工程菌发酵过程中乙酸的形成及其控制方法

工程菌高密度培养是获得外源基因表达产物的重要手段,但高密度培养的主要障碍之一是代谢副产物乙酸的积累。随着发酵培养密度的提高,乙酸的积累也增加,并直接影响菌体的生长和外源蛋白的表达,逐渐成为制约工程菌高密度培养的重要因素。Jensen等报道当培养液中乙酸浓度大于6g/L时,乙酸会明显抑制菌体生长;当乙酸浓度大于2.4g/L时,会显著降低比产率。Konstan等报道培养液中乙酸浓度大于15g/L时菌体生长就完全停止了。Boon等人利用从     

树状多节孢发酵生产紫杉醇工艺条件的初步研究

研究了树状多节孢HQD33内生真菌融合子TPF－1瓶发酵工艺条件,进行了2．8L和10L通用式机械搅拌罐的发酵试验。结果表明,HQD33适宜发酵工艺条件是：发酵时间16－18d,培养基中蔗糖、苯丙氨酸、醋酸钠、酪氨酸,2,4-氯苯氧乙酸和亚油酸的加量分别为180g/L、1mg/L,1.5g/L,15mg/L,5mg/L和15mg/L,摇瓶装置为150ml/500ml,在此条件下摇瓶发酵液中紫杉醇平均含量为448．52μg/L;2.8L和10L罐发酵液中紫杉醇含量达406．95和395．12μg/L（平均值）。     

外源添加代谢中间体对产琥珀酸放线杆菌厌氧发酵制备丁二酸的影响

考察了外源添加中间代谢产物对菌体生长及发酵产酸的影响,结果表明添加0.5g/L磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸(PEP)时丁二酸产量最高。围绕产琥珀酸放线杆菌NJ113厌氧发酵产丁二酸的代谢网络进行代谢通量分析,发现添加PEP后己糖磷酸途径(HMP)与糖酵解途径(EMP)的通量比由39.4∶60.3提高至76.8∶22.6,解决了丁二酸合成过程中还原力不足的矛盾,导致PEP生成草酰乙酸的通量提高了23.8%,丁二酸代谢通量从99.8mmol/(gDCW·h)增至124.4mmol/(gDCW·h),而副产物乙酸及甲酸的代谢通量分别降低了22.9%、15.4%;关键酶活分析结果表明,添加0.5g/LPEP后PEP羧化激酶比酶活达到1910U/mg,与对照相比提高了74.7%,而丙酮酸激酶的比酶活降低了67.5%。最终丁二酸浓度为29.1g/L,收率达到76.2%,比未添加PEP时提高了11.0%。     

珍稀药用真菌——樟芝深层发酵培养条件的优化

对樟芝深层发酵培养基进行了筛选,并在此基础上对发酵条件进行了优化。以樟芝深层发酵菌丝体三萜产量为主要目标产物,确定发酵培养条件为:40g/L葡萄糖,6g/L豆饼粉,1g/L K_2HPO_4,0．5g/L MgSO4,VB_1 100mg/L,自然pH,接种量为20%,装液量为100mL/250mL三角瓶,转速100r/min,26℃恒温培养6d,胞内三萜产量达15．25mg/100mL发酵液。     

过表达长链鞘氨醇激酶基因LCB4提高酿酒酵母抑制物耐受性

木质纤维素预处理过程中产生的有毒副产物严重影响了纤维素乙醇发酵,提高酿酒酵母抑制物耐受性是提高纤维素乙醇发酵效率的有效方法。文中通过过表达LCB4基因,研究了重组菌株S288C-LCB4在乙酸、糠醛和香草醛胁迫下的细胞生长和乙醇发酵性能。结果表明,LCB4过表达菌株在分别含有10 g/L乙酸、1.5 g/L糠醛和1 g/L香草醛的平板中生长均优于对照菌株;在分别含有10 g/L乙酸、3 g/L糠醛和2 g/L香草醛的液体乙醇发酵过程中,重组菌株S288C-LCB4乙醇发酵产率分别为0.85 g/(L·h)、0.76 g/(L·h)和1.12 g/(L·h),比对照菌株提高了34.9%、85.4%和330.8%;且糠醛和香草醛胁迫下发酵时间分别缩短了30 h和44 h。根据发酵终点发酵液代谢物分析发现重组菌株比对照菌株产生了更多甘油、海藻糖和琥珀酸,这些物质有利于增强菌株的抑制物耐受性。综上所述,LCB4基因过表达可显著提高酿酒酵母S288C在乙酸、糠醛和香草醛胁迫下的乙醇发酵性能。     

