耐碳青霉烯类抗菌药物的危险因素。结果泌尿道插管、血型(A型)、使用氨基糖苷类及抗真菌类抗菌药物是血液感染肺炎克雷伯菌耐碳青霉烯类抗菌药物的独立危险因素。结论临床治疗过程中,需要特别注意的环节是:泌尿道插管;氨基糖苷类和抗真菌类抗菌药物的合理使用。     

ICU患者医院感染目标性监测研究

目的 了解ICU医院感染发病特点和规律。方法 采用目标性监测的方法,前瞻性地研究2004～2005年ICU患者医院感染发病情况,用ASIS法调整医院感染发病率,并对侵入性操作相关感染进行分析。结果 3 560例住院患者中,发生医院感染274例次,医院感染例次发病率为25.97%,经ASIS法调整后,日医院感染发病率为18.64‰.3种侵入性操作相关感染,日感染率分别为呼吸机相关肺炎118.59‰、留置导尿管相关泌尿道感染17.26‰,动静脉插管相关血液感染11.59‰.环境卫生学监测显示呼吸机相关物品微生物感染阳性率为18.18%。结论 ICU是医院感染重点部门,应重视目标性监测工作;必须加强呼吸机相关物品的消毒灭菌管理,降低呼吸机相关肺炎的发病率;真菌是留置导尿管相关泌尿道感染的主要致病菌,必须重视抗菌药物的合理使用;加强医务人员手和穿刺部位消毒对控制动静脉插管相关血液感染至关重要。     

老年大肠埃希菌血流感染患者的临床分析

为探讨老年大肠埃希菌血流感染患者的临床特点及药敏结果,回顾性分析徐州医科大学附属医院2013年1月-2016年12月340例大肠埃希菌血流感染老年患者的临床资料及药敏结果,采用SPSS软件进行分析。结果显示,患者均合并基础疾病(恶性肿瘤、高血压病、糖尿病、肺部感染等);感染途径主要为消化道(38.5%)、呼吸道(36.8%)和泌尿道(22.6%);检出产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(extended-spectrum β-lactamase,ESBL)大肠埃希菌96例(28.2%);ESBL阳性菌对氨苄西林、复方磺胺甲恶唑、环丙沙星、哌拉西林、第3代头孢、左氧氟沙星的耐药率均高;所有菌株均对碳青霉烯类敏感。结果提示,该院老年大肠埃希菌血流感染患者均合并基础疾病,常见感染途径是消化道、呼吸道和泌尿道,ESBL阳性大肠埃希菌除对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物敏感外,对多种抗菌药物耐药。     

纹带棒状杆菌所致肾小球肾炎（附3例报告）

从３例肾小球肾炎患者尿液中分别连续培养出纹带棒状杆菌，并对其生物学及生化特性进行了探讨，提示纹带棒状杆菌与人类泌尿道感染有关。３株细菌对大多数抗生素耐药，但均对万古霉素敏感。     

Serum and urine levels of interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 in children with acute pyelonephritis

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common clinical disorder in younger infants and children and may result in permanent renal damage. The inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 play an important role in response to bacterial infection. This prospective study investigated the association between serum and urine IL-6 and IL-8 levels and acute pyelonephritis confirmed by (99m)Tc-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) scan. A total of 78 children aged 1-121 months with a diagnosis of first-time febrile UTI were included. The following inflammatory markers were assessed: fever; white blood cells count (WBC); C-reactive protein (CRP); and serum and urine IL-6 and IL-8. The patients were divided into the acute pyelonephritis group (n=42) and the lower UTI group (n=36) according to the results of DMSA scan. Fever, WBC and CRP levels were significantly higher in children with acute pyelonephritis than in those with lower UTI (all p <0.001). Significantly, higher initial serum and urine IL-6 and IL-8 levels were found in children with acute pyelonephritis than in those with lower UTI (all p <0.001). Serum and urine IL-6 in children with acute pyelonephritis were positively correlated with fever, CRP and leucocyturia. These results indicate that both serum and urine IL-6 and IL-8 levels, particularly IL-6, are useful diagnostic tools for early recognition of acute pyelonephritis in febrile children.     

Influence of P blood group phenotype on susceptibility to urinary tract infection

Bacterial attachment is an important event in the pathogenesis of urinary tract infection (UTI). Increased receptivity on the host cells has been suggested influence proneness to infection. The dual function of the globoseries of glycolipids both as receptors for attaching E. coli and as P blood group antigens lead us to examine the P blood group phenotype distribution in UTI prone patient populations. A correlation between the P1 blood group phenotype and susceptibility to UTI was found. Patients with recurrent pyelonephritis had 74/79 (94%), P1 compared to 75% in healthy controls. In contrast patients with asymptomatic bacteriuria (ABU) had a reduced frequency of P1, 43/74 (58%). P1 and P2 individuals differ in amount and composition of the globoseries of glycolipids on their erythrocytes. A similar difference in other tissues, e.g. uroepithelial cells might explain the association of P1 with UTI. There was, however, no significant difference in bacterial adherence to uroepithelial cells from P1 and P2 individuals. Other mechanisms explaining the increase in P1 individuals in recurrent pyelonephritis are discussed.     

