细菌体内的蛋白质降解

摘要:为了适应多变的外界环境,细菌利用蛋白降解来清除体内不需要的蛋白质。AAA+蛋白酶降解机制在细菌蛋白质质量控制系统中发挥重要作用,而在放线菌中发现的蛋白酶体揭示了原核生物体内一个崭新的蛋白质降解机制。蛋白酶只识别携带降解决定子的底物,确保了蛋白质降解的特异性,除此之外细菌还通过一些其他方式调控蛋白质的降解与否。随着真核生物体内泛素依赖的蛋白酶体降解途径的发现,蛋白质降解过程参与调控机体生理活动的功能也逐渐为人所知。研究发现,蛋白质降解参与调控细菌的生长、分化,并与细菌的应激反应以及毒力等相关。本文将对细菌中存在的AAA + 蛋白质降解机制,包括其结构、对底物的降解过程及其生理功能等进行阐述。     

初始底物浓度对序批式培养光合细菌产氢动力学影响

实验研究了初始底物浓度对序批式培养光合细菌生长、降解及产氢过程的影响,根据最大比生长速率实验数据拟合得到其关于初始底物浓度影响的关联式,并在建立的修正Monod模型基础上建立了光合细菌比生长速率、基质比消耗速率和比产氢速率关于底物初始浓度影响的数学模型,模型预测值与实验结果在光合细菌生长期和稳定期内得到较好吻合,反映了光合细菌生长、降解和产氢过程中受底物初始浓度限制性和抑制性影响的基本规律。分析发现光合细菌生长、降解基质和产氢过程中最适底物浓度为50 mmol/L,初始底物浓度低于或高于该浓度时,光合细菌生长、降解及产氢过程都受到限制性或抑制性影响,且抑制性影响较限制性影响效果更明显;底物比消耗速率受初始底物浓度影响较小。     

一株1-萘酚生产菌的分离、鉴定及培养条件优化

从南京某化工厂的排水沟中采样、富集、驯化、分离,获得了 1株能够以萘为底物生产1-萘酚的细菌.该菌菌落形态光滑、呈乳白色,经染色并显微镜检测后发现,个体形态为短杆状、革兰氏阳性;经形态、生理生化及16S rDNA鉴定,该菌属于蜡样芽孢杆菌属,命名为蜡样芽孢杆菌Bacillus cereus QCG.经高效液相色谱-质谱...     

环己酮降解细菌的筛选和系统发育分析

通过以环己酮为唯一碳源的选择培养基富集培养和细菌环己酮降解能力的测定,从巴陵石化公司环己酮生产车间排水口的污泥样品中分离到12株降解环己酮性能强的细菌菌株。根据形态观察、部分生理生化试验和16SrRNA基因序列的比对分析,初步确定这些菌株代表8个物种,属于3个大的系统发育类群/门(Actinobacteria,Proteobacteria,Bacteroidetes)的5个科、7个属;大多数菌株与其系统发育关系最密切的典型菌株之间存在一定的遗传差异。结果表明降解环己酮性能强的细菌具有较丰富的系统发育多样性。     

根癌农杆菌Ⅵ型分泌系统关键组分ClpⅤ型ATPase基因表达及活性位点分析

细菌Ⅵ型分泌系统(type Ⅵ secretion system,T6SS)是近年发现的一种分布广泛且与细菌致病性密切相关的新型分泌系统,ClpⅤ型ATPase是不同细菌T6SS中均含有的关键保守组分,据推测可能为底物蛋白的分泌提供动力,但对其生化功能尚未进行深入鉴定.在本研究中,我们克隆了根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens) C58中的ClpⅤ型ATPase基因atu4344并在大肠杆菌中表达,酶学检测证实了其ATPase活性,定点突变分析发现K232/608和E299/675突变体均丧失ATPase活性,表明Walker A模体和Walker B模体与其活性密切相关.这是首次对植物病原细菌T6SS中的ClpⅤ型ATPase进行生化鉴定和突变分析研究.     

