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1.
Michael Tomasello Josep Call Katherine Nagell Raquel Olguin Malinda Carpenter 《Primates; journal of primatology》1994,35(2):137-154
Observations of chimpanzee gestural communication are reported. The observations represent the third longitudinal time point
of an ongoing study of the Yerkes Primate Center Field Station chimpanzee group. In contrast to observations at the first
two time points, the current observations are of a new generation of infants and juveniles. There were two questions. The
first concerned how young chimpanzees used their gestures, with special focus on the flexibility or intentionality displayed.
It was found that youngsters quite often used the same gesture in different contexts, and different gestures in the same context.
In addition, they sometimes used gestures in combinations in a single social encounter, these combinations did not convey
intentions that could not be conveyed by the component gestures, however. It was also found that individuals adjusted their
choice of signals depending on the attentional state of the recipient. The second question was how chimpanzees acquired their
gestural signals. In general, it was found that there was little consistency in the use of gestures among individuals, especially
for non-play gestures, with much individual variability both within and across generations. There were also a number of idiosyncratic
gestures used by single individuals at each time point. It was concluded from these results that youngsters were not imitatively
learning their communicatory gestures from conspecifics, but rather that they were individually conventionalizing them with
each other. Implications of these findings for the understanding of chimpanzee communication and social learning are discussed. 相似文献
2.
Contemporary research hypothesizes that biological inheritance and ontogenetic factors shape the development of gestural communication
in nonhuman great apes. However, little is known about the specific role that mothers play in the acquisition of their infants’
gestures. We observed 6 bonobo (Pan paniscus) and 4 chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) mother–infant dyads and recorded their gesture types and frequency. We analyzed all behavioral contexts in which gestures
occurred as well as the play context alone. Infants of both species were unlikely to share gestures with their mother or unrelated
adult females. However, gestural sharing was prevalent within age groups. Within and across species, infant–infant and mother–mother
groups were homogeneous regarding the types of gestures they shared, although there was individual variation in the frequency
of gesture use. Our findings provide limited evidence that infants learned their gestures by imitating their mothers. Phylogenetic
influences seem to be vital in gestural acquisition but, we suggest, repertoire development cannot be disentangled from individual
social encounters during life. 相似文献
3.
Yukio Takahata 《Primates; journal of primatology》1982,23(1):1-23
Some dyads of Japanese monkey adult males and females show remarkable spatial proximity and frequent exchanges of social behaviors.
It is suggested that some kind of “affinity” exists between them. Females obtain much unilateral benefit from “proximity effects”;
even lowranking females can dominate high-ranking females as long as they stay nearby their “affinitive” males. Males acquire
female followers in return. Mating relations and female mother-daughter relations play important roles in forming new “affinitive
relations.” Once monkeys have formed “affinitive relations,” however, they seldom mate with each other, as if they were kin-related.
Therefore, the acquisition of female followers appears inconsistent with a male's strategy for reproducing many genes in the
next generation.
This study was financed partly by the Cooperative Research Fund of the Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University. The outline
of this paper has already been published inTakahata (1980b). 相似文献
4.
A small number of adult chimpanzees were released on Ossabaw Island, Georgia, in order to evaluate the feasibility of establishing
a free-ranging reproductive colony of chimpanzees in a semitropical North American climate. First, three females and one male
were released in June 1972. Following the unexpected deaths of two of these females, four more females were added. Except
for one newborn that was removed from the colony, the chimpanzee colony remained intact, and was still in existence as of
February 1975. Preparation for and maintenance of the chimpanzees is described. Behavioral adaptations to the environment,
and some aspects of chimpanzee social behavior are reported. The potential importance of colonies such as this, for reducing
over-exploitation of naturally occurring primate populations is discussed.
The financial support of Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, and The Pennsylvania
State University, Department of Poultry Science, University Park, Pennsylvania, permitted us to make these observations. Funding
for planning and construction of the island facilities, and relocation and maintenance of the chimpanzees was provided by
a National Institutes of Health grant toGeoffery Bourne, Director of the Center. 相似文献
5.
