Localization of genes conferring resistance to selected groups of antibiotics in methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus

Localization of genes conferring resistance to MLS, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, gentamycin and neomycin in 80 MRSA strains isolated from hospital specimens was determined. The obtained results were compared to DNA patterns of the examined strains after digestion with SmaI and separation in pulsed field electrophoresis (PFGE). It was shown that genes of resistance to MLS (ErmI+) in the case of 13 strains were located on chromosome and in the case of 37 strains on plasmids (16 strains had ErmI+ and 21 strains had ErmI-). Genes determining resistance to tetracyclines were localised on chromosome in the case of 39 (23 strains possessed TetK, 11 strains had TetM and 5 strains possessed both TetK and TetM determinants) and in the case of 32 strains on plasmids. Chloramphenicol resistance genes were localised on plasmids in all 30 resistant strains. Genes conferring resistance to gentamycin were present in 31 of the investigated strains on chromosome and in two strains on plasmids. Neomycin resistance genes were plasmid in 34 strains. It was shown that the localization of the resistance genes and the PFGE patterns of the investigated strains were highly correlated.     

多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药性及其耐药基因分析

目的:探讨多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌(MDR-Ab)的耐药性及其耐药基因,为临床合理选择抗菌药物提供依据。方法:回顾性分析2018年1月至2018年12月鲍曼不动杆菌感染的住院患者信息。使用VITEK-32微生物分析仪/梅里埃药敏卡片GN13鉴定MDR-Ab 95株。采用聚合酶链式反应(多重PCR)检测MDR-Ab携带相关耐药基因。结果:95株MDR-Ab对头孢类抗菌药物耐药率为100%。对氨苄西林-舒巴坦和头孢哌酮-舒巴坦耐药率分别为95.79%和81.05%,对美罗培南和亚胺培南耐药率分别为56.84%和57.89%,对庆大霉素和阿米卡星耐药率均为88.42%,对环丙沙星和左氧氟沙星耐药率分别为100%和88.42%,对四环素、米诺环素、替加环素耐药率分别为87.37%、16.84%和9.47%,对多粘菌素B耐药率为1.05%。95株MDR-Ab中携带β-内酰胺酶中A类酶耐药基因TEM、PER分别95株和25株,D类酶耐药基因OXA-51、carO和adeB各95株,OXA-23基因90株。携带消毒剂耐药基因qacE 60株。携带16S r RNA甲基化酶耐药基因armA 75株。每株MDR-Ab除携带TEM+carO+adeB+OXA-51四种基因外,另同时携带四种基因20株(21.05%),三种基因38株(40.00%)。结论:MDR-Ab对多种抗菌药物的耐药率较高,携带的耐药基因型主要为TEM、carO、adeB及OXA-51。携带多种耐药基因是MDR-Ab耐药重要原因。加强医院感染防控、合理应用抗菌药物对于延缓泛鲍曼不动杆菌耐药性发展具有重要的临床意义。     

Variation in stress resistance patterns among stx genotypes and genetic lineages of shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157

To evaluate the relationship between bacterial genotypes and stress resistance patterns, we exposed 57 strains of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157 to acid, freeze-thaw, heat, osmotic, oxidative, and starvation stresses. Inactivation rates were calculated in each assay and subjected to univariate and multivariate analyses, including principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis. The stx genotype was determined for each strain as was the lineage-specific polymorphism assay (LSPA6) genotype. In univariate analyses, strains of the stx(1) stx(2) genotype showed greater resistance to heat than strains of the stx(1) stx(2c) genotype; moreover, strains of the stx(1) stx(2) genotype showed greater resistance to starvation than strains of the stx(2) or stx(2c) genotypes. LSPA6 lineage I (LI) strains showed greater resistance to heat and starvation than LSPA6 lineage II (LII) strains. PCA revealed a general trend that a strain with greater resistance to one type of stress tended to have greater resistance to other types of stresses. In cluster analysis, STEC O157 strains were grouped into stress-resistant, stress-sensitive, and intermediate clusters. In stx genotypes, all strains of the stx(1) stx(2) genotype were grouped with the stress-resistant cluster, whereas 72.7% (8/11) of strains of the stx(1) stx(2c) genotype grouped with the stress-sensitive cluster. In LI strains, 77.8% (14/18) of the strains were grouped with the stress-resistant cluster, whereas 64.7% (11/17) of LII strains were grouped with the stress-sensitive cluster. These results indicate that the genotypes of STEC O157 that are frequently associated with human illness, i.e., LI or the stx(1) stx(2) genotype, have greater multiple stress resistance than do strains of other genotypes.     

