银杏综合开发利用（综述）

本文综述近年来国内对银杏叶、外种皮、种仁、木材及银杏组织培养等方面的综合开发利用。     

银杏外种皮中银杏酚酸的分离和抑菌试验

本文介绍了用薄层层析分离银杏外种皮中银杏酚酸的方法,分离得到白果酸和氢化白果酸,经抑菌试验表明,两种物质都有较强的抑制真菌的效果,并且白果酸比氢化白果酸的抑菌效果好。     

银杏外种皮研究进展

银杏(GinkgobilobaL.)为银杏科银杏属多年生落叶乔木,又名白果,是我国特有树种,也是世界上珍贵的药用植物资源。对银杏叶和果的研究,尤其是对银杏叶黄酮的研究,已取得了多项成果〔1,2〕,但对银杏外种皮的研究还不多。银杏外种皮是种子硬壳外面的肉质部分,长期以来,被视为废物丢弃,既浪费资源又污染环境。国内自90年代末,扬州大学、中国药科大学等单位开展了银杏外种皮研究工作,但目前还没有规模生产的产品投向市场〔3〕。笔者在综合检索的基础上对银杏外种皮研究工作作一综述,希望引起对银杏外种皮开发利用工作的广泛重视。1　资源状况目前…     

银杏外种皮中银杏酸的分离方法

本文简单介绍了一种从银杏外种皮中分离银杏酸的方法,使用了皂化和酯化反应为后的两次柱层析分离提供便利条件。     

银杏外种皮的双黄酮成分

从银杏外种皮的乙酸乙酯提取中分离得到６个化合物,其中５个经物理常数及光谱分析鉴定为金松双黄酮、银杏素、奶杏素、１－５’－甲氧基白果素及白果素。这些化合物均首次从银杏外种皮分离。     

银杏外种皮提取物对致病性真菌生长抑制的研究

用乙醇和石油醚分别对银杏外种皮进行回流提炼,研制出乙醇提取物和石油醚提取物,其对致病性真菌有明显抑制生长作用,抑制真菌生长有效率分别为81%和73%,抑制真菌生长效价明显优于银杏外种皮总提取物,0.5%的银杏外种皮乙醇提取物及石油醚提取物抑制真菌生长的效能相当于0.5%的克霉唑药物。     

银杏药用物质的开发利用现状及其发展设想

本文概述了银杏叶的药理作用及其开发利用现状。目前,银杏药用物质的获取仍然是通过提取这一途径,这同时存在地理环境,季节等诸多限制因则通过银杏组织,细胞培养获得其药用物质的技术刚刚起步,距离实际应用仍有相当的距离,但随着这项技术的不断发展。它不仅可用于生产银杏黄酮类和银杏内酯,而且有助于进一步研究银杏所含的特殊化学成分及其相关的代谢途径。     

银杏叶的药用价值与开发利用前景

银杏叶的药用价值与开发利用前景李淑娟（哈尔滨医药集团进出口公司,哈尔滨）银杏叶为银杏科植物银杏ＧｉｎｋｇｏＢｉｌ。ｂａＬ．的叶,它作为药用已有６００多年的历史,然而对它进行药理和其它方面的研究始于七十年代,尤其近十年来国内外的研究进展更为迅速。近年来...     

银杏外种皮的化学成分和用途

本文介绍了银杏外种皮的现状、化学成分和用途。     

银杏外种皮提取物对病原菌Cylindrocladium colhounii的抑制作用

采用菌丝生长抑制法,研究了银杏外种皮3种不同提取物对病原菌(Cylindroc ladium col-hounii)的抑制作用并测定了这些提取物的MIC/MBC。结果表明,在相同实验天数内,抑菌效果(最小抑菌率)由高到低依次为银杏外种皮乙醇提取物(37.4%)、石油醚提取物(23.7%)和新鲜外种皮汁液(18.4%)。当提取物的浓度提升到一定程度时,三者的抑菌率均可达到100%;三种提取物的MIC/MBC分别为:86.25/86.25,172.5/276,293.25/345mg·mL-1。可见银杏外种皮具有明显抑制该病原菌生长的作用,且抑菌成分在乙醇中的溶解度较大。这为进一步研究该抑菌成分乃至生物农药的开发奠定了基础。     