Ben G. Blount 《Primates; journal of primatology》1985,26(4):424-435
One vocalization in the Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata) system of communication is the “girney.” Previous studies indicated that the “girney” is used for short range communication
and that it tends to occur when subordinate animals approach and groom dominant ones and when females without infants approach
females who have infants. Data were collected on the social behavior of adult female Japanese monkeys of the Arashiyama-A
troop in Texas in order to test those results. The study indicates that “girneys” are the most frequently occurring vocalizations
of females during and following the birth season and that they occur primarily in two contexts. Those are the proximity of
a female to another female with a new infant and the proximity of a lower ranking animal to a higher ranking one. The contexts
are ones in which the risk of aggression is high, and the “girneys” appear to function as appeasement gestures to reduce the
risk. 相似文献
6.
In the present study we investigated the gestural communication of gorillas (Gorilla gorilla). The subjects were 13 gorillas (1-6 years old) living in two different groups in captivity. Our goal was to compile the gestural repertoire of subadult gorillas, with a special focus on processes of social cognition, including attention to individual and developmental variability, group variability, and flexibility of use. Thirty-three different gestures (six auditory, 11 tactile, and 16 visual gestures) were recorded. We found idiosyncratic gestures, individual differences, and similar degrees of concordance between and within groups, as well as some group-specific gestures. These results provide evidence that ontogenetic ritualization is the main learning process involved, but some form of social learning may also be responsible for the acquisition of special gestures. The present study establishes that gorillas have a multifaceted gestural repertoire, characterized by a great deal of flexibility with accommodations to various communicative circumstances, including the attentional state of the recipient. The possibility of assigning Seyfarth and Cheney's [1997] model for nonhuman primate vocal development to the development of nonhuman primate gestural communication is discussed. 相似文献
7.
Imitation of facial gestures by an infant chimpanzee 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Masako Myowa 《Primates; journal of primatology》1996,37(2):207-213
A nursery-reared infant chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) was tested for the ability to imitate human facial gestures, following the procedure ofMeltzoff andMoore (1977). The subject was observed between 5 to 15 weeks of ages. The results showed that the subject could imitate tongue
protrusion in the age of 5–10 weeks and mouth opening between the ages of 5–11 weeks. However, from 12 to 15 weeks, the infant
did not imitate the facial gestures. The present study clearly demonstrated that the infant chimpanzee could imitate human
facial gestures in a particular period. 相似文献
8.
9.
Gilligan’s (1982) refinement of Kohlberg’s theory on moral development operates on two theses: (1) females, more so than males,
reach moral decisions based on the personalities of the relevant individuals; and (2) female behaviors stemming from moral
decisions are based upon “care” and “responsibility for others.” This article accepts the first thesis but argues that the
second is incorrect. That is, self-interest—i.e., aiding “blood” kin and/or carefully monitoring reciprocity—rather than “altruism”
is argued to be the operant dynamic in forging distaff morality and resultant behavior. Six empirical examples are presented
as contraindicative of Gilligan’s second thesis. Finally, it is suggested that selection for the psychological traits of independence
and the mastery of subtle social chess yielded ancestral females who had more descendants—us—than did females with alternative
profiles.
Nancy S. Coney is a professor at Western Illinois University and is interested in both clinical and nonclinical aspects of
women’s psychology.
Wade C. Mackey is interested in biocultural anthropology and has authored two books on fathering:Fathering Behaviors (Plenum, 1995) andThe American Father (Plenum, 1996). 相似文献
10.
Linda D. Wolfe 《Primates; journal of primatology》1981,22(1):24-32
In this paper the display (i.e., “branch-shaking”) behavior of three troops of Japanese monkeys—the confined Oregon troop
as reported byModahl andEaton (1977), the semi-free-ranging Arashiyama West troop and the free-ranging Arashiyama B troop—are compared. The comparison
reveals several similarities and dissimilarities between the Oregon troop and the two genetically related Arashiyama troops.
The similarities include three display postures (shaking, kicking and leaping) and an increased frequency of male but not
female displaying during the breeding season. The dissimilarities include the absence of two Oregon display postures (tossing
and swinging) and collective displaying among Arashiyama monkeys. The hypothesis ofModahl andEaton (1977) that male displaying influences the females' choice of male mating partners is discussed. The evidence suggests the
Oregon monkeys have incorporated male displaying into their socio-sexual behavior to a greater extent than Arashiyama monkeys.