一株具有藻毒素清除功能的干酪乳杆菌细胞高密度发酵条件优化

为提高一株具有藻毒素清除能力的干酪乳杆菌Lactobacillus casei BBEi0—212单位体积的活菌数,针对其营养需求,研究了不同碳源、氮源、缓冲盐、微量元素及生长因子对该菌株生长情况及发酵特性的影响。通过响应面法对碳源、氮源、生长因子等进行优化,获得最佳培养基配方为：α-乳糖43．8g/L,酵母膏79．5g/L,无水乙酸钠13．12g／L,冰醋酸9．17mL／L,MnSO4·H20190mg／L,吐温-805．15mL/L。经37℃培养18h,菌体干重达到4．97g/L,比在普通MRS培养基中（1．32g／L）提高近4倍。基于乳酸菌发酵过程中的产酸特性,通过外源添加5g／L谷氨酸,促使菌体浓度进一步提高15％,并提前1．2h进入生长稳定期。上述研究结果为食品行业重要生产菌株干酪乳杆菌的高密度培养技术提供了可借鉴的研究思路。     

高山被孢霉产花生四烯酸发酵条件的研究

通过一株高山被孢霉M_(20)(Mortierella alpina)产花生四烯酸的摇瓶发酵研究,确定了其最佳发酵培养基组成及最适摇瓶发酵工艺条件。摇瓶实验确定的最佳培养基组成为(g/L):玉米粉水解液葡萄糖150,酵母粉15,KH_2PO_4 3.0,NaNO_3 3.0,MgSO_4·7H_2O 0.5。最佳发酵工艺条件为:初始pH6.5,装液量为50ml/500ml摇瓶,摇床转速150r/min,温度在菌体生长前三天控制在25℃培养,以后调至20℃培养。在此条件下,发酵培养被孢霉的生物量、菌体总油脂及花生四烯酸分别高达35.5g/L、13.2g/L及2.2g/L,在15L及1000L自动机械搅拌罐进行发酵试验,AA产量分别高达1.86g/L及1.70g/L。     

重组大肠杆菌生产L-色氨酸发酵条件优化

为了提高重组大肠杆菌FB讲／pSV－04发酵生产L－色氨酸的产量,减少代谢副产物乙酸的生成,考察了比生长速率和无机盐对重组大肠杆菌发酵生产L．色氨酸的影响。在确定了合适的比生长速率和无机盐浓度之后,乙酸积累很少,L-色氨酸的产量为53．4g／L,比优化前提高了141．6％。经30L发酵罐初步放大,L－色氨酸的产量达53．6g／L,发酵结果稳定,具有工业化应用前景。     

块磷鹅膏的培养条件及所产Amanitins毒素的分析

采集并组织分离到块磷鹅膏Amanita spissa的纯培养菌丝。探讨了各种培养条件对块磷鹅膏菌丝生长的影响,实验结果表明,在28℃,pH 6.0,避光的条件下块磷鹅膏的菌丝体生长最好。液体反应器人工培养块磷鹅膏获得成功,其液体培养的菌丝体干重在摇瓶中为0.893g/L,在气升式反应器内可达到2.33g/L。固体斜面培养和气升式反应器液体培养的菌丝体的HPLC分析表明菌丝体内含有鹅膏毒肽,而不含有鬼笔毒肽。两种培养条件下菌丝体的-αamanitin毒素含量略有不同,固体斜面菌丝体为26.02μg/gDCW、反应器培养菌丝体为15.25μg/gDCW。通过抑芽法试验也证明固体和液体培养菌丝体中含有-αamanitin,且具有和子实体中-αamanitin相同的生物学活性。结果表明有可能通过液体大规模培养鹅膏菌丝体来生产鹅膏毒素。     