银杏组织培养生产黄酮、内酯的研究

该文从品种、外植体类型、培养方式、外源添加物、诱导发根等方面对近几年来组织培养生产银杏内酯和黄酮类化合物取得的进展进行了系统。     

Ginkgo biloba extract for essential hypertension: A systemic review

BackgroundGinkgo biloba extract (GBE), a traditional natural herbal product, is often used in the treatment of essential hypertension (EH) as complementary therapy in China and European countries.AimTo critically assess the current clinical evidence of efficacy and safety of GBE for EH.Methods7 electronic databases (Cochrane Library, PubMed, EMBASE, VIP, CBM, Wanfang data, and CNKI) were searched to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of GBE for EH. Methodological quality was assessed independently using the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions.ResultsA total of 9 RCTs with 1012 hypertensive patients were identified and reviewed. Most RCTs were of high risk of bias with flawed study design and poor methodological quality. 6 trials demonstrated potential positive effect of GBE as complementary therapy on BP reduction when compared with antihypertensive drug therapy; however, it was not associated with a statistically significant effect on both SBP and DBP reduction in 3 other trials. Despite the positive findings, there were so many methodological limitations and significant clinical heterogeneity. Most of the trials did not report adverse effects, and the safety of GBE is still uncertain.ConclusionNo confirmative conclusions on the efficacy and safety of GBE for EH could be drawn. More rigorous trials are warranted to support their clinical use.     

银杏(Ginkgo biloba)叶表皮特征及其气孔的发育

通过光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜,对离析和未离析的、成熟的和刚开始发育的银杏叶表皮进行了研究.表皮基本特征:两面生气孔型,但气孔主要分布在下表皮,上表皮气孔的数目和分布因个体而异;气孔器为单唇单环式,围绕每个气孔的副卫细胞数目多为5～6个;副卫细胞的平周壁明显加厚,具乳突状突起,拱盖着下陷的保卫细胞;偶有双气孔发生;上表皮厚于下表皮;表皮细胞可明显分为叶脉区和脉间区.角质外蜡质层:在高倍扫描电子显微镜下,管状的蜡质晶体交错覆盖在叶片的外表面,还观察到有些管状的蜡质晶体呈分叉状态.气孔的发育:通过我们的观察,认为银杏气孔的发生属于典型的周源型, 即副卫细胞与保卫细胞各自发生于不同的母细胞,而不是前人报道的中--周型起源.     

银杏不同组织的总RNA提取方法的改进

方法:采用改进的CTAB法高效地从富含多糖、多酚类化合物的银杏的根、茎、叶和果实四个组织中提取RNA。结果:抽提的不同组织的RNA经电泳检测,可见28S和18S两条清晰的主带,且28S rRNA在亮度上均为18S rRNA的2倍,两条带之间无弥散现象;根、茎、叶、果所提的RNA的经紫外吸收检测得到A260/A230分别为1.9、1.4、2.1、1.7,测得A260/A280分别为1.8、2.0、2.3、1.8,鲜重分别达到78μg/g、69μg/g、150μg/g、90μg/g;通过RT-PCR及凝胶检测,得到了银杏看家基因18S基因的约150bp清晰的条带,从而进一步检测提取RNA的质量。结论:提取的总RNA纯度高,质量好,足以为研究提供RNA材料。     

银杏细胞固定化培养及银杏内酯的产生

探讨利用银杏 (GinkgobilobaL .)细胞固定化培养方法 ,大规模生产药用成分银杏内酯类化合物的可能性。考察了植物生长调节剂对银杏固定化培养细胞生长及发酵液中银杏内酯类成分产生的影响。结果显示 ,最优培养基生长调节剂配比为 2 ,4 D 8 0mg L KT 0 0 4mg L NAA 0 4mg L。优化培养后 ,固定化细胞最高生物量出现在第 1 2d ,为 0 4gDW 瓶。发酵液中银杏内酯含量 :GKA在 2 2d时最高 (2 0 0 μg L) ,GKB在 1 8d时最高 (1 2 2 μg L) ,GKC在 1 8d时最高 (5 0 9μg L)。     

An embryological study and systematic significance of the primitive gymnosperm Ginkgo biloba