Influence of P blood group phenotype on susceptibility to urinary tract infection

Abstract Bacterial attachment is an important event in the pathogenesis of urinary tract infection (UTI). Increased receptivity on the host cells has been suggested influence proneness to infection. The dual function of the globoseries of glycolipids both as receptors for attaching E. coli and as P blood group antigens lead us to examine the P blood group phenotype distribution in UTI prone patient populations. A correlation between the P₁ blood group phenotype and susceptibility to UTI was found. Patients with recurrent pyelonephritis had 74/79 (94%), P₁ compared to 75% in healthy controls. In contrast patients with asymptomatic bacteriuria (ABU) had a reduced frequency of P₁, 43/74 (58%). P₁ and P₂ individuals differ in amount and composition of the globoseries of glycolipids on their erythrocytes. A similar difference in other tissues, e.g. uroepithelial cells might explain the association of P₁ with UTI. There was, however, no significant difference in bacterial adherence to uroepithelial cells from P₁ and P₂ individuals. Other mechanisms explaining the increase in P₁ individuals in recurrent pyelonephritis are discussed.     

Contribution of macrophage secretory products to urovirulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Macrophages form one of the first lines of defense on mucosal surfaces like urinary tract, providing protection against pathogens. These cells pour their secretory products, which include a cocktail of biomolecules, at the site of infection. In the present investigation, the effect of macrophage secretory products (MSPs) obtained after interaction of macrophages with Pseudomonas aeruginosa on the virulence of this organism in planktonic and biofilm cell mode was assessed employing a mouse model of ascending pyelonephritis. When urinary tract infection (UTI) was established with P. aeruginosa grown in the presence of 30% MSPs, the extent of pyelonephritis was enhanced. Of the two cell forms, biofilm cells had an edge over the planktonic cells with respect to in vivo virulence. The enhanced virulence of MSP-grown P. aeruginosa may be attributed to increased production of quorum-sensing systems as well as increased adherence to uroepithelial cells and evasion of phagocytosis. The results of the present study reveal that macrophages can play a key role during the course of UTI, not only through their phagocytic activity, but also through effects mediated by their secretory products. Utilization of MSPs by P. aeruginosa can have far-reaching consequences, including chronicity and recurrence of infections caused by this pathogen.     

Antimicrobial misuse in pediatric urinary tract infections: recurrences and renal scarring

Background

In children, urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of a common bacterial infection. This study was conducted to detect the uropathogen, antimicrobial susceptibility, pathogen associated with recurrences and renal scarring in children initially taken care from general practitioners and later presented to tertiary care.

Methods

Every inward UTI episode, culture and antimicrobial susceptibility was done while on past 6-month, history of infections and use of antimicrobials was collected using clinical records and demonstration of antimicrobials. Children with recurrent pyelonephritis was followed and in vitro bio film formation was assessed.

Results

Frequency of UTI was significantly high among infants (p?=?0.03). Last 6-month, all (220) were exposed to antimicrobials. Cefixime was the commonly prescribed antimicrobial (p?=?0.02). In current UTI episode, 64.5% (142/220) of children with UTI were consulted GPs’ prior to seek treatment from tertiary care pediatric unit (p?=?0.02). While on follow up child who developed UTI, found urine culture isolates were significantly shifted from E. coli and K. pneumoniae to extended spectrum of beta-lactamase (ESBL) E. coli and K. pneumoniae. Out of 208 participants, 36 of them had re-current pyelonephritis (R-PN). Renal scarring (RS) was detected in 22 out of 70 patients with pyelonephritis following dimercaptosuccinic acid scan. Following each episodes of recurrent pyelonephritis 11% of new scar formation was detected (p?=?0.02). Bio film forming E. coli and K. pneumoniae was significantly associated in patients with R-PN (p?=?0.04).

Discussion

Medical care providers often prescribe antimicrobials without having an etiological diagnosis. While continuing exposure of third generation cephalosporin and carbapenem leads to development of ESBL and CRE microbes in great. The empiric uses of antimicrobials need to be stream lined with local epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern. R-PN in childhood leads to RS. In great, bio film formation act as the focus for such recurrences.

     

Impact of Host Age and Parity on Susceptibility to Severe Urinary Tract Infection in a Murine Model

The epidemiology and bacteriology of urinary tract infection (UTI) varies across the human lifespan, but the reasons for these differences are poorly understood. Using established monomicrobial and polymicrobial murine UTI models caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) and/or Group B Streptococcus (GBS), we demonstrate age and parity as inter-related factors contributing to UTI susceptibility. Young nulliparous animals exhibited 10–100-fold higher bacterial titers compared to older animals. In contrast, multiparity was associated with more severe acute cystitis in older animals compared to age-matched nulliparous controls, particularly in the context of polymicrobial infection where UPEC titers were ∼1000-fold higher in the multiparous compared to the nulliparous host. Multiparity was also associated with significantly increased risk of chronic high titer UPEC cystitis and ascending pyelonephritis. Further evidence is provided that the increased UPEC load in multiparous animals required TLR4-signaling. Together, these data strongly suggest that the experience of childbearing fundamentally and permanently changes the urinary tract and its response to pathogens in a manner that increases susceptibility to severe UTI. Moreover, this murine model provides a system for dissecting these and other lifespan-associated risk factors contributing to severe UTI in at-risk groups.     

