利用SSR荧光标记对野慈姑异交率的估测

对自交亲和植物交配系统进行估测,有利于了解植物的繁殖状态、自异交进化的轨迹和特定种群的自然历史或选择压力。自交亲和的野慈姑有性繁殖和克隆繁殖并存,且其花序内和无性系分株间存在雌雄花同时开放的现象即给自交带来了机会。本研究利用SSR标记估测野慈姑自然种群的异交水平,并比较分析异交率估测中荧光定量法的准确性和优势,探讨野慈姑不同自然种群微卫星位点的多态性。结果表明,从28对SSR引物中筛选出3对多态性较高的引物,其多种群水平的位点数分别是5、6、6;对1个自然种群的6棵植株共计31个果实的异交率进行估测,其整体异交率为92.87%±2.5%,揭示了野慈姑自然种群的交配系统以异交为主,且无性繁殖对后代的贡献有限;单引物水平下,荧光定量技术检测出的多态性位点数和杂合率均高于NativePAGE成像电泳,且其对异交率估测的结果也更准确;另外,从检测效率实验耗时和实验成本等方面综合分析,本研究推荐使用荧光定量技术。     

浙江天童国家森林公园红凉伞交配系统研究

 交配系统是影响植物种群遗传结构的重要因素之一,测定植物的交配系统不仅可以了解物种的繁殖格局,而且也有助于预测生境条件发生变化(如生境片断化)时物种遗传结构的变化趋势。红凉伞是常绿阔叶林伴生小灌木,雌雄同花。采用水平切片淀粉凝胶电泳法分析种子萌发幼苗的基因型,结合Ritland异交率估算模型(MLT),测定了浙江天童国家森林公园红凉伞的交配系统,共采用了3个酶位点(Adh-1,Fe-2和Amp-2)。两个红凉伞种群的异交率均大于1,分别为1.055和1.159,可能是由于处理过程中将小的集群合并处理的结果,因为小集群内家系数量少,无法计算异交率。计算的家系异交率大多很大,只是在小集群内存在异交率低的家系,表明当红凉伞聚生形成的集群内开花个体数少时,异交率将降低。分析了常绿阔叶林片断化对红凉伞种群交配系统的影响。     

小慈姑的开花状态、传粉机制与交配系统

在自然种群中对沼生植物小慈姑（Sagittaria potamogetifolia Merr.）的开花状态和传粉过程作了观测,并用同工酶遗传标记法定量估测了其3个种群中5个样本的异交率。该种为中心媒传粉为主的虫／风 媒兼性传粉机制,访花昆虫的飞行距离多在0-2m范围内,并与花序密度呈不显著的正相关。异交率（－／^／t）为50.0％－92.8％,表明该种为异交为主的混合交配系统（ixed mating system）。对雌雄同株的小慈姑而言,异交率与各种群花期植株密度无关,异交水平取决于种群中开花花序的两个或两个以上的植株所占比例。     

观光木种群遗传多样性研究

 应用随机扩增多态DNA（RAPD）标记方法检测了广东南昆山和车八岭、广西靖西和海南霸王岭等4个观光木种群的遗传多样性。利用45个10聚寡核苷酸引物共检测出224个位点,其中多态位点175个,占78.13%,4个种群的遗传多态位点百分率分别为47.89％（海南）、53.96%（靖西）、55.00%（车八岭）和56.35％（南昆山）。观光木的遗传多样性分析结果显示,Shannon 指数为0.3565,其中36.58％来自种群间, 63.42％来自种群内; Nei指数为0.2597,种群间的遗传分化系数(GST     

在韩国境内Potentilla fragarioides var.sprengeliana的遗传多样 …

根据２２个等位酶位点遗传变异,探讨了韩国境内委陵菜（Ｐｏｔｅｎｔｉｌｌａ ｆｒａｇａｒｉｏｉｄｅｓ Ｌ．ｖａｒ．ｓｐｒｅｎｇｅｌｉａｎａ）的遗传多样性和种群结构。酶位点的多态位点百分比为５９．１％。种和种群水平上的遗传多样性比较高,分别为Ｈｅｓ＝０．２１０,Ｈｅｐ＝０．１９９;而种群的分化水平则相对较低（ＧＳＴ＝０．０７４）。１９个种群中随机交配的偏差为ＦＩＳ＝０．３３１。每代迁移数的间接估计     