139株空肠弯曲菌耐药性分析

空肠弯曲菌(Campylobacter jejuni)是最常见的食源性病原菌之一。本研究采用微量肉汤稀释法对分离得到的139株空肠弯曲菌(117株为禽源样本分离株,22株为人源样本分离株)进行耐药性检测。通过对最小抑菌浓度(MIC)的判定结果得出:120株(86. 33%)空肠弯曲菌分离株对6类9组临床常用的抗生素表现出不同程度的耐药,其中禽源空肠弯曲菌耐药率为83. 76%,22株人源空肠弯曲菌均表现出耐药性。对喹诺酮类抗生素表现出高度耐药(环丙沙星80. 58%,萘啶酸77. 70%);对四环素类表现为中等耐药(四环素53. 24%);对部分大环内酯类、氨基糖苷类、林可酰胺类表现为低耐药(庆大霉素7. 19%,阿奇霉素5. 76%,克林霉素6. 47%);对酰胺醇类、部分大环内酯类表现为敏感(氟苯尼考0%,红霉素0%、泰利霉素0%)。139株空肠弯曲菌共产生14种耐药谱型,以TET-CIP-NAL谱型最多,占比38. 13%,耐三重及以上抗生素的多重耐药菌株占比53. 24%。禽源菌株中多重耐药占比46. 15%,人源菌株中多重耐药占比90. 91%。研究结果显示空肠弯曲菌耐药现状不容乐观,尤其对喹诺酮类与四环素类抗生素耐药性较为突出,且过半数菌株为多重耐药。本研究为食源性空肠弯曲菌的防控及临床用药提供参考。     

Comparative sensitivity to antibiotics and biocides of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from Saudi Arabia and Great Britain

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated in Saudi Arabia and Great Britain were examined for susceptibility to antibiotics and biocides. The strains differed in their sensitivity patterns. None of the Saudi strains showed resistance to propamidine isethionate, but most of the British gentamicin methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus (GMRSA) strains were highly resistant to this compound and to some other nucleic acid-binding (NAB) compounds. Both groups showed a low level of resistance towards quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), but resistance to these compounds was not associated with resistance to gentamicin in the Saudi strains. The aminoglycoside-resistant determinants were non-conjugative in these strains. Natural MRSA strains were good recipients for pWG613, but transferred this plasmid in reciprocal crosses at significantly lower rates.     

医院感染葡萄球菌的耐药性及D-试验研究分析

目的了解医院感染葡萄球菌的耐药性及克林霉素诱导试验（D-试验）临床意义。方法从住院患者标本中分离到的539株葡萄球菌进行药敏试验和D-试验,所得结果进行统计分析。结果葡萄球菌中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（MPSE）的检出率高,分别为65．1％和83．6％,各种葡萄球菌对万古霉素敏感率为100％,对阿奠西林头孢菌素在内的各种β-内酰胺酶类抗生素敏感率低于35％,对红霉素耐克林霉素敏感的D-试验阳性率为57．O％。结论葡萄球菌耐甲氧西林检出率,呈多重耐药,在选用大环内酯类,克林霉素类抗生素时要注意D试验,合理用药,提高疗效。     

Transferable drug resistance of Escherichia coli isolated from infant diarrhoea.