人肠道产柚苷酶菌株分离、鉴定及其对柚皮苷的转化特性

【目的】从健康人肠道微生物菌群中分离能将柚皮苷高效转化为柚皮素的特定细菌菌株,对分离得到的菌株进行菌种鉴定并研究菌株对柚皮苷转化特性,目的是为柚皮素的高效生物合成提供新细菌资源。【方法】取健康人新鲜粪样,在厌氧工作站内培养24 h后进行梯度稀释并涂板,从板上挑取单菌落与底物柚皮苷进行厌氧培养,用高效液相色谱检测底物被转化情况。根据16S rDNA序列及相关生理生化特性分析,对所分离的柚皮苷转化菌进行菌种鉴定,并测定转化菌株对底物柚皮苷的转化动态和转化能力。【结果】从人肠道菌群中分离得到4株能将柚皮苷转化为柚皮素的细菌菌株,分别命名为AUH-JLD3、AUH-JLD7、AUHJLD104和AUH-JLD109。根据16S rDNA序列分析,结合形态学及相关生理生化特性等,将其分别鉴定为布劳特氏菌(Blautia sp.AUH-JLD3)、肠球菌(Enterococcus sp.AUH-JLD7)、拟杆菌(Bacteroides sp.AUHJLD104)和巴氏链球菌(Streptococcus pasteurianus subsp.AUH-JLD109)。转化动态研究结果表明,所分离的4株细菌菌株均能在12 h内将0.2 mmol/L底物柚皮苷转化为柚皮素;转化能力测定结果显示,菌株AUHJLD3、AUH-JLD7、AUH-JLD104及AUH-JLD109能够高效转化底物柚皮苷的最大浓度分别为0.2 mmol/L(平均转化率66.67%)、0.8 mmol/L(平均转化率86.49%)、0.2 mmol/L(平均转化率73.68%)以及1.6 mmol/L(平均转化率93.20%)。【结论】本研究首次从人肠道菌群中分离得到4株能将柚皮苷转化为柚皮素的细菌菌株,其中巴氏链球菌AUH-JLD109对底物柚皮苷转化能力最强。     

作用于种属差异性表位的细菌α-半乳糖苷酶(EmGalase)的鉴定和研究

对脑膜炎败血伊丽莎白金菌进行糖苷酶功能基因组分析发现,该菌存在一个GH27家族α-半乳糖苷酶基因。克隆该基因并表达蛋白后,利用人工合成的pNP底物研究其酶学性质,发现该酶具有α连接的半乳糖(α-galactose,α-Gal)底物特异性,酶反应pH为3.0~8.0,反应温度为4~45 ℃。用不同寡糖底物进一步确定,该酶能够酶切直链末端α-1,3、1,4、1,6Gal。在猪红细胞上进行的酶切实验显示,该酶能够高效清除存在于猪红细胞表面的末端Gal α 1-3Gal表位。末端α-半乳糖基化修饰在免疫与感染中发挥着重要的生物学作用,作用于种属差异性表位的细菌α-半乳糖苷酶的发现将为该领域的研究提供一个新的工具,为缓解异种输血中的超急性免疫排斥反应提供一种可能。     

嗜热细菌Anaerobaculum hydrogeniforman Pif1解旋酶的异源表达与解旋反应特性

【目的】原核表达与纯化源自嗜热细菌Anaerobaculum hydrogeniforman的Pif1解旋酶,从而探究其解旋反应特性。【方法】将重组载体pET21a-AnaPif1-TEV/SUMO导入大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中诱导表达,并进行Ni-NTA亲和层析、Superdex200凝胶过滤层析等一系列纯化手段;再利用快速停留监测技术系统地研究Ana.Pif1的解旋反应特性,包括解旋极性、最佳ATP浓度、最佳金属辅因子、最佳解旋温度以及解旋复制中间体DNA的底物特异性。【结果】通过异源表达与纯化,获得了无任何标签序列、分子量59 kDa的Ana.Pif1蛋白,纯度达97%,产率为9.5 mg/L。本研究首先验证Ana.Pif1具有5'-3'的解旋极性,并发现其解旋反应最佳ATP浓度为2 mmol/L,其最佳二价金属辅因子为Mg~(2+),最适反应温度为55°C。解旋复制中间体的底物特异性显示,Y-S型复制叉的解旋速率最高,为0.127s~(–1);而12 nt-bubble底物的解旋幅度最大,达到78.8%;暗示这些底物可能是Ana.Pif1的天然底物。【结论】本文首次较为系统地分析了Ana.Pif1解旋酶的解旋反应特性,为阐明此类嗜热细菌Pif1解旋酶的分子作用机制奠定了基础。     