中国对虾（Penaeus chinensis）4个种群的同工酶遗传变异

采用水平淀粉凝胶电泳技术分析了中国对虾（Penaeuschinensis）黄渤海沿岸种群（YP）、朝鲜半岛西海岸种群（KP）和2个养殖种群（CP1和CP2）的同工酶遗传变异水平。每个种群随机选取50尾中国对虾进行同工酶检测。在所分析的12种同工酶编码的20个基因位点中,有4个是多态位点。4个种群的多态位点比例（P0.99）分别为15%、20%、10%和20%。种群平均杂合度（观测值）（Ho）分别为0.014±0.007、0.020±0.010、0.010±0.007和0.033±0.017。4个种群的位点有效等位基因数（Ne）分别为1.015±0.008、1.023±0.011、1.011±0.007和1.042±0.022。杂合子平衡偏离指数（D）分别为+0.037、-0.030、-0.098和-0.030。2个地理种群（YP和KP）的遗传相似性系数（I）和遗传距离（D     

中国西部麦红吸浆虫(双翅目:瘿蚊科)酯酶同工酶与种群遗传结构研究(英文)

本文用PAGE方法测定了我国西部麦红吸浆虫Sitodiplosismosellana (G啨ｈｉｎ) 3个地理种群酯酶同工酶 ,分析了其遗传规律及种群的遗传结构。采样地点有春麦区的皋兰县 (36.3°N ,1 0 3.9°E)和武威市(37.9°N ,1 0 2 .6°E)及冬麦区的长安县 (34.1°N ,1 0 8.9°E)。结果分析认为该酶受两个基因位点控制 ,命名为Est 1和Est 2。Est 1可能为质体基因 ,其酶谱为所有带中移动最快的一条 ,每个个体都有。Est 2为重复基因位点 ,共观察到 8个等位基因 ,在所有种群中表现为 8条带 ,依其迁移速度命名为a、b、c、d、e、f、g、h。Est 2在每个个体中表现 1 - 4条带 ,且为一多态位点 ,因此该等位酶可作为一个稳定的遗传标记。在所有研究种群的个体中 ,共观察到 1 9种酶谱类型。在冬麦区长安种群中个体酶谱类型多达1 7个 ;春麦区个体酶谱类型少 ,在皋兰种群内有 5个、武威种群内有 4个。在所有的种群中 ,以d、e、g 3个等位基因的频率最高。冬麦区长安种群内有 8个等位基因、而春麦区种群仅有 3个。通过对Est 2单个基因位点的遗传一致度和聚类分析表明 ,春麦区两种群亲缘关系较近 ,且都与冬麦区种群较远。上述所有分析显示麦红吸浆虫有一定程度的种下分化 ,遗传漂移可能是引起该分化的主要原因。不同种群间有可能发生过     

普通野生稻小种群的交配系统与遗传多样性

小种群的遗传动态是保育遗传学关注的核心问题之一,而种群遗传动态又与交配系统密切相关.普通野生稻(Oryza rufipogon Griff.)是具有重要经济价值的濒危物种,目前其种群规模都较小,研究其小种群交配系统与遗传变异性对普通野生稻的保护具有重要意义.运用7对SSR引物,对采自江西东乡普通野生稻小种群的36份种茎和其中20个家系共计601份子代进行了分析.结果显示:该种群的表观异交率为0.318,多位点法估计(MLTR)的多位点异交率为0.481;50%以上的子代共享亲本,非随机交配明显;东乡普通野生稻种群交配系统属于混合交配类型.比较亲本和子代种群的遗传变异性显示:子代种群比亲本种群遗传变异性更丰富;子代种群的杂合子不足与种群变小自交比例上升有关;而亲本种群杂合子过剩可能与杂合基因型的选择优势有关.这些结果说明创造条件扩大种群规模对普通野生稻的原生境保护显得尤为重要.     