The resistance to several drugs was determined in 29 pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli (026, 055 and 0111) isolated from infant diarrhoea and 18 non-pathogenic E. coli strains isolated from the same individuals. Both pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains were resistant to at least 1 to 10 drugs, but only in four cases resistance patterns of the pathogenic strains were identical with those of non pathogenic ones. The majority of the strains were resistant to sulfonamide, tetracycline, ampicillin, carbenicillin, neomycin and kanamycin. The drug resistance (except the resistance to nalidixic acid and rifampicin) was associated with conjugative R-plasmids. Some of the tested strains carried two R-plasmids in one cell, being in hetero R-state.     

Comparative sensitivity to antibiotics and biocides of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from Saudi Arabia and Great Britain

S.B. AL-MASAUDI, A.D. RUSSELL AND M.J. DAY. 1991. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated in Saudi Arabia and Great Britain were examined for susceptibility to antibiotics and biocides. The strains differed in their sensitivity patterns. None of the Saudi strains showed resistance to propamidine isethionate, but most of the British gentamicin methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus (GMRSA) strains were highly resistant to this compound and to some other nucleic acid-binding (NAB) compounds. Both groups showed a low level of resistance towards quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), but resistance to these compounds was not associated with resistance to gentamicin in the Saudi strains. The aminoglycoside-resistant determinants were non-conjugative in these strains. Natural MRSA strains were good recipients for pWG613, but transferred this plasmid in reciprocal crosses at significantly lower rates.     

Antimicrobial resistance and resistance plasmids in Salmonella from Ontario, Canada.

Collections of 589 human and 204 animal strains of Salmonella isolated in Ontario during the summer of1974 were examined for susceptibility to 12 antimicrobial agents. Many isolates were found to be resistant to both chloramphenicol (12.4% of the human and 38.2% of the animal sample) and ampicillin. The chloramphenicol resistance almost always occurred in strains which were also resistant to ampicillin and was usually due to a self-transmissible plasmid with a resistance pattern of CmKmSmTc (chloramphenicol, kanamycin, streptomycin, and tetracycline) or CmTc. Ampicillin resistance in these strains was mediated by a variety of plasmids with patterns ApSu (ampicillin and sulfa drugs) and ApSmSu, many of which were nonself-transmissible. Ampicillin resistance in chloramphenicol-sensitive strains was transferable from 21% of the strains, and it was associated with resistance patterns which were different from the self-transferable ampicillin patterns from the chloramphenicol-resistance strains.     

Association of mercury resistance with antibiotic resistance in the gram-negative fecal bacteria of primates.

Gram-negative fecal bacterial from three longitudinal Hg exposure experiments and from two independent survey collections were examined for their carriage of the mercury resistance (mer) locus. The occurrence of antibiotic resistance was also assessed in both mercury-resistant (Hgr) and mercury-susceptible (Hgs) isolates from the same collections. The longitudinal studies involved exposure of the intestinal flora to Hg released from amalgam "silver" dental restorations in six monkeys. Hgr strains were recovered before the installation of amalgams, and frequently these became the dominant strains while amalgams were installed. Such persistent Hgr strains always carried the same mer locus throughout the experiments. In both the longitudinal and survey collections, certain mer loci were preferentially associated with one genus, whereas other mer loci were recovered from many genera. In general, strains with any mer locus were more likely to be multiresistant than were strains without mer loci; this clustering tendency was also seen for antibiotic resistance genes. However, the association of antibiotic multiresistance with mer loci was not random; regardless of source, certain mer loci occurred in highly multiresistant strains (with as many as seven antibiotic resistances), whereas other mer loci were found in strains without any antibiotic resistance. The majority of highly multiresistant Hgr strains also carried genes characteristic of an integron, a novel genetic element which enables the formation of tandem arrays of antibiotic resistance genes. Hgr strains lacking antibiotic resistance showed no evidence of integron components.     