Bacillaene酮还原酶结构域的异源表达及底物特异性分析

Bacillaene生物合成过程中,聚酮合酶第一个延伸模块的酮还原酶结构域(Bac KR1)既催化α酮基的还原,也催化β酮基的还原,具有天然的底物宽泛性。为进一步研究该结构域的底物特异性,在大肠杆菌中对其进行了异源表达。体外酶学分析表明Bac KR1可以催化聚酮类底物(±)-2-甲基-3-氧代戊酸-乙酰半胱胺硫酯外消旋体的立体选择性还原,仅生成4种非对映异构体中的一种,此外Bac KR1还可以催化环己酮和对氯苯乙酮等非聚酮类底物的还原,暗示了聚酮合酶中酮还原酶结构域作为生物催化剂的潜力。     

嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌生长动力学

在确定二价铁离子为A.f生长过程中惟一限制性底物条件下,通过考察初始亚铁离子浓度、初始pH值两种影响亚铁离子氧化代谢的主要因素来研究细菌的生长特性,得到以限制性底物亚铁离子浓度为表征的细菌生长曲线。利用基于Monod方程建立的细菌生长动力学方程模型,采用Matlab软件中的Gauss-Newton算法确定了在不同条件下细菌生长动力学参数,包括最大比生长速率μm、Monod常数K及Ro,推导出了不同条件下A.f对数期以底物Fe(Ⅱ)浓度为表征的生长动力学方程。     

高效降解环己酮的无色杆菌JDM-3-03株的分离和鉴定

目的：分离、鉴定高耐受和高效降解环己酮的菌株。方法：从采自岳阳巴陵石化公司环己酮生产车间总出水口的污泥中,通过逐步驯化筛选环己酮降解菌株;通过形态观察、生理生化特征检测和基于16S rRNA基因序列的系统发育分析对分离到的菌株进行初步鉴定。结果：分离得到一株环己酮降解菌株JDM-3-03,初步鉴定其为无色杆菌Achromobacter insolitus的一个菌株;该菌能以环己酮为惟一碳源,且能耐受5000mg/L的环己酮;当环己酮的质量浓度为2000mg/L时,在温度为30℃、转速为150r/min的条件下,72h内该菌株对环己酮的降解率达到90.17%。结论：菌株JDM-3-03是一株可高效降解环己酮的无色杆菌。     

Ethambutol-mediated cell wall modification in recombinant Corynebacterium glutamicum increases the biotransformation rates of cyclohexanone derivatives

The effects of structural modification of cell wall on the biotransformation capability by recombinant Corynebacterium glutamicum cells, expressing the chnB gene encoding cyclohexanone monooxygenase of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus NCIMB 9871, were investigated. Baeyer-Villiger oxygenation of 2-(2'-acetoxyethyl) cyclohexanone (MW 170 Da) into R-7-(2'-acetoxyethyl)-2-oxepanone was used as a model reaction. The whole-cell biotransformation followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The V (max) and K (S) values were estimated as 96.8 U g(-1) of dry cells and 0.98 mM, respectively. The V (max) was comparable with that of cyclohexanone oxygenation, whereas the K (S) was almost eightfold higher. The K (S) value of 2-(2'-acetoxyethyl) cyclohexanone oxygenation was reduced by ca. 30% via altering the cell envelop structure of C. glutamicum with ethambutol, which inhibits arabinosyl transferases involved in the biosynthesis of cell wall arabinogalactan and mycolate layers. The higher whole-cell biotransformation rate was also observed in the oxygenation of ethyl 2-cyclohexanone acetate upon ethambutol treatment of the recombinant C. glutamicum. Therefore, it was assumed that the biotransformation efficiency of C. glutamicum-based biocatalysts, with respect to medium- to large-sized lipophilic organic substrates (MW > ca. 170), can be enhanced by engineering their cell wall outer layers, which are known to function as a formidable barrier to lipophilic molecules.     

Anaerobic oxidation of o-xylene, m-xylene, and homologous alkylbenzenes by new types of sulfate-reducing bacteria

Various alkylbenzenes were depleted during growth of an anaerobic, sulfate-reducing enrichment culture with crude oil as the only source of organic substrates. From this culture, two new types of mesophilic, rod-shaped sulfate-reducing bacteria, strains oXyS1 and mXyS1, were isolated with o-xylene and m-xylene, respectively, as organic substrates. Sequence analyses of 16S rRNA genes revealed that the isolates affiliated with known completely oxidizing sulfate-reducing bacteria of the delta subclass of the class Proteobacteria. Strain oXyS1 showed the highest similarities to Desulfobacterium cetonicum and Desulfosarcina variabilis (similarity values, 98.4 and 98.7%, respectively). Strain mXyS1 was less closely related to known species, the closest relative being Desulfococcus multivorans (similarity value, 86.9%). Complete mineralization of o-xylene and m-xylene was demonstrated in quantitative growth experiments. Strain oXyS1 was able to utilize toluene, o-ethyltoluene, benzoate, and o-methylbenzoate in addition to o-xylene. Strain mXyS1 oxidized toluene, m-ethyltoluene, m-isoproyltoluene, benzoate, and m-methylbenzoate in addition to m-xylene. Strain oXyS1 did not utilize m-alkyltoluenes, whereas strain mXyS1 did not utilize o-alkyltoluenes. Like the enrichment culture, both isolates grew anaerobically on crude oil with concomitant reduction of sulfate to sulfide.     