Ginkgo biloba L.is considered one of the most ancient seed plants,with several primitive features of plant reproductive process.However,the phylogenetic position of Ginkgo and its relationship with other extant seed plants remain unclear.To gain a better understanding of these issues,we observed the embryological development of G.biloba using semi-thin sections and scanning electron microscopy.In late August,the zygote moved from the end of the micropylar to the middle of the archegonium,and mitosis resulted in many free nuclei distributed randomly in the archegonium.Afterwards,the cell wall was formed and the proembryo began to differentiate into the embryonal region and the underdeveloped presuspensor region.In early October,the embryo differentiated into two cotyledons,plumule,hypocotyl,radicle,and suspensor tissues.Subsequently,the two cotyledons grew rapidly,but the undeveloped suspensor began to degenerate and gradually disappear,indicating that the embryo had begun to mature.During early embryo development,the main supply of nutrients was carbohydrate in the cells of the jacket,tentpole,and surrounding endosperm,whereas endosperm provided nutrients during embryo maturation.Our results indicate that Ginkgo is extremely similar to cycads in terms of embryology but more similar to conifers in macromorphology and vegetative anatomy,suggesting that the Ginkgo lineage may have an intermediate phylogenetic position between cycads and conifers.     

银杏套细胞发育的解剖学研究

银杏套细胞起源于近雄配子体表达的颈卵器母细胞周围细胞,中央细胞形成时,套细胞呈明显的一层,围绕颈卵器紧密排列,随着颈卵器的发育,套细胞体积逐渐地大,细胞质变浓厚,细胞质中脂滴增多,套细胞和中央细胞的接触壁开始出现局部加厚,在颈卵器发育的泡沫化阶段,套细胞和中央细胞的接触壁不均匀加厚较为显著,在较薄的区域可见胞间连丝,受精前,套细胞中液泡增多,脂滴迅速减少,造淀粉体增大,套细胞与卵细胞的接触壁的不均匀加厚非常明显,精核进入颈卵器以后,卵细胞与套细胞的接触壁和卵细胞的质膜之间形成一个薄厚不均的间隔层,受精卵分裂时,受精卵细胞与套细胞接触壁的凹陷处可见许多小泡和内质网,游离核期时,套细胞内出现大量小液泡,细胞内含物迅速消失,套细胞外形变长,胚胎长出颈卵器后,套细胞逐渐解体消失。     

Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on the embryo‐fetal development in Wistar rats

BACKGROUND: Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) is an herbal medicine used for treating neurodegenerative diseases, cerebrovascular insufficiency, peripheral arterial occlusive disease, and also vestibular disturbance. Some components of GBE have presented estrogenic effects and, in a previous study, high dosages of GBE caused intra‐uterine growth retardation in fetuses of Wistar rats treated during the fetogenesis period. METHODS: Pregnant Wistar rats were treated, through gavage, with different dosages of aqueous GBE (3.5, 7.0, and 14.0 mg/Kg/day), during the tubal transit and implantation period. Rats were killed on the 15th day of pregnancy and the following parameters were evaluated: clinical symptoms of maternal toxicity; maternal body weight; feed and water intake; maternal liver, kidney, and ovary weights; number of corpora lutea; implants per group ratio; pre‐ and post‐implantation loss per group ratio; live fetuses mean; dead fetuses percentage; fetus and placenta weight per offspring ratio; and fetal external malformation. RESULTS: No significant alteration was found for both the maternal and embryonic parameters evaluated. CONCLUSIONS: The GBE treatment in pregnant Wistar rats, during the tubal transit and implantation period, caused no toxic effect on the maternal organism and did not induce embryonic death, growth retardation, and/or fetal malformations. Birth Defects Res (Part B) 89:133–138, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

银杏胚珠发育进程的解剖学研究

以15 a生银杏(Ginkgo bilobaL.)品种‘佛指’(G.bilobacv.‘Fozhi’)为材料,观察了授粉后胚珠结构、雌配子体发育和种皮分化形成的过程。结果表明:(1)授粉后2 d胚珠已分化出珠心、珠被和珠托组织,珠被顶端形成直径为162.16μm的珠孔与540.54μm长的珠孔道,珠心组织顶端形成长约520.83μm、最大直径约125.06μm的瓶状贮粉室,花粉粒经珠孔道已到达贮粉室并在其中停留;(2)雌配子体的发育先后经历了游离核阶段(授粉后5~30 d)和细胞化阶段(授粉后30~45 d),之后在近珠孔端形成颈卵器,其余部分发育为胚乳薄壁细胞,其营养物质的积累高峰期为授粉后60~80 d;(3)种皮分化与形成分别经历珠被分化期(授粉期至授粉后30 d)、种皮分化期(授粉后30~50 d)、种皮形成初期(授粉后50~80 d)、种皮形成期(授粉后80~90 d)。