去劣疏伐对油松种子园交配系统及遗传多样性影响的研究

 为了解去劣疏伐对种子园群体交配系统和遗传组成的影响程度,采用水平淀粉凝胶电泳方法,对10个等位酶位点上,分别用混合交配模型(MLT)和Biosys-Ⅰ程序,分析了去劣疏伐前后辽宁兴城油松种子园3个年份群体的交配系统和遗传多样性变化。种子园去劣疏伐前(1993年)种子试样多位点异交率为0.962,而疏伐后2个年份(1996年和2000年)试样的多位点异交率明显减小,分别为0.795和0.801。疏伐后种子园的自交率有升高的趋势,从疏伐前的0.038到疏伐后的0.205和0.199。近交系数也有明显变化,疏伐前为0.141,疏伐后分别为0.341和0.239。去劣疏伐后种子园的每个位点的平均等位基因数(A)和多态位点百分率(P)都有不同程度的降低。本文对影响种子园交配系统和遗传多样性的因素作了探讨。     

广西发现荔波臭蛙

荔波臭蛙（Odorrana liboensis）已知仅分布于贵州省荔波县茂兰国家级自然保护区。2021年8月,在广西壮族自治区百色市那坡县弄尧（23°01′21″ N,105°50′58″ E）采集到2号臭蛙标本（1雌,1雄）。经鉴定为荔波臭蛙,属广西两栖纲新记录物种。2号标本在形态上与荔波臭蛙模式标本基本一致,仅体型大小和腹部体色稍有差异。基于线粒体16S rRNA基因部分序列构建的系统发育树表明,荔波臭蛙那坡种群与模式标本聚为一支,支持率为100%,遗传距离为1.5%。本研究表明,荔波臭蛙广西那坡种群与模式产地种群存在一定的遗传和形态分化,可为蛙类生物地理学研究提供基础数据。     

云南松居群遗传学研究的等位酶分析方法

针对１５个云南松Ｐｉｎｕｓｙｕｎｎａｎｅｎｓｉｓ居群,开展了１４种酶系统的水平切片淀粉凝胶电泳实验,在谱带遗传分析的基础上确定了３３个等位酶位点及其等位基因。其中有３２个等位酶位点是多态的（有２个以上的等位基因）,只有一个单态位点Ｄｉａ－４。有３个等位基因的位点有Ｌａｐ－１、Ｌａｐ－２、Ａａ－３、Ｓｋｄ－１、Ｓｋｄ－２、Ａｄｈ－１、Ａｄｈ－３、Ｇｄｈ、Ｐｇｄ－１、Ｐｇｍ－１、Ｐｇｍ－３、Ｐｇｉ－１、Ｐｇｉ－３、Ｍｄｈ－１、Ｍｅ、Ｇ６ｐｄ、Ｄｉａ－１、Ｔｐｉ－１、Ｔｐｉ－２、Ｔｐｉ－３和Ｔｐｉ－４,有４个等位基因的位点有Ｓｋｄ－３、Ａｄｈ－２、Ｐｇｄ－２、Ｍｄｈ－２、Ｍｄｈ－３、Ｍｄｈ－４和Ｄｉａ－２,有５个等位基因的位点有Ａａｔ－１和Ｄｉａ－３。云南松居群的等位基因平均数Ａ＝２１,在松属中居于中上水平。本研究揭示了云南松居群酶位点及其等位基因带谱的变异式样,为松属植物的遗传多样性研究提供了一批酶位点及其等位基因的参考图谱     

Mating system and population genetic structure of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (Rhizophoraceae), a viviparous mangrove species in China

In order to explain the diversity patterns and develop the conservation strategies, the population genetic structures and the mating systems of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza from the coastlines of south China were investigated in this study. The mating system parameters were analyzed using progeny arrays for allozyme markers. The multilocus outcrossing rates (tm) ranged from 0.845 (Fugong) to 0.267 (Dongzhai harbor). High allozyme variations within the five collected populations were determined and compared with the published data of other plant species with the mixed mating systems. At species level, the percentage of polymorphic loci (P) was 80%, the average number of alleles per locus (A) was 2.440, and the heterozygosity (He) was 0.293. The total gene diversity within each population (H_S = 0.2782) and the coefficient of genetic differentiation (G_ST = 0.0579) among the populations were estimated. On the basis of this population genetic structure, it is suggested that the gene flow (Nm = 3.85) is quite high, which is possibly related to its water-dispersed hypocotyls. It is also suggested that the mating system of this species is of mixed mating.     