木质纤维素酸解副产物对D-乳酸生产菌Sporolactobacillus sp.Y2-8生长及发酵的影响

选择乙酸根、糠醛、5-羟甲基糠醛、苯酚、香草酸和丁香醛等6种典型木质纤维素酸解副产物,考察它们对D-乳酸生产菌Sporolactobacillus sp.Y2-8生长及发酵的影响。实验结果表明:酚类物质抑制作用最强烈,0.25 g/L丁香醛已经完全抑制了菌体的生长和D-乳酸的发酵;苯酚和香草酸在低浓度(≤1.0 g/L)时抑制作用较小,但质量浓度达到3 g/L时对D-乳酸产量的抑制率分别为99%和70%;3 g/L糠醛和5-羟甲基糠醛对产物的抑制率分别为60%与20%,抑制作用小于酚类;乙酸根的影响最小,10 g/L的乙酸钠对菌体的生长和发酵几乎无抑制作用;当抑制物混合时,存在着相互促进作用,抑制作用更强烈。     

A balanced DO-stat and its application to the control of acetic acid excretion by recombinant Escherichia coli

During fed-batch cultivation of a recombinant Escherichia coli AT2471 harboring plasmid pSY130-14 for phenylalanine production, a large amount of acetic acid was excreted by the cells and accumulated in the culture medium. Acetic acid concentration reached 30-35 g/L at the end of a process conducted without special precautions for the reduction of this excretion. Cell growth stopped when acetic acid concentration was about 15 g/L, resulting in poor growth, 16 g/L cell concentration, and poor production - 8 g/L phenylalanine. A novel control strategy, called a balanced DO-stat. was developed to prevent acetic acid excretion. It represents a model-independent two-loop control structure, which is simple, reliable, and convenient for computer application. Using the balanced DO-stat, implemented in a computer control system, acetic acid concentration was kept at zero during the entire cultivation period. As a result, the cell concentration increased to 36 g/L and phenylalanine concentration reached 24 g/L. Aside from the phenylalanine fermentation, the proposed control approach might be applied to cultivation of other bacterial and yeast strains which have similar mechanism of the excretion of fermentative by-products.     

以甘油为唯一碳源的氧化葡糖杆菌适应性驯化及催化合成米格列醇中间体6NSL

氧化葡糖杆菌(Gluconobacter oxydans)来源的山梨醇脱氢酶可催化N-羟乙基葡萄糖胺合成6-脱氧-6-氨基(N-羟乙基)-α-L-呋喃山梨糖,即合成降血糖药物米格列醇的关键中间体。本文采用适应性驯化策略,以甘油为唯一碳源,通过40 g/L、60 g/L、80 g/L和100 g/L甘油梯度连续传代培养,筛选获得了一株以甘油为碳源的高活力菌株G.oxydans A-3-D,扫描电镜结果表明该细胞表面褶皱较原始菌株有显著增加。在80 g/L甘油培养基摇瓶培养24 h后,菌体浓度为4.58 g DCW/L,山梨醇脱氢酶的发酵体积酶活与比酶活分别为原始菌株G.oxydans ZJB-605的1.3倍及1.5倍。此外,在摇瓶培养条件下对影响催化反应进程的关键因素进行了考查,结果表明在摇瓶体系中,G.oxydans A-3-D的最适催化反应条件为80.0 g/L底物、2.0 g DCW/L菌体细胞、20 mmol/L Mg~(2+)浓度,15℃反应48 h后底物转化率达到90.8%,6NSL累积浓度为72.6 g/L,较G.oxydans ZJB-605有显著提升。     