Microbiological control of drug resistance of causative agents in suppurative-septic infections in newborn infants

Resistance of the main causative agents of purulent septic infections such as pneumonia, meningitis, sepsis, etc. to 11 chemotherapeutic drugs was studied. The pathogens were isolated from autopsies of 203 newborns who died within 1981 to 1987. Among 2978 isolates belonging to Enterobacteriaceae (2466 strains) and Pseudomonadaceae (512 strains) which constituted 88% of all the isolates, strains with multiple resistance predominated: 90% of the strains resistant to 4 or more antibiotics, 77% of the strains resistant to 6 or more antibiotics and 48% of the strains resistant to 8 or more antibiotics. The highest number of the isolates were resistant to 8 and 9 chemotherapeutics (19 and 20%, respectively). 84% of all the isolates belonged to 4 genera: Klebsiella (34%), Escherichia (21%), Serratia (14%) and Pseudomonas (15%). They were characterized by the highest resistance spectra. In all the cases massive colonization of the intestine by the strains with multiple resistance which caused purulent septic infections was observed. The most frequent variants of the drug resistance combination were determined. In the total frequency of the isolate with multiple resistance no significant differences were detected in 1981 and thereafter. In 1986-1987 the frequency of S. marcescens strains increased 3-5 times with simultaneous broadening of their drug resistance spectra. Strains of S. marcescens and K. pneumoniae with multiple drug resistance endemic for definite hospitals were detected.     

Identification of adsorption inhibition, restriction/modification and abortive infection type phage resistance systems in Lactococcus lactis strains

98 Lactococcus lactis strains were isolated from traditional fermented milk products in Turkey tested against 60 lactococcal lytic phages to determine their resistance levels. While 82 L. lactis strains were sensitive against lactic phages at different levels, 16 L. lactis strains showed resistance to all phages tested. Types of phage resistance among 16 L. lactis strains were identified as phage adsorption inhibition in eight strains, restriction/modification in six strains and abortive infection (heat sensitive phage resistance) in two strains, using three broad-spectrum phages phi pll 98-32, phi pld 67-42 and phi pld 67-44.     

Shared genetic basis of resistance to Bt toxin Cry1ac in independent strains of pink bollworm

Classical and molecular genetic analyses show that two independently derived resistant strains of pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), share a genetic locus at which three mutant alleles confer resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin Cry1Ac. One laboratory-selected resistant strain (AZP-R) was derived from individuals collected in 1997 from 10 Arizona cotton fields, whereas the other (APHIS-98R) was derived from a long-term susceptible laboratory strain. Both strains were previously reported to show traits of "mode 1" resistance, the most common type of lepidopteran resistance to Cry1A toxins. Inheritance of resistance to a diagnostic concentration of Cry1Ac (10 microg per gram of diet) was recessive in both strains. In interstrain complementation tests for allelism, F1 progeny from crosses between the two strains were resistant to the diagnostic concentration of Cry1Ac. These results indicate that a major resistance locus is shared by the two strains. Analysis of DNA from the pink bollworm cadherin gene (BtR) using allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests showed that the previously identified resistance alleles (r1, r2, and r3) occurred in both strains, but their frequencies differed between strains. In conjunction with previous findings, the results reported here suggest that PCR-based detection of the three known cadherin resistance alleles might be useful for monitoring resistance to Cry1Ac-producing Bt cotton in field populations of pink bollworm.     

无乳链球菌临床株对四环素类的敏感性研究

为探讨无乳链球菌对四环素类的敏感性及其与耐药基因、多位点序列分型(multilocus sequence typing,MLST)之间的关系,本研究收集2014—2017年深圳市南山区人民医院分离自患者的136株无乳链球菌临床分离株,采用琼脂平板稀释法分析四环素类最低抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory co...     

