Metric and taxonomic variations in the dentitions of two Asian cercopithecoid species: Macaca mulatta and Macaca speciosa

The primary molars and the first permanent molars of two Asian cercopithecoid species, Macaca mulatta and Macaca speciosa, were statistically described. Sexual dimorphism was not found related to tooth dimensions nor was there a significant difference between the right and the left sides. Generally, the teeth of Macaca mulatta were found to be larger than those of Macaca speciosa, and that this difference was significant for most tooth measurements. The discriminant function analysis reveals that the two species may be distinguished by tooth dimensions alone except in the dimensional range where over-lapping is expected.     

Biochemical genetics of macaques. I. 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase polymorphisms in Macaca mulatta and Macaca speciosa

Starch gel electrophoresis of erythrocytes from 1812 Macaca mulatta has unequivocally demonstrated that the 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) isozymes are controlled by two autosomal codominant alleles. Limited data on erythrocytes from 89 Macaca speciosa were also consistent with autosomal codominance.This work was supported in part by NIH Grants HD 07835 (WHS) and RR-00167 (Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center) and by the Research Committee of the UW Graduate School (Project No. 170207).Paper No. 2146 of the Laboratory of Genetics, and Publication No. 16-045 of The Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center.     

Acid mucopolysaccharides in hair papillae of the stump-tailed macaque (Macaca speciosa).

Synopsis Acid mucopolysaccharides in dermal papillae of hair follicles from both bald and non-bald regions of the scalp of stump-tailed macaques were studied histochemically. Alcian Blue, Azure A and Periodic acid Schiff methods were used for staining mucopolysaccharides, and Bromphenol Blue for staining basic proteins. In an attempt to identify various polyanions, staining was carried out with Alcian Blue containing different concentrations of electrolytes. Methylation, saponification, mild acid hydrolysis and digestion with streptomyces or testicular hyaluronidase, chondroitinase ABC, or sialidase, were also used. The results indicate that chondroitin sulphate B is present in the papillae of terminal hair follicles in early and intermediate anagen, and degraded chondroitin sulphates are present in the papillae of vellus and terminal hair follicles in late anagen.     

A scanning electron microscopic study of the liver of the monkey Macaca speciosa

Summary The bile canalicular network of the monkey was studied by fracturing fixed liver tissue and examination by scanning electron microscopy. Bile canaliculi do not differ remarkably from those described in other species. Their course and luminal diameter vary, depending on their position in the liver lobule. In one specimen the continuity of a canaliculus with a terminal bile ductule (canal of Hering) is presented. Several constrictions occur in this part of the ductular lumen. The interlobular bile duct wall shows two kinds of niches. A single cilium arises from a primary niche. The walls of secondary niches contain numerous primary niches. Simple columnar epithelium lines the common bile duct, the main pancreatic duct and the gallbladder. A common feature is the presence of microplicae on their lateral cell surfaces.

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Zusammenfassung Das Netzwerk der Gallekanälchen beim Affen wird durch Brechen von fixiertem Lebergewebe sichtbar. Strukturen der Portalfelder und der extrahepatischen Gänge werden durch Schneiden von Gewebe dargestellt. DieGallekanälchenunterscheidensichnichtwesentlich von den bei anderen Spezies beschriebenen. Ihr unterschiedlicher Verlauf und Lumendurchmesser hängen von ihrer intralobulären Lage ab. Die Kontinuität eines Gallekanälchens mit einem Ductulus (Heringscher Kanal) wird in einem Fall dargestellt. Im ductulären Lumen kommen mehrere Konstriktionen vor. Die Wand der interlobulären Gallengänge weist zwei Arten von Nischen auf. Eine Einzelzilie kommt aus den primären Nischen. Sekundäre Nischen bestehen aus mehreren primären Nischen. Einschichtiges hochprismatisches Epithel kleidet den Ductus choledochus, den Ductus pancreaticus und die Gallenblase aus. Ein gemeinsames Merkmal ihrer lateralen Zelloberflächen sind Mikroplicae.

     

Social behavior in stump-tailed macaques (Macaca speciosa) after lesions of the dorsolateral frontal cortex

This experiment observed the effects of dorsolateral frontal cortex ablations on quantified social interactions of stump-tail macaques within the context of the social behavior of a larger group. A caged group of 11 stump-tail macaques, six females and five males, was observed for 100 hours pre-operatively. Post-operatively, five operates and five sham operates matched for sex, age, and rank were observed for 110 hours. Aggression increased following surgery. The female operates ranked No. 3 and No. 5 were seen to fall to the bottom of the dominance hierarchy two months after surgery. The fall in dominance as measured by displacement behavior was found to permeate several behavioral categories including presenting, threatening, and aggression. The female operates appeared to fall in inverse relationship to their ranks. The male operates showed minimal disruptions after surgery. The length of the time between surgery and the outbreak of violence might represent the length of time required for subordinates to notice and confirm the behaviors resulting from attentional defects in the high-ranking female operates.     

The skin of primates. 28. The stump-tail macaque (Macaca speciosa)

Though having some similarities to that of the rhesus monkey, the skin of the stump-tail macaque has several unique features. The epidermis has a sparse population of active melanocytes, and there is practically no pigmentation in the dermis. The dermis is rich in elastic fibers, the function of which seems to be to anchor the hair follicles and the arrectores pilorum muscles, and the superficial blood vessels. Large numbers of eccrine and apocrine sweat glands in the forehead and scalp are reminiscent of the axillary organ in the Hominioidea. The very large sebaceous glands on the face and bald forehead and scalp resemble those of man. The forehead and anterior portion of the scalp are bald in the adult but not in juvenile animals. In spite of an apparently rich pelage, these animals seem to show a trend toward nakedness.     

Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) social development: Sex differences in Juvenile behavior

We have quantitatively documented the development of sex differences in the behavior of juvenile Japanese macaques (1 to 2 years of age). Mothers treated their offspring differently by sex, i.e., mothers of males broke contact with them more frequently than did mothers of females. Juvenile males played more, and mounted other macaques more frequently; juvenile females groomed their mothers more and were also punished by other group members more frequently than were males. Males showed a pattern of decreasing interactions with their mothers, but females increased the frequency of their maternal interactions. These patterns appear to presage the life histories of the sexes. However, comparisons with other species of nonhuman primates indicate that although sex differences in behavior are common, the variability among species severely limits cross-specific generalizations.     

Effects of orbitofrontal lesions on social behavior in a confined group of stump-tail macaques (Macaca speciosa)

We grouped 14 stump-tail macques, five males and nine females, and observed social behavior before subjecting four of them to resection of orbitofrontal cortex. Four monkeys also received control lesions of superior temporal cortex and the remaining animals served as unoperated controls. Observations of social behavior continued after surgery on the following behavior: Joining, grooming, self-grooming, threat, aggression, and presenting (total hours of observation equaled 154). Monkeys with orbitofrontal lesions showed decreases in threat and aggression but only one such monkey fell in dominance. Control (operated and unoperated) monkeys displayed little change in these behaviors. Monkeys with orbitofrontal lesions also increased joining and self-grooming but showed a decrease in grooming of others. Presenting did not change. The role of orbitofrontal cortex in modulating different aspects of social interaction is emphasized by these results. However, in primates this area of the frontal lobes appears to have its major influence in the emotional loading of such complex behaviors.