耐乙酸粘红酵母合成油脂

乙酸是木质纤维素在水解过程中的主要副产物,高浓度的乙酸严重影响产油微生物的生长和油脂合成。本文研究了粘红酵母对乙酸的耐受性及其利用乙酸合成微生物油脂的能力。结果表明,在初始葡萄糖、木糖浓度分别为6 g/L和44 g/L的混合糖培养基中,乙酸浓度低于10 g/L时,不会对菌体生长产生抑制作用,油脂合成还得到了促进。当乙酸添加量为10 g/L时,生物量、油脂产量、油脂含量较对照组分别提高了21.5%、171.2%和121.6%。进一步研究表明,粘红酵母具备利用乙酸合成油脂的能力,当以乙酸为唯一碳源,浓度为25 g/L时,油脂产量达到3.20 g/L,油脂质量得率为13%。微生物油脂成分分析表明,粘红酵母以乙酸为底物制得的油脂可以作为制备生物柴油的油脂原料,其主要成分为棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸,其中饱和脂肪酸和不饱和脂肪酸含量分别为40.9%和59.1%。由于粘红酵母具有利用乙酸合成微生物油脂的能力,在以木质纤维素水解液为原料生产微生物油脂的脱毒过程中,一定浓度的乙酸可以不必脱除。     

Metabolic flux modeling of detoxification of acetic acid by Ralstonia eutropha at slightly alkaline pH levels

Ralstonia eutropha grows on and produces polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) from fermentation acids. Acetic acid, one major organic acid from acidogenesis of organic wastes, has an inhibitory effect on the bacterium at slightly alkaline pH (6 g HAc/L at pH 8). The tolerance of R. eutropha to acetate, however, was increased significantly up to 15 g/L at the slightly alkaline pH level with high cell mass concentration. A metabolic cell model with five fluxes is proposed to depict the detoxification mechanism including mass transfer and acetyl-CoA formation of acetic acid and the formation of three final metabolic products, polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), active biomass, and CO(2). The fluxes were measured under different conditions such as cell mass concentration, acetic acid concentration, and medium composition. The experimental results indicate that the acetate detoxification by high cell mass concentration is attributed to the increased fluxes at high extracellular acetate concentrations. The fluxes could be doubled to reduce and hence detoxify the accumulated intracellular acetate anions.     

代谢副产物乙酸对L-色氨酸发酵的影响

分析了重组大肠杆菌(E.coli TRTH/pSV-709)发酵生产L-色氨酸的发酵过程,检测结果表明发酵液中有大量代谢副产物乙酸的积累。利用外源添加试验研究了乙酸对L-色氨酸发酵的影响,结果表明乙酸浓度高于2g/L时对L-色氨酸生产菌的生长和产酸均有抑制作用。分析了乙酸的产生机制,并采取了调节溶氧水平、确定合适初始葡萄糖浓度、限制葡萄糖流加及控制菌体比生长速率等措施来减少乙酸的生成。在优化条件下,乙酸含量与原工艺相比降低了51.35%,菌体生物量和L-色氨酸产量分别提高了51.07%和46.54%,实现了高密度发酵培养的目的。     

Optimization of acetic acid production from synthesis gas by chemolithotrophic bacterium--Clostridium aceticum using statistical approach

Efforts in optimizing reducing agents, cysteine-HCl.H2O and sodium sulfide in order to attain satisfactory responses during acetic acid fermentation have been carried out in this study. Cysteine-HCl.H2O each with five concentrations (0.00-0.50 g/L) was optimized one at a time and followed by sodium sulfide component (0.00-0.50 g/L). Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to determine the optimum concentrations of cysteine-HCl.H2O and sodium sulfide. The statistical analysis showed that the amount of cells produced and efficiency in CO conversion were not affected by sodium sulfide concentration. However, sodium sulfide is required as it does influence the acetic acid production. The optimum reducing agents for acetic acid fermentation was at 0.30 g/L cysteine-HCl.H2O and sodium sulfide respectively and when operated for 60 h cultivation time resulted in 1.28 g/L acetic acid production and 100% CO conversion.     