An efficient enzymatic Baeyer-Villiger oxidation by engineered Escherichia coli cells under non-growing conditions

Economical methods of supplying NADPH must be developed before biotransformations involving this cofactor can be considered for large-scale applications. We have studied the enzymatic Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of cyclohexanone as a model for this class of reactions and developed a simple approach that uses whole, non-growing Escherichia coli cells to provide high productivity (0.79 g epsilon-caprolactone/L/h = 18 micromol epsilon-caprolactone/min/g dcw) and an 88% yield. Glucose supplied the reducing equivalents for this process, and no exogenous cofactor was required. The volumetric productivity of non-growing cells was an order of magnitude greater than that achieved with growing cells of the same strain. Cells of an engineered E. coli strain that overexpresses Acinetobacter sp. cyclohexanone monooxygenase were grown under inducing conditions in rich medium until the entry to stationary phase; the subsequent cyclohexanone oxidation was carried out in minimal salts medium lacking a nitrogen source. After the biotransformation was complete, the lactone product was adsorbed to a solid support and recovered by washing with an organic solvent.     

Shifting N and P limitation along a north-south gradient of mangrove estuaries in South Florida

The heterotrophic utilization of organic substrates by diatoms is likely an important survival strategy when light levels are too low for photosynthesis. The objectives of this study were: (1) to determine if heterotrophic utilization of a large array of organic compounds by eight common freshwater benthic diatom taxa was light-dependent, and (2) to determine if organic substrate utilization patterns differed between dark-grown diatoms and bacteria as a possible means of reducing competition by niche separation. Eight light- and dark-grown diatom taxa and five bacterial species were incubated in 96-well Biolog^® Microtiter plates with each well containing 1 of 95 different organic substrates. Oxidation rates of each organic substrate were measured through time. There was a substantial increase in the number of organic substrates oxidized by diatoms grown in the dark compared to their light-grown counterparts, indicating that the transport systems for these molecules may be light activated. Therefore, diatoms likely only utilize these metabolically expensive uptake mechanisms when they are necessary for survival, or when substrates are plentiful. A principal components analysis indicated discernible differences in the types of organic-C substrates utilized by dark-grown diatoms and bacteria. Although bacteria were able to oxidize a more diverse array of organic substrates including carboxylic acids and large polymers, diatoms appeared to more readily utilize the complex carbohydrates. By oxidizing different organic substrates than bacteria, heterotrophically metabolizing diatoms may be reducing direct competition and enhancing coexistence with bacteria.     

Production of unusual bacterial polyesters by Pseudomonas oleovorans through cometabolism

Abstract Pseudomonas oleovorans is an adaptable, aerobic bacterium that can produce a wide range of storage polyesters (poly-β-hydroxyalkanoates, PHAs). With few exceptions, the PHAs obtained when this bacterium is grown with single organic substrates capable of polymer production are generally copolymers. With two different polymer-producing substrates the copolymers formed contain units derived from each substrate often in direct proportion to the amounts in the medium. With such substrates or with non-producing substrates, or with non-growth substrates, the ability of P. oleovorans to utilize different types of individual organic compounds can be classified into three different categories, as follows: group A—the organic compound can support both growth and polymer production; or group B—the organic compound can support growth but not polymer production; or group C—the organic compounds cannot support growth. For organic compounds in groups B and C, new and unusual copolymers containing units derived from these substrates can often be obtained if that compound is cofed with a good polymer-producing substrate for P. oleovorans , such as either octanoic acid or nonanoic acid. The PHAs obtained by this type of cometabolism from a variety of such substrates are described.     

Baeyer-Villiger oxidations of representative heterocyclic ketones by whole cells of engineered Escherichia coli expressing cyclohexanone monooxygenase

Whole cells of an Escherichia coli strain overexpressing Acinetobacter sp. NCIB 9871 cyclohexanone monooxygenase (CHMO; E.C. 1.14.13.22) have been used for the Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of representative heterocyclic six-membered ketones to probe the potential impact of nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen on the chemoselectivity of these reactions. The fact that all of these heterocyclic systems were accepted as substrates by the enzyme and gave normal Baeyer-Villiger products broadens the synthetic utility of the engineered E. coli strain and emphasizes the chemoselectivity achievable with enzymatic oxidation catalysts.     