However, field observations indicate that males who migrate to the Arashiyama B site during the breeding season can influence
female choice by “advertizing” their location with displays. 相似文献
11.
Aristide H. Esser Robert D. Deutsch Marjorie Wolff 《Primates; journal of primatology》1979,20(1):95-108
A population of six adolescent—adult gibbons (three males and three females) were observed in a controlled environment in
order to assess any social behavior adaptations related to forced aggregation and to a physical environment which differed
from the native habitat in that there were no predators, no food scarcity and the geographic range was limited to 1.5 acres.
Data on location, size and composition of naturally formed social groupings revealed that certain gibbons avoided social contact
with certain others. This observation is discussed in relation toChance's (1967) concept of “attention structure.” It is viewed as representative of a dominance hierarchy serving gibbons as a social
behavior adaptation when forced to aggregate. 相似文献
12.
Mori A Yamane A Sugiura H Shotake T Boug A Iwamoto T 《Primates; journal of primatology》2007,48(3):179-189
Three levels of hamadryas social structure—the one male unit (OMU), the band, and the troop—have been observed at all sites
studied, but a fourth—the clan—has been observed at only one site, Erer-Gota, Ethiopia, during a longitudinal check of the
dispersion of identified individuals. The clan is important since it appears to provide the basis for male philopatry, although
comparative data is needed from other sites to confirm this. We studied a huge commensal group of hamadryas baboons (over
600 animals) in Saudi Arabia. We put ear tags on baboons between 1998 and 2004 and analyzed social structure, relying on the
interactions of these tagged animals by focusing especially on their dispersal patterns from OMUs. OMU membership tended to
be looser than that of the Ethiopian hamadryas. Females tended to shift between OMUs on an individual basis in our study group,
whereas the collapse of an OMU was a major occasion of adult female transfer in Ethiopia. We found neither stable bands (a
“band” in our study group was defined as a regional assemblage of OMUs) nor clans that lasted for several years. Some OMUs
moved and transferred into neighboring areas over both the short and long term. Further, some post-adolescent males appeared
to move out of the study area. The ratio of adult females in an OMU in our study group was larger than for any other documented
study site, and this may be the reason for enhanced female transfer between OMUs. A large proportion of the adolescent females
showed no clear membership to OMUs, and no “initial units” (commonly observed in Ethiopia) were discernible. The ease with
which young males acquired adult females at the study site must have disrupted the formation of a clan, a “male-bonded society.” 相似文献
13.
The evolutionary origin of human language and its neurobiological foundations has long been the object of intense scientific debate. Although a number of theories have been proposed, one particularly contentious model suggests that human language evolved from a manual gestural communication system in a common ape-human ancestor. Consistent with a gestural origins theory are data indicating that chimpanzees intentionally and referentially communicate via manual gestures, and the production of manual gestures, in conjunction with vocalizations, activates the chimpanzee Broca's area homologue--a region in the human brain that is critical for the planning and execution of language. However, it is not known if this activity observed in the chimpanzee Broca's area is the result of the chimpanzees producing manual communicative gestures, communicative sounds, or both. This information is critical for evaluating the theory that human language evolved from a strictly manual gestural system. To this end, we used positron emission tomography (PET) to examine the neural metabolic activity in the chimpanzee brain. We collected PET data in 4 subjects, all of whom produced manual communicative gestures. However, 2 of these subjects also produced so-called attention-getting vocalizations directed towards a human experimenter. Interestingly, only the two subjects that produced these attention-getting sounds showed greater mean metabolic activity in the Broca's area homologue as compared to a baseline scan. The two subjects that did not produce attention-getting sounds did not. These data contradict an exclusive "gestural origins" theory for they suggest that it is vocal signaling that selectively activates the Broca's area homologue in chimpanzees. In other words, the activity observed in the Broca's area homologue reflects the production of vocal signals by the chimpanzees, suggesting that this critical human language region was involved in vocal signaling in the common ancestor of both modern humans and chimpanzees. 相似文献
14.