Allozyme variation and genetic relationships among species in the Carex willdenowii complex (Cyperaceae)

A taxonomic study by Naczi, Reznicek, and Ford (American Journal of Botany, 85, 434-447, 1998) has determined that three species (Carex willdenowii, C. basiantha, and C. superata) can be recognized within the C. willdenowii complex. To determine the amount of genetic divergence within and between these species, allozyme analyses were conducted on 14 populations distributed from Pennsylvania to eastern Texas. Seventeen loci were surveyed, 13 of which were polymorphic, with all populations being polymorphic at one or more loci. Interspecific genetic identities ranged from 0.560 (C. willdenowii and C. basiantha) to 0.807 (C. basiantha and C. superata). Alleles for the isozymes Aat-1, Dia-1, Idh-2, Mdh-2, Per-1, Pgm-1, and Pgm-2 served to distinguish C. willdenowii from C. basiantha and C. superata. Carex basiantha and C. superata were recognized by alleles of Mdh-2, Pgm-1, and Tpi-2. The genetic identities of populations within species were high and exceeded 0.957. A caespitose growth habit and perigynia in close proximity to the staminate flowers suggest adaptations for selfing and therefore low levels of heterozygosity. Paradoxically, the values for expected heterozygosities (Hexp) were always lower than those obtained by direct count (Hobs): F values were highly negative, indicating heterozygous excess. Disassortative mating and selection are discussed as possible mechanisms for maintaining heterozygous excess within populations.     

Mixed mating in natural populations of the chestnut blight fungus, Cryphonectria parasitica

As in plants, fungi exhibit wide variation in reproductive strategies and mating systems. Although most sexually reproducing fungi are either predominantly outcrossing or predominantly selfing, there are some notable exceptions. The haploid, ascomycete chestnut blight pathogen, Cryphonectria parasitica, has previously been shown to have a mixed mating system in one population in USA. In this report, we show that both selfing and outcrossing occur in 10 additional populations of C. parasitica sampled from Japan, Italy, Switzerland and USA. Progeny arrays from each population were assayed for segregation at vegetative incompatibility (vic) and DNA fingerprinting loci. Outcrossing rates (t(m)) were estimated as the proportion of progeny arrays showing segregation at one or more loci, corrected by the probability of nondetection of outcrossing (alpha). Estimates of t(m) varied from 0.74 to 0.97, with the lowest rates consistently detected in USA populations (0.74-0.78). Five populations (four in USA and one in Italy) had t(m) significantly less than 1, supporting the conclusion that these populations exhibit mixed mating. The underlying causes of variation in outcrossing rates among populations of C. parasitica are not known, but we speculate that--as in plants--outcrossing is a function of ecological, demographic and genetic factors.     

Electrophoretic variation in six populations of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.)

Starch gel electrophoretic studies of 16 enzymes encoded by 34 Loci were performed on six brown trout populations. One new polymorphism is described at the Pmi-2 locus. Breeding data were analysed for both single and joint segregation of six loci: Aat-1, Cpk-1, G3p-2, Mdh-2, Mdh-3, and Pmi-2. All the loci are shown to segregate in simple mendelian ratios and one nonrandom joint segregation was observed. The polymorphism level, heterozygosities, and genetic distances were estimated and compared with those reported in other studies on brown trout and closely related salmonid species. The polymorphism level (25%) and average heterozygosity (9%) were high. Significant genetic distances were observed, but the average degree of differentiation between populations appeared to be small (9% of the total heterozygosity).     

PATTERNS OF MATING IN WILD SUNFLOWER HYBRID ZONES

Theory predicts that homoploid hybrid speciation will be facilitated by selfing, yet most well-documented hybrid species are outcrossers. One possible explanation for this puzzle is that conditions in hybrid populations may favor selfing, even in otherwise outcrossing species. For example, in self-incompatible plants, mixtures of self and interspecific pollen often induce selfing. Here, we examine patterns of mating in three hybrid zones and four “pure” populations of Helianthus annuus and H. petiolaris, wild, self-incompatible sunflower species that are thought to have parented three homoploid hybrid species. Fourteen to 16 maternal families from each pure population and 44–46 maternal families from each hybrid zone were analyzed for seven polymorphic isozyme loci. Maximum-likelihood (ML) methods were used to estimate multilocus outcrossing rates (T_m) and hybridization frequencies for each maternal family, each phenotypic group within each hybrid zone (annuus-like, hybrid, and petiolaris-like), and each population. As predicted for self-incompatible species, all four parental populations have outcrossing rate ML estimates of 1.0. Within the hybrid zones, outcrossing rates were lowest in the H. annuus–like fraction of the population (0.73, 0.72, and 0.74 in the three hybrid zones, respectively), largely intermediate in the H. petiolaris–like group (0.94, 0.90, and 0.94), and highest in the hybrid group (0.97, 0.93, and 0.97). Although outcrossing rates are lower in hybrid zones than in pure populations, it is unlikely that the observed decrease facilitates hybrid speciation because outcrossing rates in the critical hybrid fraction of the population do not differ significantly from 1.0. Dividing the outcrossed pollen pool into intraspecific and interspecific components revealed that maternal plants are largely fertilized by conspecific pollen, confirming an important role for pollen competition as a reproductive barrier. Highly sterile hybrid plants do not appear to discriminate between parental species pollen, but hybrids with higher fertility tend to be fertilized by pollen from the parental group they resemble genetically. Thus, gametic selection leads to substantial assortative mating in these hybrid zones.     