Denitrification by a soil bacterium with phthalate and other aromatic compounds as substrates.

A soil bacterium, Pseudomonas sp. strain P136, was isolated by selective enrichment for anaerobic utilization of o-phthalate through nitrate respiration. o-Phthalate, m-phthalate, p-phthalate, benzoate, cyclohex-1-ene-carboxylate, and cyclohex-3-ene-carboxylate were utilized by this strain under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. m-Hydroxybenzoate and p-hydroxybenzoate were utilized only under anaerobic conditions. Protocatechuate and catechol were neither utilized nor detected as metabolic intermediates during the metabolism of these aromatic compounds under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Cells grown anaerobically on one of these aromatic compounds also utilized all other aromatic compounds as substrates for denitrification without a lag period. On the other hand, cells grown on succinate utilized aromatic compounds after a lag period. Anaerobic growth on these substrates was dependent on the presence of nitrate and accompanied by the production of molecular nitrogen. The reduction of nitrite to nitrous oxide and the reduction of nitrous oxide to molecular nitrogen were also supported by anaerobic utilization of these aromatic compounds in this strain. Aerobically grown cells showed a lag period in denitrification with all substrates tested. Cells grown anaerobically on aromatic compounds also consumed oxygen. No lag period was observed for oxygen consumption during the transition period from anaerobic to aerobic conditions. Cells grown aerobically on one of these aromatic compounds were also adapted to utilize other aromatic compounds as substrates for respiration. However, cells grown on succinate showed a lag period during respiration with aromatic compounds. Some other characteristic properties on metabolism and regulation of this strain are also discussed for their physiological aspects.     

Desulfurization of various organic sulfur compounds and the mixture of DBT + 4,6-DMDBT by Mycobacterium sp. ZD-19

A new isolated dibenzothiophene (DBT) desulfurizing bacterium, identified as Mycobacterium sp. ZD-19 can utilize a wide range of organic sulfur compounds as a sole sulfur source. Thiophene (TH) or benzothiophene (BTH) was completely degraded by strain ZD-19 within 10h or 42 h, and 100% DBT or 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene (4,6-DMDBT) was removed within 50h or 56 h, respectively. Diphenylsulfide (DPS) possessed the lowest desulfurization efficiencies with 60% being transformed within 50h and 80% at 90 h. The desulfurization activities of five substrates by resting cells are in order of TH>BTH>DPS>DBT>4,6-DMDBT. In addition, when DBT and 4,6-DMDBT were mixed, they could be simultaneously desulfurized by strain ZD-19. However, DBT appeared to be attacked prior to 4,6-DMDBT. The desulfurization rate of DBT or 4,6-DMDBT in mixture is lower than they are desulfurized separately, indicating that the substrate competitive inhibition is existent when DBT and 4,6-DMDBT are mixed.     

一株太平洋深海环己酮降解菌的筛选与功能研究

从太平洋深海菌株中筛选到一株能以环己酮为唯一碳源生长的微球菌(CN1),其最适生长温度为25℃~37℃,最适生长pH8,最适生长盐度6%。该菌可耐受高浓度环己酮(>44% V/V),并且在16.7%(V/V)的环己酮中生长最好。CN1可转化环己醇成环己酮,环己酮又可被快速降解、矿化。这表明该菌含有环己醇脱氢酶并且很可能还含有环己酮单加氧酶。通过兼并PCR克隆到450bp环己酮单加氧酶基因片段,其编码的氨基酸序列不仅具有Baeyer-Villiger单加氧酶家族的保守序列,而且与节杆菌(Arthrobacter BP2)的环己酮单加氧酶同源性最高(80%),而与研究较深入的不动杆菌(Acinetobacter sp.NCIMB 9871)单加氧酶的同源性仅为53%。由于目前报道的环己醇和环己酮的降解都是通过环己酮单加氧酶进行的,所以CN1的环己酮单加氧酶应该负责环己酮的降解。目前报道的环己酮降解菌都可以降解环戊酮,而CN1不可降解环戊酮,暗示了CN1的环己酮单加氧酶比较特别。另外,我们还首次发现在CN1中环己醇对环己酮的降解有一定的抑制作用。