两种临床标本中耐甲氧西林的金黄色葡萄球菌生物膜形成能力的检测与其耐药特征的研究

目的研究两种临床标本来源中耐甲氧西林的金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）生物膜形成能力和抗菌药物耐药率,并探讨二者的关系,为临床检测和治疗提供依据。方法收集温州医学院附属第二医院2009年1月至2010年12月的分离鉴定的MRSA共128株,其中脓液59株,痰液69株;采用刚果红平板检测多糖粘附素（PIA）,半定量粘附试验检测生物膜表型,PCR检测icaA基因结果用z。分割法进行统计分析。结果128株MRSA中生物膜阳性菌株为61株,其中脓液36株、痰液25株,脓液中检出生物膜的阳性率明显高于痰液中检出生物膜的阳性率（x2=7．382,P=0．005）。MRSA对所有B．内酰胺类抗生素全耐药,对万古霉素和利奈唑胺全敏感,痰液中MRSA对利福平、庆大霉素、环丙沙星的耐药率显著高于脓液中MRSA的耐药率（P〈0．05）,但是痰液中MRSA对克林霉素的耐药率要显著低于脓液中MRSA的耐药率（P〈0．05）。脓液中生物膜阳性菌株和生物膜阴性菌株对抗菌药物的耐药率差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,但是痰液中生物膜阳性菌株对克林霉素的耐药率高于生物膜阴性菌株的耐药率（P〈0．05）,对利福平的耐药率显著低于生物膜阴性菌株的耐药率（P〈0．05）。结论脓液中MRSA的生物膜检出率比痰液高,但是脓液中MRSA的耐药率比痰液中的耐药率要低,MRSA对抗菌药物的耐药谱和生物膜的形成并无直接的关系。     

Extrachromosomal Control of Methicillin Resistance and Toxin Production in Staphylococcus aureus

All of 41 naturally occurring coagulase-positive methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated in various laboratories were resistant to several antibiotics and were lipase-negative. Most strains produced hemolysins, and 38 strains produced enterotoxin B. Acriflavine treatment of four strains resulted in elimination of resistance to methicillin and mercury; in one strain, resistance to cadmium was also lost. Production of enterotoxin B and beta-hemolysin was eliminated in all four strains and penicillinase production was eliminated in one strain. In transduction experiments, methicillin resistance and enterotoxin B production were transferred together at a frequency of 0.2 x 10(-8) to 1.1 x 10(-8) by use of ultraviolet-induced phage lysates from naturally lysogenic methicillin-resistant strains. Cotransductions of resistance to mercury and cadmium, as well as production of penicillinase and beta-hemolysin, were obtained to some extent. The extrachromosomal character of these determinants and their possible genetic association are discussed.     

Comparison of methods for the detection of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from food products

AIMS: To compare several methods for detection of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from food. METHODS AND RESULTS: Two hundred S. aureus isolates from food of animal origin were screened for methicillin resistance by a PCR assay specific for the mecA gene, an oxacillin agar screen test and a cefoxitin disk diffusion test. Six out of 200 strains (3%) were found to be methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) by PCR. The oxacillin agar screen test detected only one of the MRSA isolates (sensitivity of 16.7%) and mischaracterized three additional strains as MRSA (specificity of 98.45%). None of the MRSA strains was detected by the cefoxitin test (sensitivity of 0%), while 15 methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) strains were misclassified as resistant (specificity of 92.3%). Fifteen MSSA strains displayed a beta-lactamase hyperproducer-like phenotype. The six MRSA (mecA-positive) strains resembled the characteristics of heteroresistant strains. CONCLUSIONS: As MRSA of animal origin may display atypical phenotypes, PCR appears to be more reliable for detection of methicillin resistance in animal strains. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The study stresses the need for implementing the methods of screening S. aureus from food of animal origin for methicillin resistance.     