Clara B. Jones 《Primates; journal of primatology》1980,21(3):389-405
In the dominance hierarchies of adult male and female mantled howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata
Gray), high-ranking individuals are young adults; intermediate-ranking individuals, middle-aged adults; and low-ranking individuals,
old adults. This relationship reverses the trend observed in most group-living animals and is previously unreported for this
species. A limiting supply of palatable leaves may create intense intraspecific competition for group membership which, it
is hypothesized, has resulted in this rare pattern of hierarchical relations. It is shown that individual-level selection
is sufficient to explain the evolution of this apparently “altruistic” status system, though other mechanisms are assessed.
The energetic constraints imposed by a folivorous diet appear to restrict the expression of aggression to “ritualized” forms.
Two groups of monkeys in two different habitats were studied and the rates of appeasement and aggressive behavior were found
to be higher in the more “stressful” forest. The latter group, however, displays significantly more behavioral patterns entailing
low or intermediate energy expenditure. 相似文献
15.
Gary M. Stuhlmiller Timothy L. Darrow Dale M. Haupt H. F. Seigler 《Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII》1987,25(3):193-200
Summary Melanoma high molecular weight tumor-associated antigen (TAA), having a molecular weight of 250 kilodaltons (Kd), was purified from a crude cell membrane extract through a combination of lectin affinity, immunoadsorption, and high performance liquid molecular filtration chromatography. Compared to the starting extract, purified TAA was 600-fold higher in TAA activity per microgram of protein. Purified TAA was used to immunize a chimpanzee and the resulting antiTAA immune response was evaluated. Postimmune chimpanzee serum reacted in solid phase radioimmunoassay against purified TAA with a titer in excess of 100,000. In contrast, preimmune serum had a titer of <100 in the same assay. By immunoprecipitation analysis, we were able to demonstrate reactivity of the chimpanzee immune serum with a 250 Kd TAA in spent culture medium from melanoma cells metabolically labeled with 35S-methionine and with iodinated purified 250 Kd TAA. Reactivity of the chimpanzee antiserum for the 250 Kd TAA was confirmed in blocking and reciprocal immunodepletion studies using murine monoclonal antibody 9.2.27. These studies suggest that the 250 Kd TAA defined by murine monoclonal antibodies may prove to be immunogenic in man and that manipulation of the immune response to this TAA might be used to the clinical benefit of the patient.This work supported in part by Veterans Administration Hospital #821, by National Cancer Institute Grant #CA 32672 and by NIH Grant #RR 00165 from the Division of Research Resources to the Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center. The Yerkes Center is fully accredited by the American Association for Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care 相似文献
16.
The siamang (Hylobates syndactylus) is exceptional among gibbons in that its area of distribution almost completely overlaps those of other gibbons, namely
the white-handed gibbon (H. lar) and the agile gibbon (H. agilis) of the lar group. The siamang has almost twice the body weight of the gibbons of the lar group (ca. 11 kg vs. 5–6 kg), and
it has been suggested that distinct ecological and behavioural differences exist between the siamang and its two sympatric
species. The siamang has been claimed to differ from the white-handed gibbon “in the closer integration and greater harmony
of group life” (Chivers, 1976, p. 132). However, few quantitative data exist to support this hypothesis. In the present study, intra-group interactions
in captive family groups of white-handed gibbons and siamangs (two groups of each species) were recorded by focal-animal sampling.
These data failed to show a consistent association between species and most of the behavioural patterns recorded, such as
frequency of aggression, percentage of successful food transfer, frequency of social grooming bouts, and duration of social
grooming/animal/hr. A significant difference was found for only two of the variables: Individual siamangs in this study showed
longer grooming bout durations, and made fewer food transfer attempts than lar individuals. Only the first of these two differences
is consistent with the hypothesis mentioned above, whereas the lower frequency of food transfer attempts in siamangs is the
opposite of what should be expected under the hypothesis. On the other hand, two of these behavioural patterns showed a significant
correlation with the parameters group size and individual age: Both individuals in larger groups and younger individuals tended
to show shorter grooming bouts and a smaller proportion of successful food transfers. Our findings indicate that social cohesion
within these gibbon groups may be much more flexible according to and depending on social or ecological influences and less
rigidly linked to specific gibbon taxa than previously assumed. A considerably larger number of gibbon groups would have to
be compared to provide reliable evidence for or against species-specific differences in group cohesion. Another finding of
this study—a positive correlation between the frequency of aggression and grooming—is discussed in the light of the functional
interpretations commonly attributed to allogrooming behaviour in primates. 相似文献
17.