中华稻蝗四个种群的遗传分化

采用水平淀粉凝胶电泳技术研究中华稻蝗(Oxya chinensis)四个种群的12个基因座位,探讨其遗传分化.这四个种群分别采自内蒙古呼和浩特、山西代县、山西太原和陕西西安.Ck和Mdh-2在四个种群中均为单态,其余的基因座位至少在一个种群内有两个以上的等位基因;在Ldh和Mdh-1的等位基因频率呈现梯度分布趋势.多态基因座位百分率(P)和平均每个基因座位的等位基因数目(A)分别为58.3%-66.7%和2.2-2.8,平均杂合度为Ho=0.173-0.240.除Gpi,Hk-2,Idh,Ldh和Mdh-1在部分蝗虫种群符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡外,其余绝大多数基因座位的基因型频率显著偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡.四个种群间FST平均值不存在显著差异(FST=0.0510,P＞0.05),结合高的Nei's遗传一致度(I＞0.97)可知,种群之间遗传分化不明显.我们认为人类的农业活动可能促进了种群间的基因交流,从而降低了分化程度[动物学报50(2)187-192,2004].     

Wild sorghum from different eco-geographic regions of Kenya display a mixed mating system

Knowledge of mating systems is required in order to understand the genetic composition and evolutionary potential of plant populations. Outcrossing in a population may co-vary with the ecological and historical factors influencing it. However, literature on the outcrossing rate is limited in terms of wild sorghum species coverage and eco-geographic reference. This study investigated the outcrossing rates in wild sorghum populations from different ecological conditions of Kenya. Twelve wild sorghum populations were collected in four sorghum growing regions. Twenty-four individuals per population were genotyped using six polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers to compute their indirect equilibrium estimates of outcrossing rate as well as population structure. In addition, the 12 populations were planted in a field in a randomised block design with five replications. Their progeny (250 individuals per population) were genotyped with the six SSR markers to estimate multi-locus outcrossing rates. Equilibrium estimates of outcrossing rates ranged from 7.0 to 75.0%, while multi-locus outcrossing rates (t _m) ranged from 8.9 to 70.0% with a mean of 49.7%, indicating that wild sorghum exhibits a mixed mating system. The wide range of estimated outcrossing rates in wild sorghum populations indicate that environmental conditions may exist under which fitness is favoured by outcrossing and others under which selfing is more advantageous. The genetic structure of the populations studied is concordant with that expected for a species displaying mixed mating system.     

Fine-scale estimation of outcrossing in western redcedar with microsatellite assay of bulked DNA

Western redcedar (Thuja plicata, Cupressaceae) is a self-fertile conifer with a mixed mating system and significant variation for outcrossing among populations. In this paper, we conducted a fine-scale study of mating system variation to identify correlates of outcrossing in natural populations. We examined variation for outcrossing within and among individual trees, and describe a new method to estimate outcrossing using bulked DNA samples. Bulking (assaying DNA tissues from several individuals simultaneously) increases the experimental power without increasing the experimental effort. We sampled 80 trees from four natural populations in southwestern British Columbia. From each tree, we sampled from up to six crown positions (three heights and inner vs outer branches). From each position, two samples of three seedlings each were bulked before DNA extractions. Using four microsatellite loci, we obtained outcrossing rates for each tree and for each of the six crown positions. We found individual tree selfing rates to increase with tree height in all four populations, but selfing rates did not differ among crown positions. The higher selfing rate of larger trees is probably due to their greater proportional contribution to local pollen clouds. Individual tree outcrossing rates ranged from 22 to 100% and the population outcrossing rates from 66 to 78%. Missed alleles due to bulking and the estimation method used both cause a downward bias in outcrossing rates, so that these estimates are probably lower than the actual outcrossing rates. Nevertheless, the trends we observed are not affected by systematic biases of estimation.