Production of a high concentration acetic acid by Acetobacter aceti using a repeated fed-batch culture with cell recycling

Summary The acetic acid concentration in a batch culture of Acetobacter aceti M23 increased up to 90 g/l by adding ethanol intermittently. Although the bacterial cells ceased growth at about 60 g acetic acid/l, non-viable cells still preserved ethanol oxidation activity. Cell recycling by filtration in a repeated fed-batch culture increased the overall acetic acid production rate 2.84-fold compared to that without cell recycling for the purpose of obtaining an acetic acid concentration of 80.8 g/l. Repeated fed-batch cultivation with cell recycle was effective for increasing the production rate of acetic acid and obtaining high amounts close to a lethal concentration (90 g/l).Offprint requests to: Kiyoshi Toda     

Batch and continuous culture-based selection strategies for acetic acid tolerance in xylose-fermenting Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Acetic acid tolerance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is crucial for the production of bioethanol and other bulk chemicals from lignocellulosic plant-biomass hydrolysates, especially at a low pH. This study explores two evolutionary engineering strategies for the improvement of acetic acid tolerance of the xylose-fermenting S. cerevisiae RWB218, whose anaerobic growth on xylose at pH 4 is inhibited at acetic acid concentrations >1 g L(-1) : (1) sequential anaerobic, batch cultivation (pH 4) at increasing acetic acid concentrations and (2) prolonged anaerobic continuous cultivation without pH control, in which acidification by ammonium assimilation generates selective pressure for acetic acid tolerance. After c. 400 generations, the sequential-batch and continuous selection cultures grew on xylose at pH≤4 with 6 and 5 g L(-1) acetic acid, respectively. In the continuous cultures, the specific xylose-consumption rate had increased by 75% to 1.7 g xylose g(-1) biomass h(-1) . After storage of samples from both selection experiments at -80 °C and cultivation without acetic acid, they failed to grow on xylose at pH 4 in the presence of 5 g L(-1) acetic acid. Characterization in chemostat cultures with linear acetic acid gradients demonstrated an acetate-inducible acetic acid tolerance in samples from the continuous selection protocol.     

利用甘蔗糖蜜发酵生产花生四烯酸的研究

通过培养高山被孢霉利用糖蜜来发酵生产花生四烯酸(ARA),研究了不同甘蔗糖蜜预处理方法对ARA发酵生产的影响。研究表明:H2SO4法是最利于ARA发酵生产的糖蜜预处理方法。利用预处理的甘蔗糖蜜发酵生产ARA,通过单因素实验设计,确定了最优的培养条件,包括初始还原糖80 g/L,N源6 g/L,接种量20%,初始pH6.0和培养温度25℃,在此条件下发酵,干细胞质量、油脂含量、ARA产量和糖利用率分别达到28.5 g/L、11.7g/L、3.68 g/L和94.5%。     

玉米秸秆酸解副产物对重组酿酒酵母6508-127发酵的影响

将木质纤维素类生物质如玉米秸秆等用稀酸水解预处理,在半纤维素水解为单糖的同时,水解液中还会产生一些可能对后续发酵有影响的副产物。本实验分别考查了在玉米秸秆稀酸水解液中检测出的乙酸、甲酸、香草醛、糠醛和羟甲基糠醛对重组木糖发酵菌株S. cerevisiae 6508-127生长和发酵的影响。结果表明,甲酸和乙酸对菌体生长的抑制强于乙醇生成,且甲酸的抑制程度远大于乙酸;2g/L香草醛可使菌体生长延滞期明显延长,而在较低浓度（≤1.2g/L）此现象不明显。糠醛在0.5-1.5g/L范围内对菌体生长有抑制作用,但使乙醇得率提高;羟甲基糠醛在0.2g/L浓度存在就使乙醇得率有明显降低,但使生物量得率提高;研究中还发现,糠醛、羟甲基糠醛和香草醛可被S. cerevisiae 6508-127代谢。