粪肠球菌对泰利霉素药物敏感性与 耐药基因erm的分布

目的了解粪肠球菌对泰利霉素和其他常用抗菌药物的耐药性,以及泰利霉素耐药与红霉素耐药相关基因ermA、ermB、ermC之间的关系。方法对本院2010-2016年从各种临床标本收集鉴定的320株粪肠球菌,用微量肉汤稀释法测定这些菌株对泰利霉素及8种临床常用抗菌药物的最小抑菌浓度,并用PCR法检测耐药基因ermA、ermB、ermC的分布。结果320株粪肠球菌对泰利霉素中介耐药26株,耐药138株,耐药率达51.3%;对红霉素耐药率达95.6%,泰利霉素抗粪肠球菌效果优于红霉素。对利奈唑胺、万古霉素、呋喃妥因和氨苄西林耐药率分别为15.6%、0.6%、2.2%和0.6%。共10株(3.1%)携带ermA基因,207株(64.7%)携带ermB基因,对泰利霉素中介组中有23株ermB基因阳性,耐药组有131株ermB基因阳性,仅1株(0.3%)ermC基因阳性,该菌同时携带ermB基因。结论粪肠球菌对泰利霉素已有较高耐药率。粪肠球菌对泰利霉素MIC值改变与ermB基因密切相关,与ermA、ermC基因无明显相关性。     

The genetics of tetracycline resistance in Staphylococcus aureus.

Eighty-one strains ofStaphylococcus aureus that appeared to be tetracycline resistant on the basis of a preliminary disc-diffusion test were examined fro resistance to tetracycline and to the semi-synthetic tetracycline, minocycline. Minimum inhibitory concentration (m.i.c.) values for both drugs were determined after induction of the strains by growth for 2 h in sub-inhibitory concentrations fo tetracycline. Forty-seven strain (58 percent) had m.i.c. values for minocycline of I2.5 MUg/ml or greater, and were considered to be minocycline resistant. An additional ten strains had m.i.c.r greater, and were considered to be minocycline resistant. An additional ten strains had m.i.c.values for minocycline of 3.I25 to 6-25 MUg/ml and were classified as low-level resistant strain. It appears, therefore, that a faily high proportion fo tetracycline-resistant strains isolated at the present time are resistant of concentrations of minocycline unattainbale in vivo with the recommended dosage forthis antibiotic (Fishk & Tunevall, 1969). Transductioal analysis of the genetic determinantswo types of resistance to high concentrations of tetracycline. Strains in the first categroy (A)were inducibly resistant to tetracycline but sensitive to minocycline; in these strains the resistance determinant was plasmid-borne. Strains in the second categroy (B) were resistant to both tetracycline and minocycline and had low induction ratios for tetracycline resistance; the genetic determinant for resistance in these strains was chromosomal. In addition, certain strains incategroy A were found to carry a chromosomal gene controlling low-level resistance to tetracycline and minocycline. This low-level resistance to tetracycline was masked in the presence of the tetracycline plasmide but could be demonstrated after loss of the plasmid. The results suggest that more than one mechanism of resistance to tetracyclines may exist in staphylococci.     

Pyrethroid resistance in Australian field populations of the sheep body louse, Bovicola (Damalinia) ovis

Abstract. Synthetic pyrethroid (SP) resistance has developed in Australian field populations of the sheep body louse, Bovicola ( Damalinia ) ovis. Laboratory bioassays were used to measure the susceptibility of lice to cypermethrin and the other registered SPs. Results of these bioassays indicated resistance to cypermethrin, deltamethrin, cyhalothrin and alphacypermethrin. So far, high-level resistance has been diagnosed in only a few strains. The toxicological responses of these strains were clearly separated from those of the majority of louse strains tested. Furthermore, these strains had survived immersion in commercial SP dips. The level of resistance described in some strains was sufficient to cause pour-on products to fail despite the fact that the LC50s of these strains fell within the normal range of field responses.