Association of Toll-like receptor 4 gene polymorphism and expression with urinary tract infection types in adults

Background

Innate immunity of which Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and CXCR1 are key elements plays a central role in the development of urinary tract infection (UTI). Although the relation between the genetics of TLR4 and CXCR1 and UTI is investigated partly, the polymorphisms and expression of TLR4 and CXCR1 in different types of UTI in adults are not extremely clear.

Methodology/Principal Findings

This study investigates the presence of TLR4 A (896) G and CXCR1 G (2608) C polymorphisms in 129 UTI patients using RFLP-PCR. Gene and allelic prevalence were compared with 248 healthy controls. Flow cytometry was used to detect TLR4 and CXCR1 expression in the monocytes of UTI patients and healthy controls. TLR4 (896) AG genotype and TLR4 (896) G allele had higher prevalence in UTI (especially in acute cystitis and urethritis) patients, whereas CXCR1 (2608) GC genotype and CXCR1 (2608) C allele had lower prevalence in UTI patients than controls. TLR4 expression was significantly lower in chronic UTI patients than in acute pyelonephritis or healthy controls. CXCR1 expression was similar in both controls and patients. TLR4 expression in chronic UTI patients after astragalus treatment was higher than pre-treatment.

Conclusions

The results indicate the relationship between the carrier status of TLR4 (896) G alleles and the development of UTI, especially acute cystitis and urethritis, in adults. TLR4 expression levels are correlated with chronic UTI.     

Assessment of the Significance of Virulence Factors of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli in Experimental Urinary Tract Infection in Mice

Four Escherichia coli strains, isolated from cystitis patients, belonging to serotype O2:H^? and possessing different combinations of urovirulence factors were examined in an experimental pyelonephritis mouse model to assess the relative importance of virulence factors in causation of urinary tract infections (UTI). The results suggest not only that the each virulence factor has a role in causation of UTI but also that the presence of P fimbriae and production of hemolysin significantly reduced the LD₅₀ and ID₅₀ of the strains in the mouse model. The results also demonstrate that the presence of additional virulence factors acts in an additive or synergetic fashion enhancing the cumulative impact of the strain.     

A study for the improvement of the cytological urine examination performances in upper tract infection diagnosis

Diagnosis of the location of upper and lower urinary tract infection (UTI) is necessary in defining the therapeutic conduct that has a different period and intensity according to the infection location and in prognosis. Many studies show the lack of clinical criteria peculiarity in revealing the different location of UTI. As a result, the correct location of the level in which UTI develops is the necessity of paraclinical investigations. Urinary sample examination, in which urinary sediment microscopy is essential, is a reliable technique in fast detection and localization of UTI. Finding, in pyuria context, the classic significant bacteriuria (> or = 10(5) CFU/ml) or lower value bacteriuria (< or = 10(4) CFU/ml) confirms the UTI diagnosis. The upper tract infection prognosis increases when leukocyte cylinders, characteristic for pyelonephritis, appear together with intact or degraded leukocytes, single or grouped. We settled an algorithm to examine the urine samples in order to: Concentrate and preserve the structural integrity of leukocytes and cylinders, examining the conventional urinary sediment Precisely identify and differentiate these elements by vital coloration (leukocyte peroxidase coloration and Sternheimer - Malbin coloration) to establish more accurate the UTI level. The vital coloration for leukocyte peroxidase has cytological specificity, confirming the pyuria and the cylinders that contain leukocytes (leukocytary, granular, mixed) and obviously ameliorates the reliability and reproducibility of the urinary sediment cytological exam.     

Fimbriation, surface hydrophobicity and serum resistance in uropathogenic strains of Escherichia coli

Abstract A total of 80 Escherichia coli strains were examined for expression of P-fimbriae, mannose-sensitive haemagglutination (MSHA) and mannose-resistant haemagglutination (MRHA) of human group A erythrocytes and guinea pig erthrocytes, cell surface hydrophobicity and resistance to serum bactericidal activity. Isolates were obtained from urine of children and adults, either with acute pyelonephritis ( n = 15 and n = 12) or lower urinary tract infection (UTI) ( n = 30 and n = 23, respectively). Results obtained showed that, in E. coli strains isolated both from children and adults with lower UTI, significant differences were not found concerning the incidence of P-fimbriae, cell surface hydrophobicity and serum resistance. In pyelonephritogenic E. coli isolated from children and adults, the incidence of P-fimbriae and cell surface hydrophobicity was associated more frequently with the former (87% vs. 42% and 100% vs. 67%, P < 0.05), while serum resistance was associated with the latter (47% vs. 67%, P < 0.05).