Ellis L. Yochelson 《Pal?ontologische Zeitschrift》2002,76(2):297-304
Dentalium antiquum is one of two moderately well-known Devonian “scaphopods” in the German literature. Examination of the type material and
a few specimens in other institutions indicates more individual variability than is to be expected in species of the molluscan
class Scaphopoda. The species is transferred with question toColeolus
Hall, a fossil presumed to be a calcareous “worm” tube.
相似文献
18.
The Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, whose regulatory authority includes monoclonal antibodies, cytokines, vaccines,
toxins and somatic cellular therapies, communicates to sponsors issues for consideration in the development of biological
products through the publication of “Points to Consider” and “Guideline” documents. This paper summarizes the available “Points
to Consider” and “Guideline” documents and outlines recommendations from these documents for characterizing the cells used
to produce biological products. 相似文献
19.
Akio Mori 《Primates; journal of primatology》1995,36(1):11-26
The feeding process of Japanese monkeys on soy beans which were scattered over a sandy beach on Koshima islet was studied.
Younger monkeys were able to pick up more beans when 8 kg of beans were divided and given two times (“two times feeding”)
than when the whole amount (8 kg) of beans was given at one time (“one time feeding”). The effect of saturation of the food
intake capacity in younger monkeys at the first feeding in “two times feeding” did not appear at the second feeding one hour
later. The minutely intake of soy beans (feeding speed) for each age class was analyzed. The decline of feeding speed in adult
females after the peak in “one time feeding” was not related to the decline in density of beans on the ground, and this decline
was caused by saturation of their food intake capacity.
Adult females were divided into four classes according to their dominance rank order: high, lower-high, higher-low, and low
classes. The total amount of intake in “one time feeding” was far larger in the high class than in any of the other classes.
The total amount of feeding in the first feeding of “two times feeding” increased in accordance with rise in the dominance
rank class, and there was no relation to rank and total feeding amount in the second feeding of “two times feeding.” Differences
existed in the process of feeding between the rank classes. The feeding speed of the low class was as high as that of the
high class on the curve of minutely intake, while the low class stopped feeding much earlier than the high class. The lower-high
class displayed a low feeding speed, and stopped feeding the latest. The order of the duration to stay and to feed in the
feeding area was lower-high > high > higher-low > low, and this order did not change under the three different feeding conditions,
“one time feeding,” and the first and second feedings of “two times feeding.” Adolescent females tended to stay the longest
duration in the feeding area among all age classes. Both the lower-high class females and adolescent females had an unstable
social status in the Koshima group, and their social status affected their feeding behaviors. The feeding behaviors were similar
in attitude depending on social status, and are considered to be maintained for a fairly long time.
The feeding strategy of the lower-high class, in staying a longer duration in the artificial feeding area, and departing later,
may be effective under the artificial feeding conditions, but it may be a bad strategy in a natural habitat where the food
is not so clumped as in artificial feeding, and where choice of other food patches is possible. The above results agree well
with previous reports for the Koshima group, indicating that the rank of the lower-high class females was unstable (Mori et al., 1989), and that their reproductive success was low (Watanabe et al., 1992). 相似文献
20.
Mackay AL 《Journal of biosciences》2003,28(5):539-546
Conclusion We must conclude that the sub-title of Bernal’s “The Social Function of Science” — “What science does: what science could
do” is still the relevant challenge and indicates Bernal’s chief contribution, besides the foundation of molecular biology
to our civilization. It is manifest that resources spent on armaments are a monstrous pathological symptom of our social structure.
The ancient problem of “what is property” and what may be “owned” and by whom or by what organs of society is awakening. 相似文献